Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
type: channel
description: Publish original articles that contribute to the scientific development of Agricultural Sciences.
publisher: Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
language: en
publication name: Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
issn: 0071-1276
items: Errata
items: Anais da escola superior de agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"
items: Variedades de cafeeiros
items: Estudos sobre o gênero Melipona
items: Meiose em Rhinocricus Padbergi Verhoeff, 1938
items: Contribuições à teoria da genética em populações
items: Análise da variação qualitativa em amostras pequenas
items: Silos e sua construção
items: Alimentação dos marrecos II: ração de marrecas para postura - Ração balanceada x Ração grosseira, barata
items: A influência da alimentação verde na postura
items: Comparação das raças Rhode Island Red, Light Sussex e seu mestiço: ovos, pintos e frangos
items: III - A ocorrência das células anexas dos estômatos na família Rubiaceae
items: Comportamento da raça Light Sussex em Piracicaba
items: Análise do tamanho e da forma do ôvo em galinhas das raças Rhode Island Red e Light Sussex e do híbrido entre essas duas raças
items: A sarna das orelhas dos coelhos
items: Determinação do sexo em pintos da raça Rhode Island Red
items: A influência dos pigmentos amarelo -laranja de vários alimentos na coloração da gema de ôvo de galinha
items: Microdeterminação do arsênico
items: Cálculo da potência dos motores para moendas de cana de açúcar
items: Comportamento dos cromossômios no gênero Hypselonotus (Hemiptera -Coreidae)
items: Determinação do sexo do pinto pela forma do ovo
items: Os pigmentos amarelo-laranja do grão de milho como precursores da vitamina a na alimentação dos pintos
items: Sôbre as ordens infinitesimais
items: Alimentação dos marrecos I: forragem verde
items: Resultado do estudo de um pequeno lote de opiliões
items: A determinação dos números de indivíduos mínimos necessários na experimentação genética
items: Cromossômios de Dysdercus (Hemiptera-Pyrrhocoridae)
items: Breve notícia sôbre a espermatogênese de Lutosa brasiliensis Brunner (Tettigoniodea-Stenopelmatidae)
items: Cálculo de coeficientes das reações químicas pelas valências oxidadas e reduzidas
items: Uma raça cromossômica natural de Tityus bahiensis (Scorpiones-Buthidae)

Errata
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: O Editor
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1944-01-01
publication date: 1944-01-01
starting page: 278
ending page: 278
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761944000100012

Anais da escola superior de agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: O Editor
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1944-01-01
publication date: 1944-01-01
starting page: 3
ending page: 4
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761944000100001

Variedades de cafeeiros
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Carlos Teixeira Mendes
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 277
ending page: 291
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100006

Estudos sobre o gênero Melipona
type: item
description: Studies on the genus Melipona 1 - Introduction and acknowledgements. 2 - Systematica. Three modern trends in the systematics of the Meliponini are cited: Ducke (1916), Schwarz (1932) and Moure (1946); The 14 species known of the genus Meliponaare given. 3 - Contribution to the Biology. There are three castes in Melipona: drones, workers and queens, which are easily distinguished on account of the differences in size, color, proportions and behavior. While the queen of Apis emerges in a state of sufficient development to be fertilized and to begin the laying of eggs, the queen of Melipona, on the other side, in a glance seems undernourished, get having received the same food as the workers, both in quantity and in quality. They emerge with undeveloped ovaries and, only after the fertilized queen is dead or too old, virgin queens may be fertilized and begin to be fed by workers. After 15 to 30 days, according to the number of workers and the food gathered, the queen begins to lay eggs. The queens, drones and workers emerge from cells of the same size and with more or less the same quantity of food. Variations of the quantity of food do not change the caste, but only the size of the bee. The caste determination in Trigonai (another genus of Meliponini) depends evidently upon differences in nutrition. It is easily seen that the cells which furnish drones and workers are different in size, though equal in form, from those from which emerge the queens. Somie data concerning the biology of the Meliponini are given below: 1st - The number of eggs laid by a queen: Melipona quadrifasciata anthiodioides - in 44 days (July 9th to Aug. 22nd - 1946) 590 eggs, with an average of 13 eggs per day, and a maximum of 22 eggs per day. Trígona (Plebéia) mosquito, (Mirim-guassú) - from July 9th to July 24th 1946, 249 eggs. Prom Aug. 9th to Aug. 24th, 1946 laid 1035 eggs; with an average of 69 eggs per day and a maximum of 120 eggs. 2nd) - A table is given showing the percentage of drones …
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Warwick Estevam Kerr
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 181
ending page: 276
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100005

