Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science
The Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science (BJVRAS), eISSN 1678-4456, is continous published, exclusively online, and in English. The BJVRAS is linked to the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (SP, Brazil), being supported by the Veterinary Medicine Foundation (FUMVET). The BJVRAS is intended to publish scientific studies on veterinary medicine and related sciences.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
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Risk-based justification for a 10µg/kg Default Residue Limit to establish withdrawal periods for veterinary medicinal products lacking Maximum Residue Limits
The ultimate objective of risk assessment is to establish a safe level of intake of residues of Pharmacologically Active Substances (PAS) present in foods of animal origin. Under a gold-standard assessment scenario, toxicological reference values used to establish Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and withdrawal periods are derived from complete toxicological data packages for the substance. However, situations may arise in which the available dataset for toxicological evaluation and subsequent determination of MRLs for PAS used in veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) is incomplete, thereby limiting the regulatory establishment of withdrawal periods. To address this limitation, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA) established, through Article 2 of Ordinance N° 200 of January 22, 2021, the possibility of applying a Default Limit of 10 ppb (10 µg/kg) as a cut-off value in residue depletion curves in edible tissues and animal-derived products for the determination of withdrawal periods. This article demonstrates that the adopted value of 10 ppb is not arbitrary but is scientifically supported by the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept, originally proposed by Cramer for the toxicological classification of chemical substances and incorporated into international risk assessment approaches, with references to the Codex Alimentarius and related regulatory frameworks. Dietary exposure estimations further demonstrate that a residual level of 10 ppb is scientifically justifiable and methodologically appropriate to ensure consumer safety regarding foods of animal origin, representing a conservative approach consistent with internationally accepted risk management principles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus in domestic and wild mammals in the State of São Paulo - Brazil
Rabies virus (RABV) causes a lethal zoonosis with a significant impact on public and veterinary health. In Brazil, bats, especially Desmodus rotundus, are the main reservoirs in rural areas. This study analyzed four samples: goat (Capra hircus, 2), horse (Equus caballus, 1), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris, 1), confirming the presence of the virus by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and RT-PCR, which amplified a 264 bp fragment of the nucleoprotein gene. Phylogenetic analysis identified three main clades. The samples were grouped into Cluster A, with sequences from Desmodus rotundus, Artibeus lituratus, and Eptesicus furinalis, associated with the AgV3 variant (bootstrap >90%) and samples from infected dogs. Clade B included historical isolates from dogs with AgV2, which has now been eliminated in Brazil. Clade C grouped primates (Callithrix jacchus) and human cases in Ceará. Nucleoprotein alignment showed conserved regions and variations in the N-P intergenic region. The results confirm that bats remain the main reservoirs of RABV in São Paulo, with AgV3 as the predominant variant, highlighting the need for continued epidemiological surveillance.
Operational biosecurity in poultry hatcheries
This review analyzes operational biosecurity in poultry hatcheries, emphasizing its role as a critical control point in modern poultry production. The paper integrates conceptual, structural, and operational aspects, focusing on strategies to prevent the introduction and dissemination of pathogens. Key topics include personnel and vehicle control, handling of materials and hatching eggs, pest management, cleaning and disinfection protocols, microbiological monitoring, and vaccination programs. Scientific evidence demonstrates that failures in these areas increase infection pressure, antimicrobial use, and productivity losses, while proper implementation reduces microbial load, limits disease transmission, and ensures food safety. The review highlights that biosecurity effectiveness depends on continuous worker education, rigorous adherence to protocols, and technical guidance by poultry veterinarians to adapt measures to evolving epidemiological challenges. By linking theory and field application, biosecurity emerges as an indispensable tool for the sustainability and competitiveness of poultry hatcheries.
