Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia
Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia. Foi a primeira publicação do Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo. Em 1950, o Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, já se destacava como difusor das pesquisas originais do campo da Oceanografia. Publicado de 1950 a 1951, a partir de 1952 denominou-se Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico ocasião de sua incorporação à Universidade de São Paulo. Tornou-se Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, de 1996 a 2003, e passou em 2004 a ser Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. visando ampliar a divulgação da Oceanografia brasileira em âmbito mundial.
Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto Oceanográfico
Notas sobre alguns copépodos parasitos de peixes marítimos da costa do estado de São Paulo
The present note represents the inventary of the parasitic copepods found on marine fishes between 1940-1949 and which are kept in the "Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia" (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute). They all belong to the Suborders Cyclopoida, Caligoida and Lernaeopodoida and were partly received as donations and partly collected by the staff of the Institute, during its periodic trips to the coast of the State of São Paulo (Brazil); finally, a small fraction was obtained from parasitized fishes purchased on the markets of Santos an São Paulo. The author, thus, gathered 117 specimens, distributed by 8 families, 11 genera and 13 different species, one of which belongs to the genus Caligus and could not be specifically determined due to the lack of bibliography. The Copepods were obtained from 22 fishes, among which only 5 were abundantly infected and exhibited respectively 10, 14, 16, 18, and 37 parasites. None of the hosts showed any sign of evident organic weakness.
Nota sôbre Scyllarides brasiliensis Rathbun e sua ocorrência no litoral do estado de São Paulo
This paper mentions the presence of Scyllarides brasiliensis Rathbun, in the littoral zone of the State of S. Paulo. The author examined 5 specimens (2 and 3 ) from Ubatuba and 8 (4 and 4 ) from the Island of Vitória, along the northern coast of the State, in the surroudings of the island of S. Sebastião. Many of the specialists that studied the group overlooked the work of Gill (1898) that splitted the genus Scyllarus in Scyllarus and Scyllarides and thus several species that ougth to be placed in the latter mentioned genus are still described as belonging to Scyllarus. Most of the species that inhabit the brazilian coast must be referred to Scyllarides. The author compares the measurements of the present specimens with those studied by Verrill and Kathbun, and rapidly refers the species' habits and its economic value.
Primeiro suplemento à lista dos nomes vulgares de peixes de águas doces e salôbras da zona sêca do nordeste e leste do Brasil
Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do Baependi e do Vega à Ilha da Trindade: oceanografia física - contribuição para o conhecimento das características físicas e químicas das águas
In May 1950 a trip was undertaken by the ships "Baependi" and "Vega" to the Trindade Island - 20º30'S and 29º20'W - Approximately 1200 km off the coast of Espirito Santo State. This scientific expedition was realized by the iniciative of the Minister J. A. Lins de Barros. In this expedition the supervisor of the oceanographic works was Prof. W. Besnard, the director of the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute. He brougth home 42 samples of water for study, collected upon the insular terrace of the island, referring to the 15 established stations - see table I - with depths varying between 0 m and 115 m. The physical and chemical properties of them are to be seen on table II. The results obtained were compared with those of the German Expedition to the South Atlantic, 1925/27 ("Meteor"), observed at the stations 157-158-159-163 of profile VI and 168-169-170 of profile VII. The mean results obtaneid by the boats "Baependi" and "Vega" are represented on table IV. We constructed vertical sections - I to VI - of each group of Stations, showing the slope of the insular shelves and, in a general manner, the distribution of salinity. We made also longitudinal section - E, M, I - involving the island and corresponding, respectively, to the groups of stations, the farthest, nearest and intermediary ones. As the number of samples received is reduced and consequently the data obtained are few, no conclusions could be deduced. We made only a commentary supposing that the predominating waters surrounding the island are the same as those coming from the mentioned stations on Profile VI, marked by the "Meteor". No indication authorizes the supposition that waters of the Brazil Current or those of Profile VII of the "Meteor" reach the Trindade Island. On the contrary, its waters must be warm and salted to which Albert Defant (Die Troposphaere, Wiss. Erg. D. Atl. Exp. "Meteor" Band VI, 1 Tel Lief. 3, Berlin, 1936) has referred, as the island is located very near to the limits of the perspective diagram of warm water circulation pointed out. (Kieler Meeresforschungen, Inst. Meereskunde, Universit. Kiel, Band VII, Heft 1, S 24, 1950).
Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do "Baependi" e do "Vega" à Ilha da Trindade: o gênero Firoloida, Prosobranchia Heteropoda
From the Jaseur Bank, off the Brazilian coast at 20º 30' S - 35º 50' W, were collected a few specimens of one of the less known species of the Heteropoda: Firoloida lesueuri (d'Orbigny). A detailed anatomical description follows aiming at the elucidation of some obscure points in the litterature on the subject and at showing the identity of most of the previously described "species" of the genus Firoloida. Special care was taken with the study of the nervous system of which most of the descriptions found were discordant. The author arrived at the conclusion that the pleural ganglia are either missing of fused to the cerebral ganglia, that the supraintestinal ganglion (left parietal ganglion) is present in the posterior region and is close to the subintestinal or right parietal ganglion, being both located near the rear end of the body. The innervations are described and discussed as well as the fusion of extensive tracts of the connectives. The present material is shown to be identical to F. kowalewskyi, well described by Vayssière and Tesch; F. desmaresti (Lesueur 1817) is shown to be undistinguishable from F. blainvilleana and F. gracilis. F. aculeata and F. gaimardi are here considered as "nomina nuda". F. liguriae Issel 1907 is admitted as separate species in spite of its insufficient description and, finally, F. vigilans (Troschel 1855), unsatisfactorily described from only one specimen is perhaps a valid species. A table is presented to show the slight differences between the 4 species which are undoubtedly very similar. F. desmaresti is found only in the Atlantic north of the line and a few points south and close to it as well as in dependent seas, while F. lesueuri is common to the south Atlantic, south Indie and south Pacific oceans, extending north only up to the Azores Islands. F. liguriae is from the south western Atlantic. ?F. vigilans would be an endemic species from Messina (Mediterranean).
Contribuciones a la ictiologia: V - VI sobre algunas especies de Gobiidae de la colección del Laboratorio Aragó (Banyuls-sur-mer, Francia) y descripción de un nuevo genero (Austrogobius) sudamericano
No número V de "Contribuciones a la Ictiología", o autor faz referências a algumas espécies de peixes da família Gobiidae, da coleção do Laboratório Aragó (Banyuls-sur-mer), fornecendo normas para o estudo sistemático baseadas nos órgãos ciatiformes, ou terminações sensoriais. Dessa maneira efetuou o Autor a determinação genérica e específica de alguns Gobideos da Europa. No número VI de "Contribuciones a la Ictiología" faz-se a descrição de um novo gênero (Austrogobius) de Gobídeo sul-americano, no qual é colocado o Gobiosoma parri Ginsburg, fornecendo-se as características que o distinguem, especialmente a distribuição de tubos mucosos e geniporos.
Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do "Baependi" e do "Vega" à Ilha da Trindade: contribuição para o conhecimento da plataforma insular da Ilha da Trindade
The oceanographic work realized during 10 days in the surroundings of the eruptive island of Trindade, 20º30'36" lat. S - 29º19'26" long. W, had as principal aim the determination of the insular plateau, whose knowledge was very insufficient. Thus were established some oceanographic stations and sounding lines were realized by means of an echobathymeter whose responses were initially verified with mechanical soundings obtaneid by means of a Thomson sounder. The insular plateau is very narrow and exhibits a sudden fall between the 100 and 120 m. depth line at 740 m. - 2950 m. from the coast. Its greatest depth is of 108,30 m. and its mean inclination is of 8,12%. The plateau of the island of Trindade is separated from that of the neighbouring group of Martim Yaz by great depths. The bottoms are rocky near the coast, the blocks having been produced by the rupture of the magmatic mass of the island. Further away from the coast, the size of the rocks gradually diminishes up to the fine sand thickness. In the litoral zone there are abundant tufts of living Lithothamnion with a rich associated flora and fauna, which partly covers the rocks themselves. Further off at sea, the spheres of the dead alga with its commensals are cimented together by sedimentation. The spheres are further broken up and become an integrating part of the sand. The results of the physical and chemical analyses of the sand bottoms are shown in tables 2 and 3. The coast is either of abrupt rocky walls falling down to sea level, or of shores, made of pebbles or of sand. Anyhow, there are frequently Lithothamnion terraces slightly inclinated towards the bottom (chemical analysis table 1).