Meiose em Rhinocricus Padbergi Verhoeff, 1938
type: item
description: In the present paper the behaviour of the chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of the Myriapod Rhinocricus Padbergi Verhoeff, 1938 is studied. The primary spermatocytes are provided with 10 independent bivalents which separate normally giving rise to equivalent secondary spermatocytes. No indication of sex chromosomes has been found. Fusion of two bivalents or of four, two by two, has been observed, giving origin to secondary spermatocytes with 9 and 8 chromosomes respectively, in which fused chromosomes could be discovered. For analysing the facts the chomosomes of both, primary and secondary metaphases were separately counted from a total of 190 celis of four individuals and statistically treted. The X2-test gave insignificant results. Twenty chomosomes were counted in somatic tissues. The heterochròmatic parts of the leptotene threads were usually arranged in the periphery of the nucleus. In resting nuclei chromocenters can be observed in varyng number. Their chromosomal nature is revealed by the fact that when treated by KCÑ or KNOS they begin uncoiling.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Yone G.P. de Castro
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 161
ending page: 180
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100004

Contribuições à teoria da genética em populações
type: item
description: 1) The equilibrium in populations, initially composed of various genotypes depends essentially from the mode of reproduction the relative viability and fertility of the competing genotypes, and the initial frequencies. 2) We have to distinguish two main types of sexual reproduction: Cross fertilization or random mating where each individual has equal chances to be fertilized by any individual of the population, and Self-fertilization where each individum is automatically selfed. Finally we encounter cases of a mixed reproduction where there is no free intercrossing nor an absolute selfing. 3) Populations, heterozygous for one pair of genes and without selection. a) In cross fertilized populations equilibrium is reached in acordance with the Hardy-Wéinberg rule, in the first generation: Inicial : AA /u + Aa /v + aa/u = 1 Equilibrio ( u + v/2)² + 2 ( u + v/2 ) (w + v/2) + ( w + v/2)²= 1 Equilibrio ( u + v/2)² + 2 (u + v/2) ( w + v/2) + ( w + v/2)² = p o² + 2. po.qo + q o² = 1 b) In self fertilized populations equilibrium will be reached thermiticialy by the complete elimination of all heterozigotes, but a, sufficient approach to equilibrium may . be reached quickly: Frequência mº Geração Final AA u + 2m-1/2m+1 v u + 1/2 v Aa 2/ 2m + 1 v - aa w + 2m-1 / 2m +1 v w + 1/2 v c) In populations with mixed reproduction, the equilibrium depends upon the relative frequencies of crossing and selfing* and the final values for some cases are given in Quadro I. 4) Survival Indices - Mathematical formulas are simplified if we introduce special survival indices for the homozygotes in relation to the survival of the heterozygotes. If we designate the absolve survival values of the three genotypes AA, Aa and aa, by x, y and z. we may give the following mathematical definition: x [ A A] : y [ Aa] : z [ aa] = x/y [ A A] : [ Aa] : z/ y [aa] = R A [ AA] : 1 [Aa] : Ra [aa] Thus the value of R can have any value between zero, i. e. complete elimination of homozygotés, and infinite, i. e. com…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: F. G. Brieger
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 65
ending page: 160
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100003

Análise da variação qualitativa em amostras pequenas
type: item
description: The main object of the paper is a revision of the methods for the statistical analysis of qualitative variation in small samples. In general, this analysis is carried out by means of two tests, which are mathematically different, but give identical statistical results : the analysis of relative deviates, i.e. of te quotients between the deviate of the observed frequency, with regerds to the expected frequency divided by its standard error, or an analysis using the X2-test. We must distinguish, in our discussion, two cases, which are quite different. The basic distribuition of all cases of qualitative variation is the binomial. If we expect any qualitative result to occur with probability p ,its non-occurence having probability q equal to (1-p>;, the expectancy to have, 0, 1, 2... m cases or individuals of the expected type in N trials may be calculated by expanding the binomial. (P + q)N Such a binomial may be substituited by other distributions in two special cases: a) If p is very small and thus q is aproaching the value one, we may substitute the binomial by a Poisson series. b) If the exponent N becomes very large, the binomial is approaching a continous distribution, i.e. the normal or Gaus-sean distribution. Only in the second case, the application of the X2-test is really justified, and in all other cases, we are dealing only with approximations. Indvidual values of X2- should follow a modified distribution of Pearson, with nl = 1; n2 = inf. Since this distributon corresponds exactly to one half of the Gaus-sean dstribution, it follows that the b lateral limits of the latter are equal to the unilateral limits of the former. These points have been explained fully elsewhere (BRIEGER, 1945, 1946). We have row to decide which value of p may be accepted as a satisfactory limit between a Poisson and a binomial series. Quadros 1-3, show that the conventional limit of pr=0,l is fully justified, from a practical point of view. In these tables we find in the second col…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: F. G. Brieger
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 35
ending page: 64
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100002