Regional histomorphometric characterization of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) skin: anatomical variability and dermatological implications
The use of non-human primates (NHPs) in research is an invaluable tool for advancing knowledge of numerous human diseases. It is imperative, however, that their use as biomodels strictly complies with current regulations. In this context, morphological studies of species used in Laboratory Animal Science (LAS) are highly relevant to scientific progress, with the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) among the most widely used models. Despite its importance, the literature on integumentary histology in NHPs remains scarce, with most information dating back to the 1970s. The present study aimed to describe the skin histology of Macaca mulatta and determine the average epidermal thickness. Detailed histological and morphometric analyses were performed on skin samples collected from different anatomical sites of six ex situ adult rhesus monkeys (both males and females). The regions examined included: Regio parietalis (RPA), Regio colli dorsalis (RCD), Regio presternali (RPE), Regio vertebralis thoracis (RVT), Regio abdominis caudalis (RAC), Regio sacralis (RSC), Regio palmaris manus sinistra (RPM), Regio plantaris pedis sinistra (RPP), and Regio ischiadica (RIS). Samples were embedded in paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and analyzed using ImageJ software. Marked regional differences were observed in the architecture of the epidermis and dermis, with thicker epidermis and stratum corneum areas subjected to greater friction. Epidermal thickness ranged from 11.25 µm in the ventral region to 347.32 µm in the ischiatic calluses, while the stratum corneum varied from 2.18 µm to 256.15 µm. Despite these morphological disparities, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in epidermal thickness among regions. Thin skin areas exhibited three to four cell layers in the epidermis and a balanced distribution of skin appendages, with a higher density of sweat glands in the upper parietal region. In contrast, thick skin regions presented 8 to 20 cell layers in the spinous layer. Palmar and plantar regions displayed well-defined epidermal ridges, whereas in the ischiatic calluses, the epidermis formed parallel layers over the dermis. Additionally, subclinical dermatitis was identified in the palmar, plantar, and ischiatic regions. These findings highlight the structural specialization of primate skin and reinforce the importance of carefully selecting sampling sites in dermatological studies involving non-human primates.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats in the City of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Gastrointestinal parasites, including protozoa and helminths, are common in domestic animals and have zoonotic relevance. This study aimed to identify the occurrence of these infections in dogs and cats in São Paulo City, SP, Brazil. Between 2021 and 2024, 118 fecal samples were collected - 60 from domestic dogs and 58 from cats recently rescued from the streets, both symptomatic and asymptomatic - and subjected to Faust and Hoffmann coproparasitological techniques. In total, 34.7% (41/118) of the animals were infected, with 34.5% (20/58) of cats and 35% (21/60) of dogs. Seven parasites were identified: Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Dipylidium spp., Strongylus spp., Giardia spp., and Cystoisospora spp. In cats, Cystoisospora spp. (29.31%; 17/58), Toxocara spp. (3.45%; 2/58), and Giardia spp. (1.72%; 1/58) were detected. In dogs, Toxocara spp. was the most prevalent (18.30%; 11/60), followed by Dipylidium spp. (6.67%; 4/60), Cystoisospora spp. (3.33%; 2/60), Trichuris spp. (3.33%; 2/60), Ancylostoma spp. (1.67%; 1/60) and Strongylus spp. (1.67%; 1/60). Co-infections were observed only in dogs (7.3%; 3/41), involving combinations of helminths and/ or protozoa. Protozoan infection was predominant in cats, especially Cystoisospora spp., which was more frequent in individuals aged 1 to 24 months (50%; 10/20). In dogs, helminths were more common, especially Toxocara spp., with 84.6% (11/13) of the helminth infections detected. The verified occurrence reinforces the need for routine coproparasitological diagnosis, adequate sanitary management, and rational use of anthelmintics to reduce the prevalence of these infections and their impact on animal and public health, strengthening the concept of One Health.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) present in the udder ofdairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis on a commercial farm in Jataí-GO, Brazil: scientific article
Among the primary diseases affecting the Brazilian dairy herd is bovine mastitis, a complex, multifactorial disease whose primary pathogen is Staphylococcus spp., which is known for its high resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials and environmental factors. The present study aimed to isolate staphylococci from milk samples collected from cows at a dairy farm in Jataí, GO, Brazil. Isolation was carried out using samples from 90 sick animals collected between November and March. After isolation and identification, antibiotic tests were performed to assess resistance and investigate the presence of associated virulence genes. The method chosen for the antibiogram was disk diffusion, which we used to evaluate two groups of animals with clinical and subclinical mastitis at that property. Of the milk samples analyzed, 58.9% were positive for Staphylococcus sp., with 5.5% coagulase-positive (SPC) and 53.3% coagulase-negative (SCN). The SPC bacteria were associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, while SCN was often associated with subclinical mastitis (68.75%). The high frequency of Staphylococcus sp. indicates they remain a primary causative agent of mastitis, with SCN having the greatest impact in this herd. Among the antibiotics tested, we found three with prevalent resistance, namely, oxacillin, penicillin, and vancomycin. We also identified coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) as the predominant cause of subclinical mastitis in the bovine herd. Methicillin-resistant (MRS) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus isolates stood out as causes of mastitis. MRS isolates also underwent a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect the mecA and mecC genes. However, no isolate exhibited those resistance genes. This shows that antibiotic resistance may occur through other mechanisms and genes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Leptospirosis in feral swine and cattle herds in the Brazilian Pantanal
Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonotic disease highly prevalent among cattle and wildlife in the Brazilian Pantanal. Some serovars commonly found in suiform species have been reported in bovine livestock, raising concerns about interspecies transmission. To evaluate the risk that feral swine (Sus scrofa) could pose to local farms in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul, a seroepidemiological survey was conducted during the dry seasons of 2010 and 2011. During the survey, a total of 151 feral swine were captured in the subregions of Nhecolândia and Abobral. Blood samples were collected for serological analysis, and 30 animals were randomly euthanized for necropsy. Through microscopic agglutination tests (MAT), we identified 108 positive individuals (71.52%), and Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, and Autumnalis were the most frequently detected serovars, which are usually associated with rodents and domestic swine. Pomona and Autumnalis exhibited the highest titers (up to 1:12,400 and 1:1,600, respectively). With Warthin-Starry staining, Leptospira sp. were observed in renal tubules of two kidney samples. In parallel, 266 bovine serum samples were tested, with 204 (76.69%) testing positive, predominantly for Hardjo, Tarassovi, and Grippotyphosa serovars, which are generally linked to cattle, domestic swine, and rodents. This represents the most extensive study involving free-ranging feral swine sampling in Brazil and reports the highest leptospirosis prevalence found in these animals over the past four decades. Despite the high seropositivity in feral swine, the limited overlap in predominant serovars suggests a low risk of direct transmission to cattle in the region. Therefore, effective control of leptospirosis in livestock in the Brazilian Pantanal should prioritize internal herd management, minimize indirect exposure to contaminated water sources, and reduce rodent presence around facilities.
Letícia Almeida Retumba Carneiro Monteiro
New insights into the distribution, prevalence and pathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs
Swine respiratory diseases significantly impact animal health and welfare, compromising both productive efficiency and the economic outcomes for producers. Among the primary etiological agents, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae stands out due to its widespread global distribution and high morbidity rates. It predominantly manifests clinically as enzootic pneumonia, leading to reduced performance metrics such as lower weight gain, diminished feed conversion efficiency, and increased susceptibility to co-infections. Understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this bacterium is crucial for developing more effective control strategies to minimize economic losses and enhance herd health. Therefore, this literature review aimed to present studies on the epidemiology of M. hyopneumoniae both globally and in Brazil, as well as to elucidate its pathogenic mechanisms, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the infection and the implementation of more efficient prevention and control measures.
Animal-assisted services dogs in a hospital setting: a literature review
Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) was used as an umbrella term encompassing various forms of animal-involved practices until the end of 2024, including animal-assisted therapy (AAT), animal-assisted activities (AAA), and animal-assisted education (AAE). More recently, this terminology has been updated and replaced by animal-assisted services (AAS). When this review was conducted, the term animal-assisted services (AAS) had not yet been proposed and formally accepted. Therefore, this review used the umbrella term animal-assisted interventions (AAI). The incorporation of AAI into the healthcare setting began in the eighteenth century and has accelerated in the last decade. To better understand the participation of dogs in AAI in a hospital setting, we searched in four databases (Scopus, PubMed, CABI and Web of Science) for the keywords ((“animal assisted intervention” OR “pet therapy” OR AAI OR “animal assisted activity” OR AAA OR “animal assisted therapy” OR AAT) AND (dog) AND (hospital)) in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. PRISMA guidelines were partially adhered to. We initially identified 412 papers, excluded duplicates, and selected the remaining papers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately retaining 120 suitable papers published between 1993 and 2022. The papers were categorized into seven groups according to subject similarity: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heart Disease, Oncology, Psychosocial, Physiological, both Psychosocial and Physiological, and Miscellaneous. We found significant variation across papers regarding the purpose of the program, the hospital departments in which the interventions took place, session duration, recipients’ physical and mental health status, as well as additional people benefiting from AAS apart from its direct recipients. This highlights the existence of numerous approaches to delivering AAS, creating many possibilities for future research.