The genus Elasmopus on the coast of Brazil with description of Elasmopus besnardi n. sp., and E. fusimanus n. sp. (Crustacea, amphipoda)
Neste trabalho apresentamos os anfípodos do gênero Elasmopus, que são representados na coleção da Estação de Hidrobiologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, e entre eles temos a honra de dedicar uma espécie ao Prof. W. Besnard. Assim este trabalho representa, de certo modo, uma contribuição aos resultados da Expedição do navio 'Baependi', realizada em 1950, à Ilha da Trindade.
Nota preliminar sobre alguns Stomatopoda da costa brasileira
As the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (The São Paulo Oceanographic Institute) received a great deal of carcinological material collected by its Director, Prof. W. Besnard, on the trip made to the Ilha da Trindade (20º 30' 00" S. & 29º 22' 00" W.), the author resolved to examine the Arthropoda of that region. Although especially interested in the Decapoda Macrura, the author determined to study the received Stomatopoda, considering that, besides these samples, the collections of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia possessed several specimens of the littoral of the State of S. Paulo and of the coast of the State of Espirito Santo. Respecting our knowledge about the specimens of the littoral region, South America surely occupy but a place of little importance in the range shown substancial researches in that matter, the Atlantic region is considered as one of the most neglected. In this previous note we are considering, therefore, nine species found by several authors along the Brazilian coast. From these ones, four could be identified in the collections of the Institute. The author refers to them, giving an explaining sketch of the essential parts of each of them. Thus, the author hopes to have given a contribution, at this rate, to the investigation of one of the groups of the Arthropoda Phylum, less studied in Brazil.
Contribuição para o conhecimento da flora algológica marinha do estado do Paraná
This paper is to be considered as a first contribution to the special distribution regarding marine sea-weed of the Parana coast (Caiobá). We shall consider three coastal types: a) Those of the rocky coast subject to the action of waves. b) Those of the rocky coast but nevertheless more or less protected; and, c) Those of the marshy ground. "Within the proposed plan, the first type is divided into two zones: 1) The Splash Zone located above the average limit of the tide (fig. 2 n.º 1). Foreign authors call this zone also the Spritzone. 2) The Intertidal Zone (Ressaca), situated between the average of the levels of the tide. Foreign authors named this zone the Gezeitenzone (fig. 2 n.º 2). The first named of the two above zones contains only one species of sead-weed, Lyngbya confervoides and at least two species of molluks of the Littorina genus. The second zone is the richer one of the two in animals as well as in sea-weed and is especially characterized in Caiobá by means of the following sea-weeds: Levringia sp., Chaetomorpha media and Centroceras clavulatum. These are to be found in the upper part together with balanoids (craca) and Mytilus perna (marisco). Pterosiphonia pennata, Hypnea musciformis, and Bryocladia thyrsigera are prevalent in the lower part. Another three secondary types are to be found, however, this depending upon local conditions of the rocks. This succession of Littorina, balanoides and Mytilus is the same as that existing in the Southern part of Africa, as can be noted from works published by Stephenson (11,12) and various others of his collaborators. The second type also populates two zones, being the second one the richer and it also provides a grater variety. Here we find a group of sea-weeds and among them the following dominate Callithamnion, Laurencia papulosa, Gigartina Teedii and Sargassum cymosum. It is believed that there exists another zone below the inferior limit of the tide and the same presents us the species Rhodymenia Palmetta, Plocamium brasiliensis and Spatoglossum Schroederi. A quick enumeration of the sea-weeds living in the marshy ground is made.