Silos e sua construção
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Orlando Carneiro
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1948-01-01
publication date: 1948-01-01
starting page: 3
ending page: 34
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761948000100001

Alimentação dos marrecos II: ração de marrecas para postura - Ração balanceada x Ração grosseira, barata
type: item
description: The author studied in this paper the substitution of a balanced ratio for an economic ratio composed of 50% of sugar beet and 50% of balanced ratio, in feeding ducks egg production. It was found that the combination had no advantage since the production of eggs was very much reduced.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Armando Bergamin
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 459
ending page: 463
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100029

A influência da alimentação verde na postura
type: item
description: A test was conducted at Poultry Department of "Luiz de Queiroz" School of Agriculture to prove the effect of green feed on egg production. One hundred Rhode Island Red hens at plain laying period were divided in ten pens. The lot A was constituted of pens 1 to 5 and the lot B of pens 6 to 10. During 16 days the pens 1 to 5 did not receive green feed and the pens 6 to 10 received it with abundance. After and for a period of 30 days the situation was inverted. The analysis were made considering, a) the production of all chickens and b) discarding the chickens with irregular laying. In both cases the results were statistically insignificant, proving that green feed did not improve egg production.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: W. R. Jardim
creator: A. P. Trivelin
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 451
ending page: 458
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100028

Comparação das raças Rhode Island Red, Light Sussex e seu mestiço: ovos, pintos e frangos
type: item
description: The breeds Light Sussex, Rhode Island Red and the hibrid Light Sussex x Rhode Island Red, from the Poultry Department of "Luiz de Queiroz" School of Agriculture, at Piracicaba, S. Paulo, were studied in this paper, Tre authors, analysing eggs, pullets and chick growing arrived to the following conclusion: a) eggs of the Light Sussex breed were haevier; b) the Light Sussex breed was early maturing; c) the cross studied did not show hibrid vigor.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Walter Ramos Jardim
creator: Armando Bergamin
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 437
ending page: 450
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100027

III - A ocorrência das células anexas dos estômatos na família Rubiaceae
type: item
description: In the present paper the author gives the final results of his studies about the significance of the two annex cells of the stomata of the Rubiaceae as anatomical family character, part of which has been previously published. After having verified that in the Order Rubiales the Family Rubiaceae is the unique to show stomata provided with two annex cells differing in size and shape, the author has extended his observation over 553 species belonging to 107 genera, having not found till the present time a single discrepant case. Even though in the future some species not yet investigated come to show stomata devoid of ajinex cells, even In this case the annex cells do not lose their importance at least as specific or generic character. However, the author is inclined to consider, on the light of-the facts in hand, the two annex cells of the Rubiaceae stomata as good anatomical family character.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Walter Radamés Accorsi
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 411
ending page: 436
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100026

Comportamento da raça Light Sussex em Piracicaba
type: item
description: Three years of observations on Light Sussex breed conducted at the Poultry Departament of "Luiz de Queiroz" School of Agriculture are reported in this paper. The breed was compared mainly with the Rhode Island Red and the following conclusion obtained : The Light Sussex is fast growing, early maturing heavier, fine fleshed, more persistent and with greater dutchs. greater groodiness and lays larger eggs. The breed shows quality of adaptation being recommended for town or farm flocks in the same way generally used in England. Exceptionally could be recommended for commercial flocks.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: A. Di Paravicini Torres
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 403
ending page: 410
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100025

Análise do tamanho e da forma do ôvo em galinhas das raças Rhode Island Red e Light Sussex e do híbrido entre essas duas raças
type: item
description: Size and shape in eggs of Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and in the hibrid Rhode x Sussex were studied. These characters are influenced by quantitative genes. Major and minor diameter were used for estimating size of the eggs and the ratio minor/major diameter for shape indice. It was found, in the material analyzed, that: a) the eggs laid by the sa- me chick are pratically uniform; b) the correlation coeficient between major and minor diameter is weak; c) Rhode Island Red has short eggs than Light Sussex; d) short eggs is dominant on long eggs; e) egg shape is the same in Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and different in the hibrid, which has rounder eggs than the breeds.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: E.A. Graner
creator: A. P. Trivelin
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 393
ending page: 402
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100024