Multimodal anesthesia in a margay (Leopardus wiedii) for sacralosteosynthesis
The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is a small wild feline endemic to Central and South America. Due to increasing habitat fragmentation and human expansion, margays are frequently involved in road traffic accidents, leading to severe traumatic injuries. Effective veterinary intervention is crucial for their rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild. However, limited literature exists on appropriate anesthetic and surgical management strategies for wild felids. A free-ranging adult female margay (2.3 kg) was admitted with a complete displaced fracture of the right sacral wing, multiple pubis, and ischium fractures. Anesthetic management included premedication with tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg IM) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg IM), induction with propofol (3 mg/kg IV), and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A sacrococcygeal epidural block (L7-S1) with lidocaine (3 mg/kg) was performed to reduce inhalant anesthetic requirements and enhance analgesia. Physiological parameters remained stable throughout the procedure, and postoperative recovery was uneventful. The patient was discharged to wildlife rehabilitation authorities 27 days post-surgery. The combination of tiletaminezolazepam, methadone, and epidural lidocaine effectively provided immobilization, analgesia, and hemodynamic stability. This case highlights the importance of multimodal analgesia and careful anesthetic monitoring to ensure successful surgical outcomes in wildlife conservation medicine. The anesthetic and surgical approach described in this report contributed to the successful rehabilitation of a margay with pelvic fractures caused by a road traffic accident. The findings support the efficacy of multimodal anesthesia and epidural analgesia in wild feline trauma management, providing valuable insights for future veterinary interventions in conservation medicine.
Laryngotracheoscopy in brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs:anatomical comparison and development of a conservativetechnique for training on cadavers
Laryngotracheoscopy is a crucial tool in both clinical practice and the diagnosis of respiratory conditions, particularly in brachycephalic dogs, which are prone to anatomical airway abnormalities. This study aimed to introduce a technique for preserving canine cadavers for laryngo-tracheoscopy training and to explore anatomical differences between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. We used a total of 30 cadavers, evenly split between the two morphological groups, in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by CONCEA. We employed a preservative solution composed of curing salts and 5% glycerinated ethyl alcohol, administered through thoracic aortic cannulation, then stored the cadavers under vacuum at 4 °C for up to 120 days. The cadavers underwent laryngotracheoscopy both before and after storage to assess coloration, malleability, and the integrity of the anatomical structures. Anatomical alterations, such as laryngeal saccule eversion and tracheal stenosis, were also examined. After 90 days of preservation, 100% of the cadavers retained coloration and malleability akin to fresh cadavers, proving suitable for laryngotracheoscopy training. However, after 120 days, only 72.2% maintained the desired tissue texture and coloration. Noteworthy was that 93.33% of brachycephalic dogs showed a reduction in glottic lumen compared to mesocephalic dogs, which presented more uniform and less edematous structures. Furthermore, the apex of the epiglottic cartilage in brachycephalic dogs was more rounded in contrast to the more pointed appearance in mesocephalic dogs. In conclusion, the preservation technique proposed here is effective for maintaining cadavers for laryngotracheoscopy training up to 90 days and facilitates detailed anatomical comparisons between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. This technique supports the training of professionals in managing respiratory alterations in these breeds, promoting both ethical and cost-effective practices.