Distribuição dos Hydrozoa até agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil
This work was done with the aim of computing all the species of Hydrozoa (Siphonophora excluded) that have been collected on the Brazilian coast, or in the pelagial, near the coast (some of the "Meteor" Stations). Nutting's (1900, 1904, 1915) and Mayer's (1910) monographs were taken as starting points and later papers and the Zoological Record used to check posterior findings. As a whole, 116 different valid names, among species and forms, have been mentioned from the Brazilian coast, distributed among 60 genera. Of the 116 species, 82 are represented by hydropolyps, 30 by hydromedusae (11 of which belong to the Trachylina and therefore lack a polypoid generation) and finally, by 4 species of which are known both polypoid and medusoid generations. The subdivision of the coast has been made at random, on account of the scarcity of the findings, except for the best known district, that goes from the latitude of Vitoria (State of Espirito Santo, at about 20ºlat.S.) to the bay of Santos (State of São Paulo, about 24ºlat.S.). The latitude of Cabo Frio (23ºlat.S.) was considered as a possible natural barrier, and the results of the global counting of the distribution of the hydropolyps North and South of 23ºlat.S. is the following: 29 species are known only North of Cabo Frio, 26 only from the same latitude (see direction of the coast, along parallel 23ºS.) or further South and 28 species are known both North and South of the coast (of these, 5 species are "cosmopolitan"). Therefore it seems quite possible that Cabo Frio really is a barrier to the distribution of 55 species. 26 species are endemic to the Brazilian coast, of these, only 5 are found both North and South of the Cape, while-14 are found only North and 7 only South. No studies can be done, on the bathymetric distribution in relation to the latitude. These results must be considered as provisory since more extensive researches will probably alter these figures. However, I believe that they are significative as a mean index of the condition of the hydrozoan fauna of the Brazilian coast. A tentative working hypothesis is presented as to the possible factors that confer such a zoogeographic importance to the region of Cabo Frio, a fact that has been foreseen by Ekman (1935, p. 73). Geographic position, currents, latitude and nature of the sea bottom between the continent and the oceanic island of Trindade have been taken in consideration, and all of them seem to be possible eficient factors of separation. Furthermore, according to the data obtained by the "Meteor" Expedition in July 2, 1926, at station 164 (23º8'lat.S. - 42º5'long.W.) and station 165 (23º35'lat.S. - 40º52'long.W.) and by what is known by hearsay and local experience of the region (exact continued study is urgently needed), it seems possible that, off from the sharp curve that the coast has at Cabo Frio, there may be an irregularity of the general scheme of the current and local upwelling may be present that would explain the local low temperature, low salinity and high density of the superficial layers as well as the abundance of fishes; these factors might contribute towards the establishement of a zoogeographical barrier. Further work is needed and nothing more than an hypothesis can be presented for the moment.
Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no instituto paulista de oceanografia
Continuing the inventory of the Coelenterate Fauna of the Brazilian coast, 23 species of Hydrozoa and a Scyphomedusa are recorded from different points of the coast aproximately between 22º and 24º lat. S. Of these, 14 species were already known from other points of the coast and the remaining 10 were unknown from this latitude. Two species are here listed as new, they are: Halocordyle fragHis and Calicella gabriellae. 1. - Halocordyle fragilis, Stechow's (1923) correction of the generic name Pennaria has been followed, shows remarkable distinctive specific characters such as: alternate distribution of the cladii which do not lie all in the same plane, they are inserted at random on the hydrocaulus with a tendency towards a spiral dexiotropic distribution, sparse distribution of the pedicels which are alternate and not all located on the same side of the hydrocladium, and, finally, the long, wiry aspect of the colony which is as brittle as light glass. This characteristics are not sufficient, to my belief, to establish a new genus, since the polyps and the gonophores are entirely of the Halocordyle type, but they confer upon the species a very peculiar habitus. 2. - Calicella gabriellae forms erect hydrocauli which are extremely soft and flexuose, with hydrothecate and intermediate internodes. The thecae are deep, cylindrical, with a conical base, there are 10-12 long and narrow opercular valves. The gonangia are small, conical, with a short distal digitiform process. The included sporosac exhibits maturing ova. Dynamena heteroclonta described by Jarvis (1922) as a new species, is here considered as a new form of the very variable species Dynamena quadridentata. Schizotricha billardi nom. nov., is specifically separated from Sch. diaphana (Heller) to which it had been identified up to know. The Brazilian colonies agree with the French Somaliland specimens described by Billard (1904) and they are reunited in a new species named after the French worker. The main difference, between the two mentioned species are: shape and size of the gonothecae, of the thecae and of the nematophores. A description is given of all the species not previously recorded from the Brazilian coast as well as biological observations on Olindias sambaquiensis whose shoals during winter months are very large and may entangle partially the fishermen's nets. Its feeding and swimming habits are described and the species proves to be an excellent laboratory animal both for class and research purposes, for it easily endures long transportation (even up to 12 hours during summer months) as well as unoxygenized acquaria and nevertheless greadily feeds on any animal food.