A sarna das orelhas dos coelhos
type: item
description: This paper deals with the results obtained in one experiment with rabbits, made in order to see which treatment should be the best one against ear canker. Five treatments, each one with 3 rabbits, were tried : Detefon, Insect-o-Blitz, Turpentine with oil, DDT with 10% of vaseline and Kerozene. The best results were obtained with DDT-10% and vaseline-90% which proved to be more efficacious, saving the animals quickly than the other treatment.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Armando Bergamin
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 389
ending page: 392
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100023

Determinação do sexo em pintos da raça Rhode Island Red
type: item
description: This paper refers to sex differentiation in one day chicks of the Rhode Island Red Breed, which has been selected by the laying capacity in the flock pertaining to the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". The A., taking as a basis the light staining of the anterior edge of the wing, the fair ring of down of the chick leg, immediately a bove the tibiotarsic joint, and dark spot that occurs sometimes near the posterior angle of the eye, besides other characters of minor importance, was able to separate correctly 197 out of 201 chicks, what represents 98,01% of the total number.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Walter Ramos Jardim
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 379
ending page: 388
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100022

A influência dos pigmentos amarelo -laranja de vários alimentos na coloração da gema de ôvo de galinha
type: item
description: The effect of different feeds in comparison with that of maize grains on the egg yolk color was observed. It was found that deep orange and yellow orange maize give satisfactory coloration to the yolk, respectively orange and yellow. The most intense color was observed when green feed was used in combination with deep orange maize. Green feeds as chicory, alfafa, cabbage, welsh onion and banana leaves and alfafa or chicory meal proved to be good in giving orange color to the yolk. Yellow yolk was obtained when Guinea grass or carica fruit were used in the ration. Carrot and beet without leaves did not give satisfactory color to the egg yolk. The observations with other feeds are being continued.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: E. A. Graner
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 371
ending page: 378
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100021

Microdeterminação do arsênico
type: item
description: Studying the application of those methods of microanalysis which avoid costly instalations and atempting to combine high precision with low cost, the author recomends a new method consisting of the following : a) exposure of a surface of 530.66 mm2 of Zn to the action of the acid. b) instalation of 3 series of HgBr2 paper in test tubes with an internal diameter of respectively 3,5 and 9 mm. c - mouting between two slides, covering the margins (with parafin etc.) with parafin in order to conserve the results of the determination without change due to the action of light or moisture. d) the results can be compared at a level of 0.00001 mgr. A203 or 0.000007575 mgr. As.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Guido Ranzani
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 361
ending page: 370
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100020

Cálculo da potência dos motores para moendas de cana de açúcar
type: item
description: O conhecimento da potência necessária para a moagem da cana de açúcar, é de relevante importância, não só para o fabricante de moendas, como para o usineiro e o tecnólogo. Os autores reportando-se ao processo usado por LEHKY no cálculo da potência dos motores destinados ao acionamento das moendas das usinas de açúcar: 1.° - esclarecem a dedução das fórmulas apresentadas por aquele notável engenheiro dos Estabelecimentos Skoda; 2.° - modificam o fator 1,305 da fórmula original usada no cálculo da potência necessária para vencer o atrito da bagaceira, para 1,2987, quando se considera a velocidade linear dos cilindros em metros por minuto; 3.° - apresentam exemplos numéricos de aplicação direta das fórmulas, para diferentes tipos de moendas, demonstrando que o processo usado por LEHKY é praticamente aplicável a qualquer moenda.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Hugo de Almeida Leme
creator: Jayme Rocha de Almeida
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 327
ending page: 360
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100019