Poxvirus and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus), Brazil
A Brazilian porcupine poxvirus (BPoPV) and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection case in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairydwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) is described. An adult female porcupine was rescued in a peri-urban region ofthe city of São Paulo. It presented poor general condition and multiple erythematous to ulcerated nodules and crustedcutaneous plaques in the face, ear, front and hind limbs, and genital region. Skin lesions and hepatomegaly were themajor gross lesions. Hyperplastic ulcerated epidermis and myxomatous edema in dermis associated with interstitiallymphoplasmocytic and histiocytic infiltrate were the microscopic findings. Multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmicinclusions in keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicle, sebocytes, histiocytes, and fibroblasts were observed. Theprotozoan cyst was associated with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and glial nodules in the cerebral cortex. BPoPVinfection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, and T. gondii co-infection was confirmedby molecular investigation. In conclusion, neotropical porcupines are susceptible to co-infection with poxvirus andToxoplasma gondii, and the impact of this interaction needs to be further clarified.
Number of cow passages of acidified and antibiotic-free footbathfrom pH analysis
Footbaths are widely used on dairy farms to prevent and treat hoof diseases, especially digital dermatitis. HoofCare® is a commercial, antibiotic-free product composed of zinc chloride, citric acid, copper citrate, and melaleuca oil, also known as tea tree oil. Empirical field evidence suggests that footbath application yields good results in controlling and preventing foot diseases, as well as when the product is used for direct brushing in treating digital dermatitis lesions. This study aimed to determine the number of cow passages of an acidified commercial solution footbath (HoofCare®) based on pH and compare it with the solution currently most used, 5% copper sulfate. Samples were collected every 50 cow passages, starting from solution preparation to the last cow passage (C0, C50, C100..., C750). Additional samples of the solution preparation and the final HoofCare® footbath were also collected at four different time points: two for the entire lactating herd and two for dry cows and heifers. It is recommended that copper solutions maintain a pH below 5.0, with the ideal cut off point being 4.5. All samples were stored and protected from light for subsequent analysis. Results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in pH between the copper sulfate and HoofCare® solutions, as determined by the variance test ANOVA. Furthermore, it was evident that at C400 (400 cow passages), the copper sulfate solution had a pH of 4.51, while the HoofCare® solution showed a lower pH of 3.72, only reaching 4.51 at C650 (650 cow passages). The pH variation curve of the HoofCare® solution displayed pH values that remained within the recommended range for an effective footbath (below 5.0) even after 816 cow passages (pH = 4.88). In conclusion, the cutoff point (pH < 4.5) for the 10% HoofCare® footbath was determined to be 600 cow passages. The solution exhibited superior stability and efficacy in maintaining an optimal pH for a greater number of cow passages compared to the 5% copper sulfate solution.
Hematological profile of free-living opossums (Didelphis aurita andDidelphis albiventris) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
Although opossums are frequently rescued in urban and peri-urban environments, interpreting laboratory test results is difficult due to a lack of studies providing reference values for hematological parameters in these species. This study aimed to establish the hematological profile of free-living opossums in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood samples were taken from 52 individuals of two species: 32 white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and 20 black-eared opossums (Didelphis aurita) to assess complete blood counts. These animals had been rescued by two institutions, one in Sorocaba and the other in São Paulo city. Blood samples were taken to assess hematological parameters. The mean values and standard deviations obtained from the D. albiventris samples were: red blood cells (x106/µL) 3.68 ± 0.50, hemoglobin (g/dL) 8.85 ± 2.07, PCV (%) 29.65 ± 5.66, MCV (fL) 83.81 ± 7.65, MCH (pg) 25.33 ± 2.79, MCHC (% ) 29.40 ± 1.77, white blood cells (/µL) 12.523 ± 4.282, segmented neutrophils (/µL) 5.962 ± 2.954, lymphocytes (/µL) 5.944 ± 1.753, eosinophils (/µL) 427 ± 378, monocytes (/µL) 273 ± 193. For D. aurita, the average values were: red blood cells (x106/µL) 4.27 ± 1.11, hemoglobin (g/dL) 11.32 ± 2.83, PCV (%) 37.88 ± 7.07, MCV (fL) 92.38 ± 19.29, MCH (pg) 26.47 ± 5.53, MCHC (%) 29.16 ± 3.94, erythroblasts (/100 leu) 0.24 ± 0.55, white blood cells (x103/µL) 9.883 ± 5.333, segmented neutrophils (/µL) 5.677 ± 3.378, lymphocytes (/µL) 2.421 ± 1.337, eosinophils (/µL) 972 ± 806, monocytes (/µL) 229 ± 186 and basophil (/µL) 35.56 ± 53.95. Different geographical regions, climates, and feeding, as well as the presence of parasites, are variables that can influence the parameters of the erythrogram and leukogram. The hematological values reported in this study may help veterinarians treat opossums by contributing to existing information on these marsupial species.