Engraulídeos brasileiros do gênero Anchoviella
In 1948-1949, the author studied the Brazilian Engraulidae of the genus Anchoviella, under the supervision of the late Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand, ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington. It has been found desirable to undertake the identification and redescription of the Brazilian Anchovies from the collections of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute). This work is then based in the review of the American anchovies published in 1943 by Dr. Hildebrand and in the paper where the author figure as "junior author": "Notes on sobe Brazilian anchovies (Family Engraulidae) with description of four new species" (1948). Through the courtesy of Dr. Hildebrand, a very extensive collection of the U. S. National Museum was available for comparison and study. The principal collection examined was that of Dr. W. C. Schroeder, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, especially rich in specimens from Brazil. The sequence of characters used in the redescriptions is fairly uniform that is, the various characteres commonly reported are named in the same order. This uniform sequence was carried out for the convenience of the student who in using the paper should soon learn where to look the redescription of any particular character he may wish to check. The geographical distribution of the specimens here considered is shown on the accompanying Map.
The Brazilian and patagonian fishes of the wilkes expedition: 1838-1842
Na viagem efetuada à volta do mundo pela U. S. Exploring Expedition mais conhecida pelo nome de Expedição Wilkes e durante o período em que a mesma operava no Atlântico Ocidental, foram visitadas as regiões do Rio de Janeiro e da Patagônia. Por ocasião da festa comemorativa do centenário da The American Philosophical Society, de Filadélfia, ocorrida a 23 de Fevereiro de 1930, o autor teve a oportunidade de apresentar uma nota prévia da qual constava uma lista de peixes capturados durante o cruzeiro da Expedição. Teve, então, o ensejo de examinar o diário redigido pelo Dr. Charles Pickering, botânico da Expedição, nele encontrando anotações valiosas para a História Natural, considerada em seu sentido amplo, detalhes a respeito das localidades percorridas e relações extensas de animais e plantas, além de diversos representantes pertencentes a outros grupos. Sob o ponto de vista histórico, os comentários aí constantes são de importância significativa. Em muitos casos, essas apreciações fornecem base sólida para a efetivação de estudos faunísticos, de caráter comparativo, muito instrutivos e úteis. O autor examinou a coleção de peixes da Expedição Wilkes que se encontra no Museu Nacional dos Estados Unidos, em Washington, acervo esse gentilmente posto à sua disposição para estudo. Dessa maneira, no presente trabalho, fornece matéria de amplo interesse histórico, visando com isso lançar alguma luz sobre a imensa fauna do Brasil e da Argentina. Baseando-se nos dados fornecidos por Pickering, o autor divulga dados curiosos a respeito da baía do Rio de Janeiro e adjacências, no ano de 1838. Segue-se uma lista contendo a diagnose de 82 espécimes de água doce, salobra e salgada, estudados e comparados com outros de várias procedências. Referindo-se ao Rio Negro, descreve o autor o aspeto da região patagônica, durante certo período de 1839, fazendo comentários a respeito de 7 espécies de peixes nela, encontradas.
Achegas ao dicionário dos animais do Brasil, de Rodolpho von Ihering
Ocorrência de Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller: Copépodo da família Pseudocycnidae, em águas do litoral paulista
During April 9 to 15, 1949, some parasitic copepods have been caught at the northern seashore region of São Paulo State (Brazil), in the Channel of São Sebastião. All copepods belong to the family Pseudocycnidae and to the species Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller. The animals were found in the gills of Gymnosarda alleterata (Rafinesque). This paper deals with the geographical distribution of the species, for the first time captured in brazilian waters.
Nota sôbre variação específica em Ceratium furca Dujardin, do plancton do litoral paulista
The Marine Fauna Section of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographie Institute), has undertaken regular plankton researches along the coastal waters of São Paulo State (Brasil), as an index of their productivity. After examining 297 superficial plankton samples from different areas and seasons, the author found a specimen of Ceratium that was considered very close to Ceratium furca Dujardin var. báltica (Fig. 1). whose occurrence called his attention due to the fact of having on its right side a third supplementary appendix longer than that of the characteristic plate of both species Ceratium hirundinella and macroceros. Up to now, isolated individuals were observed with pre or post-cingular plates which exhibit a variable thikness. Frequently, were found somewhat strong deviations on the right or on the left side of the soecimen examined. Regarding the extra appendix considered here to be a specific variation, the author thinks that nothing definite can be said at present since only one such individual was caught. In the other hand he thinks that this specific variation is worthwhile noticing.