Comportamento dos cromossômios no gênero Hypselonotus (Hemiptera -Coreidae)
type: item
description: The three species studied have 19 chromosomes, being one heterochromosome, one pair of microchromosomes and 8 pairs of autosomes. The microchromosomes of Hypselonotus fulvus are amongst the largest we know. During the synizesis, in Hypselonotus fulvus, we can see in several strands that scape from the chromatic knot a place in which they are widley open. As, in that phase the chromosomes have both ends converging to the same place, the openings suggest a side-to-side pairing of the chromosomal threads. The tetrads are like that studied by Piza (1945-1946). The bivalents are united side by side at their entire length. The unpaired part at the midle of the bivalents gives origin to the arms of the cross-shapede tetrads. The chromosomes have a kinetochore at each end. The bivalents sometimes unite their extremities to form ring-shaped figures, which open themselves out before metaphase. The tetrads are oriented parallelly to the spindle axis. At telophase the kinetochores repeli one another, the chiasmata, if present, slip toward the acentric extremities and the chromosomes rotate in order to arrange themselves parallelly to the axis of the new spindle. Separation is therefore through the pairing plane. In the spermatogonial anaphase of Hypselonotus subterpunctatus the chromosomes are curved to the poles, like those described by PIZA (1946) and PIZA and ZAMITH (1946). The sex chromosomes in Hypselonotus interruptus and Hypselonotus fulvus appears longitudinally divided. It is oriented with the ends in the plane of the equator and its chomatids separate by the plane of division. In the second division the sex chromosome, provided as it is with an actve klnetochore at each end, orients itself with its length parallelly to the spindle axis and passes undivided to one pole. Sometimes it is distended between the poles. This corresponds to case (a) established by PIZA (1946) for the sex chromosomes of Hemiptera In Hypselonotus subterpunctatus the sex chromosome, in the first…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: G. P. de Castro
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 313
ending page: 326
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100018

Determinação do sexo do pinto pela forma do ovo
type: item
description: The author has studied in this paper the correlation between egg form and sex of chicks at hatching time. Two me- thods were tried: in one the eggs were separated in two groups according to the edge form, round or alonga te; in the other the eggs were classified into two types according to te relation between the minor and the major diameter and above or under the relation mean. In both cases it was found that the egg form has no influence on sex. The sex determination of the pullets was made by the method of JAAP, improved in our Department by JARDIM.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: A. Di Paravicini Torres
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 307
ending page: 312
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100017

Os pigmentos amarelo-laranja do grão de milho como precursores da vitamina a na alimentação dos pintos
type: item
description: Two commercial types of maize; largely used in the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, were tried as source of pró-vitamin A in growing pullets. The amount of pró-vitamin A was found to be practically doubled in "Cateto", a flint type with deep orange grains when compared with "Armour", a dent type with yellow oiange grains. Both "Cateto" and "Armour" proved to be equally good in preventing avitaminosis A, when used in the same proportion in the ration (70%). White corn used for comparison produced strong avitaminosis A.
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: E. A. Graner
creator: A. P. Torres
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 289
ending page: 306
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100016

Sôbre as ordens infinitesimais
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Frederico Pimentel Gomes
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 277
ending page: 288
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100015

Alimentação dos marrecos I: forragem verde
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: A. Di Paravicini Torres
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 267
ending page: 276
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100014

Resultado do estudo de um pequeno lote de opiliões
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: S. de Toledo Piza Júnior
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 263
ending page: 266
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100013

A determinação dos números de indivíduos mínimos necessários na experimentação genética
type: item
description: The main object of the present paper consists in giving formulas and methods which enable us to determine the minimum number of repetitions or of individuals necessary to garantee some extent the success of an experiment. The theoretical basis of all processes consists essentially in the following. Knowing the frequency of the desired p and of the non desired ovents q we may calculate the frequency of all possi- ble combinations, to be expected in n repetitions, by expanding the binomium (p-+q)n. Determining which of these combinations we want to avoid we calculate their total frequency, selecting the value of the exponent n of the binomium in such a way that this total frequency is equal or smaller than the accepted limit of precision n/pª{ 1/n1 (q/p)n + 1/(n-1)| (q/p)n-1 + 1/ 2!(n-2)| (q/p)n-2 + 1/3(n-3) (q/p)n-3... < Plim - -(1b) There does not exist an absolute limit of precision since its value depends not only upon psychological factors in our judgement, but is at the same sime a function of the number of repetitions For this reasen y have proposed (1,56) two relative values, one equal to 1-5n as the lowest value of probability and the other equal to 1-10n as the highest value of improbability, leaving between them what may be called the "region of doubt However these formulas cannot be applied in our case since this number n is just the unknown quantity. Thus we have to use, instead of the more exact values of these two formulas, the conventional limits of P.lim equal to 0,05 (Precision 5%), equal to 0,01 (Precision 1%, and to 0,001 (Precision P, 1%). The binominal formula as explained above (cf. formula 1, pg. 85), however is of rather limited applicability owing to the excessive calculus necessary, and we have thus to procure approximations as substitutes. We may use, without loss of precision, the following approximations: a) The normal or Gaussean distribution when the expected frequency p has any value between 0,1 and 0,9, and when n is at least superior…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: F. G. Brieger
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 217
ending page: 262
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100012