Impact of sperm hyperactivation and estrus on pregnancy in timed AI Bos indicus beef cows
This study hypothesized that cows that express estrus within 48 hr of progesterone insert removal ovulate earlier, and that the association between estrus and the degree of sperm hyperactivation increases pregnancy rates in beef cows. In Experiment 1, Nelore cows were divided into two groups according to the expression of estrus within 48 hr after progesterone removal: Estrus (E48, n = 19) and No Estrus (NE48, n = 13). Cows from the E48 group ovulated earlier (P < 0.02; 73.3 ± 13.1 h vs. 95.5 ± 37.5 h). In Experiment 2, 480 postpartum beef cows were treated as described in Experiment 1. The semen from the two bulls used for timed artificial insemination was classified as Hyper-activated (H+) and Non-Hyper-activated (H-). The batches of H+ and H- semen of each bull used to inseminate cows were distributed in E48 and NE48 cows. The pregnancy per AI of cows from the E48H+ (60.7%, 91/150) and E48H- (65.7%, 88/134) groups was greater (P < 0.02) compared with cows from NE48H+ (51.6%, 66/128) and NE48H- (41.2%, 28/68) groups. Cows that exhibited estrus ovulated earlier and had higher pregnancy rates. The kinematics of the semen used in this study did not influence the fertility of cows, regardless of estrus incidence.
Cor triatriatum sinister in a cat: case report
Cor triatriatum sinister is an uncommon congenital condition characterized by an aberrant membrane that divides the left atrium into two chambers due to an abnormal incorporation of the pulmonary veins. This anomaly obstructs blood flow to the left atrium, leading to pulmonary hypertension and, consequently, congestive heart failure. This case report presents a cat that was treated in the veterinary cardiology service for dyspnea. An echocardiogram revealed an intra- atrial membrane within the left atrium. Due to the patient´s deteriorating condition, euthanasia was performed, and subsequent necropsy and histopathology examination also confirmed the diagnosis of cor triatriatum sinister.
Tissue storage manual for contaminant analysis in sea turtles
Necropsies are essential tools for determining the cause of death in wildlife, including marine species like sea turtles. Through laboratory analysis of well-preserved tissues, wildlife disease specialists can investigate various potential causes of mortality in wildlife. The primary goal is to assist specialists in accurately identifying turtle organs and gathering the samples required for pathology and other vital tests. This protocol outlines methods for collecting ingested waste from sea turtles, as well as organizing and storing data related to these samples. The procedure starts with the meticulous gathering of deceased sea turtles, after which tissue samples are sorted according to their level of decomposition. Turtle necropsies should be conducted in certified facilities equipped for these procedures, ensuring compliance with established protocols and guidelines. Moreover, the protocol outlined here provides detailed guidance on the optimal methods for preserving tissue samples, tailored to the type of contaminant (microplastics, heavy metals, pesticides, or persistent organic pollutants) being analyzed. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the health and survival challenges faced by marine wildlife.
ERRATUM: A tool for detection of the connection between domestic violence and companion animal mistreatment in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
In the article "A tool for detection of the connection between domestic violence and companion animal mistreatment in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil" [ Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2024;61:e215417, doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2024.215417] in the first published form it happens a fail in the authors order. The correct order of the authors is: Tália Missen Tremori, Mariel Adan Everson, Juliana Santeramo, Laiza Bonela Gomes, Sérvio Túlio Jacinto Reis, Laila Massad Ribas, Mara Rita Rodrigues Massad and Noeme Sousa Rocha.