Estudo analítico sôbre Nephrops rubellus Moreira (Crustáceo - Decapodo - Macruro)
The finality of this work is to register the occurrence of a Crustacean denominated "Lagostim" - Nephrops rubellus MOREIRA - found in waters of the neighbourhood of Xavier Island, off the coast of the State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). This specimen was captured in a "trawl" net by the fishing boat "Libertador" in depth of 30 to 60 fathoms (66-132 m), in the middle of June 1950. The species which was described in 1903 by CARLOS MOREIRA, does not seem to be of a very common one at the Braz lian coast, its cxistance having been, however, recorded from the Argentine coast, by DOELLO JURADO, in 1938. The present v/ork seems te be justified since it deals with a Crustacean never mentioned, in our specialised literature since its description half a century ago and also by being the characters of this specimen not exactly the same as the previously deseribed. A key has been worked out for the genus Nephrops, for the determination of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacifc species, the key organized by DE MAN was adopted as a starting-point.
Anchoviella hildebrandi n. sp. Engraulídeo do rio Paraguaçú: Bahia
This work deals with Anchoviella hildebrandi n. sp. received from Caxoeira, Paraguaçú river, Bahia State. The species is related to Anchoviella brasilensis HILDEBRAND, iron the Ribeira de Iguape river (South of S. Paulo State, Brazil), and Anchovilla j ame si (JORDAN & SEALE) , from Jutai river and Aleixo fake, both situated on the Amazon State, Brazil. The author presents the diagnosis of the new species, making comparisons with the other related species. This species is described from 33% of the total catch (48 specimens), ranging in total length from about 80 to 92 mm. A specimen of about 86 mm long is designated as type, and is deposited in the collections of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Ths species is named for the memory of Dr. SAMUE L F. HILDEBRAND , of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service of Washington.
Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do "Baependi" e do "Vega" à Ilha da Trindade: nota preliminar sôbre algumas algas
This preliminary paper gives new informations concerning occurrence and geographical dispersal of some Chlorophyceae collected at TRINDADE ISLAND (20º 30' Lat. S. and 29º 22' Long. W. Gw.). The following species are considered: Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamx. Penicillus Lamourouxii Dcne. Udotea Flabellum (E. & Sol.) Howe. Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Dcne. Anadyomene stellata (W.) J. Ag.
Engraulídeos brasileiros, do gênero Anchoa
In this work, the author studies the Brasilian Engraulidae of the genus Anchoa. In first place, the author points out that, from the nomenclatural point of view, there still remains a certain confusion in this group since the specialists frequently put some species either into the genus Anchoa or into the genus Anchoviella. As a matter of fact, the determination of the anchovies is a painstaking task due to the species being similar among themselves and in view of the variablity of certain features of great taxonomical significance which vary considerably in single species. In order to illustrate this view, the author sets forth, in table I, the frequency of the distribution of gill rakers in Anchoa, referring to the specimens inhabiting the Brazilian coast. Studying a large number of specimens which have been forwarded to the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute), the author, basing himself on studies carried out in 1948 under the supervision of Dr. SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND. an ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington D. O, organized a key for the identification of the Brazilian anchovies of the genus Anchoa, following the norm adopted by Dr. HILDEBRAN D in this revision of the American Anchovies (1943). After discussing the meaning of the term "Manjuba" given to the Brazilian anchovies, the author emphasizes the importance of these small fishes, especially in the São Paulo state, where large quantities of Anchoa nasuta Hildebrand & Carvalho, Engraulis anchcita Hubbs & Marini and Anchoa januatia (Steindachner) are caught for industrial purposes. The author condemns the manner in which the industrialists prepare these species, holding that the product is far from corresponding to what could be expected from them. Presenting some biological data on Anchoa januatia, A. hepsetus hepsetus and A. tricolor, the author refers to 10 species found on Brazil's seashore region, illustrating detailed redescriptions of each specimen with two plates containing 5 drawings each.