Cromossômios de Dysdercus (Hemiptera-Pyrrhocoridae)
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: S. de Toledo Pisa Jor.
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 209
ending page: 216
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100011

Breve notícia sôbre a espermatogênese de Lutosa brasiliensis Brunner (Tettigoniodea-Stenopelmatidae)
type: item
description: Lutosa brasiliensis, an Orthopteran Tettigonioidean belonging to the family Stenopelmatidae is referred to in this paper The spermatogonia are provided with 15 chromosomes, that is, 7 pairs of autosomes and a single sex chromosome. One pair of autosomes is much larger than the rest, two pairs are of median sized elements, and four pairs are of small ones. The daughter sex chromosomes show at anaphase great difficulty in reaching the poles, being left for a long while in the region of the equator where they are seen stretched one after the other on the same line or lying side by side in different positions. When the spermatogonium divides each daughter cell gets passively its sex chromosome. Though slowly, the sex chromosome finishes by beins enclosed in the nucleus. Its behavior may be attributed to a very weak kinetic activity of the centromere. In view of se pronouced an inertness of the sex chromosomes, two things may be expected : primary spermatocyte nuclei with two sex chromosomes, and primary spermatocytes with the sex chromosome lying outside the nucleus. Both situations have been discovered. The latter, together with the delay of the spermatogonial sex chromosome in reaching the poles suggested to the anther the mechanism which might have given origin to the cases in which the sex chromosome normally does not enter the nucleus to rejoin the autosomes, remaning outside in its own nucleus. It may well be supposed that accidents like that found in the present individual have turned to be a normal event in the course of the evolution of some species. Trie primary spermatocytes are provided with chromatoid bodies which remain visible all over the whole history of the cells and pass to one of the resulting secondary spermatocytes, the larger of them being found later in the area occupied by the tails of the spermatozoa. No relation of these bodies to nucleoli con?d be established. Pachytene and diplotene nuclei are normal Metaphase nuclei show 7 autosomal tetrads…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: S. de Toledo Piza Jor.
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 203
ending page: 208
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100010

Cálculo de coeficientes das reações químicas pelas valências oxidadas e reduzidas
type: item
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: Cyro Marcondes Cesar
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 193
ending page: 202
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100009

Uma raça cromossômica natural de Tityus bahiensis (Scorpiones-Buthidae)
type: item
description: A natural chromosomal race of Tityus babiensis (Scorpiones Buthidae) is described in the present paper. Five males and seven females received from St. Joaquim, State of S. Paulo, gave the following interesting results: All the spermatogonia of the five males were provided with 9 chromosomes of different sizes. All primary spermatocytes showed at metaphase one independent bivalent of normal shape and a complex group formed by 7 chromosomes which have exchanged parts. Some of the chromosomes associated in the complex group, to Judge by their behavior, were composed of fragments of three different chromosomes, being thus paired with three other members of the compound group. The manner in which all the 7 components of the group have paired with each other showed to be very constant. They gave always origin to a double-cross configuration, the longst branch of which being formed by a long chromosome paired with two components of the group and with a third chromosome that did not belong to the group. The chromosomes of the independent bivalent separate regularly, going to different poles. From the 7 elements of the compound group, 4 go to one pole and 3 to the opposite one. Consequently, secondary spermatocytes with 4 and 5 chromosomes are produced. The females, so far as it can be inferred from the study of the follicular cells of the ovariuterus, have 10 chromosomes. These females are, therefore, considered as being monogametic, that is, as producing eggs with 5 chromosomes. A sex-determining mechanism arose in this manner, the spermatozoa with 5 chromosomes giving origin to females and those with 4 to males. The fact that the sex chromosome is one of the elements taking part in the formation of the group, seems highly interesting to the author. Tetraploid cysts have been occasionally found in the testis. In one individual the chromosomes of the tetraploid primary spermatocytes behaved as expected, forming a group of 14 elements, and two independent pairs or a tetraval…
subject: nao definida
  topic: section
creator: S. de Toledo Piza Jor.
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 1947-01-01
publication date: 1947-01-01
starting page: 183
ending page: 192
doi: 10.1590/S0071-12761947000100008