Origin of oil in the Wilmington field in California
No presente trabalho, o autor trata da formação de campo petrolífero que se teria formado às expensas de organismos planctónicos, misturados com areia das dunas, material esse que teria sido transportado pelo vento. Refere-se, assim, o autor, ao campo petrolífero de "Wilmington", situado na Ilha Terminal, ao sul de Los Angeles, California. Esse campo, que já fora descrito, em 1943, por GILLULY & GRANT, faz parte do Mioceno e do Plioceno inferior, achando-se separado dos schistos Jurássicos metamórficos, por uma discordância localizada a 6.000 pés de profundidade. O conjunto das camadas petrolíferas alcança espessura de 1 .500 pés, sendo cada uma delas separada das outras por estratos do "siltstone" (siltito). O tamanho dos grãos, nos dois tipos de rochas, é o de depósitos eólicos, mas, ao contrário do que acontece em depósitos sub-aéreos, esses grãos são angulosos ou sub-angulosos. De acordo com MCNAUGHTON , esses depósitos se teriam formado em profundidade crescente, de 200 a 5.000 pés; esse fato, relacionado com as dimensões dos grãos, leva a crer que o material tenha sido transportado pelo vento. A sedimentação deu-se longe da costa, de maneira muito lenta, provavelmente em consequência de tempestades de excepcional intensidade. O petróleo teria sido produzido por organismos planctónicos que se teriam misturado com areia das dunas, sendo a velocidade da sedimentação desta, muito menor. Os cálculos indicam que foram armazenados somente 23% dos hidrocarbonetos que caíram sobre a areia de sedimentação, sob a forma de organismos mortos. M. V.
Neste trabalho, trata o autor da fauna e da flora das orlas do Atlântico Sul em que se situam o Brasil e a África Ocidental. Sôbre ambas, com justa razão, se tem procurado evidenciar, frequentemente, a semelhança existente quanto ao aspecto geológico. Em relação à fauna e à flora terrestres e de água doce, recorda o autor que essa semelhança não ultrapassa o limite de famílias, nada de comum existindo, nos dois continentes, quanto a gêneros e espécies. Por outro lado, porém, a fauna e a flora das duas margens do Atlântico são muito parecidas, havendo mesmo, nesse "habitat", numerosos gêneros e espécies em comum, conforme se depreende da relação constante à pag. 30. Apezar disso, existem divergências bastante acentuadas, capazes de permitir, como de fato acontece, que se considere as duas regiões como biogeográficamente distintas. A fauna das costas brasileiras do Norte, até a latitude do Rio de Janeiro, é integrada pelos remanescentes de uma fauna tropical rica, proveniente do mar de "Tethis", do início do Terciário. Em altas latitudes, deu-se, no Quaternário médio, a invasão de águas austrais do "Nereis", que trouxeram consigo fôrmas de águas frias. De maneira diversa, a fauna da África ocidental perdeu o seu caráter tropical, tanto no Norte como no Sul, exibindo representantes faunísticos de zonas temperadas. A fauna da costa ocidental africana é muito pobre, fato esse que pode ser explicado à luz da história geológica da região e em íace da situação fisiográfica e hidrológica atual. Há numerosos exemplos da assimetria reinante nas duas margens do Atlântico, dentre os quais se podem citar os seguintes: a) precipitações muito mais abundantes no Atlântico ocidental, úmido, em confronto com o oriental seco; b) côr mais azulada do Atlântico ocidental, fato relacionado com a salinidade, com a riqueza do plancton e com a produtividade das águas: c) salinidade muito maior nas margens ocidentais; d) a zona quente (25ºC. em média) é muito mais extensa nas costas ocidentais; e) existência de numerosas anomalias térmicas superficiais no Atlântico ocidental; f) diferenças de correntes marítimas nas duas margens do Atlântico. Apezar das profundas divergências constatadas em ambas as margens, lembra o autor que desde o século XV , o Atlântico tornou-se um meio eficiente para se promover relações entre o Brasil e a África do Sul. Afirma, assim, que novas ligações devem unir, presentemente, os países limítrofes de um mesmo oceano. Os navios negreiros de outrora devem ser substituídos por barcos oceanográficos, visando o estabelecimento de relações amigáveis e de uma fecunda colaboração. Diz ainda o autor que, para serem eficientes, as pesquisas oceanográficas levadas a cabo nas duas orlas de um mesmo oceano, devem ser realizadas sincrónica e paralelamente. Os meios tendentes a alcançar tal objetivo já se esboçam desde que - diz o autor - "no Brasil inicia-se tal trabalho através do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, e, na África Ocidental funciona o Instituí; FrançaiS i'Afrique Noire que já possue uma secção de Oceanografia e de biologia marinha, com um laboratório instalado na ilha de Gorée perto de Dakar e outro nas cercanias de Abidjan (costa do Marfim) oara estudo das lagunas". Julga, portanto, o autor que se torna imperiosa a manutenção de relações cordiais e de intercambio entre os pesquisadores dos dois lados do Atlântico, afim de que chegue o dia em que se realizem cruzeiros oceanográficos em comum, com trocas de cientistas. Pensa o autor ser extremamente interessante desenvolver a oceanografia no Brasil, pois a sua região atlântica é uma das menos conhecidas, podendo-se, através da pesquisa, obter resultados importantíssimos, tanto sob o ponto de vista da ciência pura como no que respeita a exploração racional das riquezas marinhas. Recorda ainda o autor que existe uma descrição das embarcações dos Azenegues, da costa do Sahara, de autoria de um cronista do século XV I que lembra muito as jangadas brasileiras. Provavelmente, existe, cí um problema etnográfico, de palpitante interesse, mas que, na sua opinião, representa antes um símbolo da colaboração técnico-científica que, segundo o seu parecer, deve ser mantida entre as duas margens do Atlântico.
Considerações gerais em tôrno da região lagunar de Cananéia: Iguape. II - Diversos aspétos atuais da região lagunar
This short essay about the lagoon Region of Cananeia, the first part of which has appeared in the nº 1 of the same Bulletin, has the special finality of serving as an introduction to the different notes, studies and works concerning this region of extreme interest. Some of them have already been published in the nº 1 of this Bulletin. This introduction seems to be, if not indispensable at least useful, regarding the very special character of the lagoon system, a circumtance which makes it sometimes very difficult to understand certain details without knowing the totality of the Region and its pecularities. We thought it to be useful, to understand the finality and to facilitate the comprehension of certain phenomena, to draw an hypothesis of the genesis of the Region. The first part, already published in nº 1, comprises a summarian description of the Region as a whole and presents an hypothetic essay of its genesis: the pre-existence of a gulf rich in mountainous islands; its obstruction by the residues of erosion and by terrigenous materials; the work of the predominating winds and tide currents; the importance of the mangrove, etc. An abbreviated schematization of the process was presented in four hypothetical phases. The second part, the present one, is dedicated to the description of the different actual aspects of the lagoon Region: Division of the Region in natural zones: 1.º The Main Channel; 2.º The Mar do Cubatao; 3º The Bay of Trapande, and its dependencies; 4º The "marigots"; 5.º The canal of the Ribeira de Iguape and 6.º The Mar do Ararapira and its canal. A certain number of pecularities has chiefly drawn our attention to it; among others - the structure of the "marigots" of The second type; the part played by the oscillation of the tides in their maintainance and chiefly the problem of the phytoplancton in the lagoons and its distribuition in the different zones. These latter researches which represent up to now but an attempt for an orientation towards a plan of further studies, allow us already to suppose that the distribution of the phytoplancton in the "marigots" of all the southern part of the system, as well as in a great part of the body of the lagoon itself, is dependant on a determinate regime of salinity, represents zones of intensive production of phytoplancton, specially Diatoms. Finally another statement: the outflow of large masses of phytoplancton towards the ocean at every ebb.
Reencontro de Balanoglossus gigas Fr. Muller no litoral brasileiro
Re-finding of Balanoglossus gigas FR. MUULLER on the brasilian sea shore. Balanoglossus gigas, the giant Enteropneusta, has been described for the first time by Fritz Muller in his notes collected and published by Dr. HERMANN VON IHERING (1898, pg. 35). FR. MULLER found the Balanoglossus on the coats of the State of Santa Catarina in 1884. Once again in 1885 several specimens of that animal were captured by FR. MULLER in the same place. Since that time up to now no references on the occurrence of this animal have been found in the zoological bibliography. During the spring of 1948 Prof. W. BESNARD, Director of he Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia saw some signals indicating the existence of Balanoglossus at the beach of São Sebastião, State of São Paulo. From 1948 to now several attempts have been made to catch the animal alive and complete. On the last September during a shorts visit to the beach of São Sebastião one Balanoglossus was captured and brought to the Department of General and Animal Physiology in good conditions. The animal measured 1.80 m in length. It seems to be the largest Balanoglossus known. According to the descriptions of SPENGEL (1893, pg. 158), and VAN DER HORST (1939) pg. 717) it was possible to identify this Enteropneusta as Balanoglossus gigas FR. MULLER, refound at the Brazilian coast sixty six years after its discovery by FR. MÜLLER.