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Surgical correction of congenital phimosis in a cat: a case report
Phimosis is a rare condition in dogs and cats, characterized by difficulty in penile exposure due to the narrowing of the preputial ostium. This condition may be congenital or acquired as a result of trauma. Clinical signs range from asymptomatic narrowing of the preputial orifice to complete obstruction, potentially leading to symptoms such as stranguria and pollakiuria. The diagnosis of congenital phimosis is made during physical examination by identifying a stenosis of the preputial orifice. Treatment is surgical and may involve various techniques to reconstruct or enlarge the preputial ostium. This study reports a case of congenital phimosis in a domestic feline, corrected surgically. The patient, a 30-day-old mixed-breed male, was presented at the Veterinary Clinic of PUC Campinas with symptoms of dysuria and dribbling urination. After diagnosis, a preputioplasty was performed, involving the excision of preputial tissue through a 360-degree incision, followed by mucocutaneous sutures. Preputioplasty proved to be a practical and quick approach, providing excellent recovery for patients with congenital phimosis.
Editorial for the special Collective Veterinary Medicine
Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of the ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam combination in wild and captive northern pampas cats (Leopardus garleppi)
Established chemical immobilization protocols are necessary for safe procedures in free-ranging and captive small felids. Detailed information on the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of the northern pampas cat (Leopardus garleppi) is scarce. This study collected and evaluated the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects in seven procedures using ketamine (3.9 ± 1.3 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (0.024 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.16± 0.08 mg/kg) in northern pampas cats performed from 2018 to 2024, and partial reversion with atipamezole (0.02mg/kg). Anesthesia time periods were recorded from induction until recovery. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and non-invasive pressures were recorded every 5 min for 25 min. The mean induction time was 5.4 ± 4.8 min, the mean of immobilization time was 48.6 ± 7.5 min, and the mean of recovery time was 20.8 ± 6.3 min. Just one individual had an erratic induction and needed a re-dosage. Non-significant differences were registered in all parameters. We found significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure between free-ranging and captive individuals. The association of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam was functional and safe for chemical restraint in wild and captive northern pampas cats. Nevertheless, some differences can be found in free-ranging individuals due to the stress of capture and the condition of the animals.
Total cost of bovine mastitis and economic impact of improvement of udder health plans in commercial dairy herds in Uruguay
Mastitis severely affects dairy farmers’ profitability. Total cost (Tc) of mastitis is the sum of failure costs (Fc) and preventive costs (Pc), but there is a substitutive relationship between these components. The objective was to estimate the Tc of mastitis in Uruguayan dairy herds and to evaluate the economic benefit of improving their udder health plans. A survey and a financial model were developed to estimate the total cost of mastitis. They were applied in a convenience sample from a previous cohort study of 12 dairy farms in southern Uruguay. The survey collected general data from the farm, mastitis records, milking routine, and mastitis management. For each herd, Fc, Pc, and Tc were determined using farm data collected from the survey, the previous study, and market information. A stochastic Monte Carlo simulation using @Risk (Lumivero) was carried out for each farm to evaluate the economic benefit of implementing a complete udder health plan, according to dairy research standards. The new Fc, Pc, and Tc were estimated, and each farm’s marginal substitution rate (MRS) was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the assumptions. The mean of Fc was 294 US$/cow/year, mainly due to subclinical mastitis yield losses. Pc was 47 US$/cow/year, and Tc was 341 US$/cow/ year. All cost components showed a significant variability between farms, suggesting the potential room for improving udder health. The simulation model showed that improving the udder health plans in most farms was cost-effective. The MRS was high in most farms, indicating that the improvement was convenient. Taking this into account and the fact that Fc is much greater than Pc, advice with a preventive approach could be economically efficient for Uruguayan herds. However, the measure to be adopted must consider the herd, farm, and economic specificities.
Wildlife as important hosts of ticks in the flooded savanna of Colombia
Records of wild animals acting as tick hosts in the flooded savanna region of Colombia’s Orinoquia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and map the ticks that infest these hosts. Ten locations were sampled in the municipality of Arauca, department of Arauca, Colombia, where ticks were collected infesting 19 wild animals, classified into 14 species, providing new information on tick infestation in the following taxa: (i) bird: Crax daubentoni, (ii) mammals: Dasypus sabanicola, Dicotyles tajacu, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Leopardus tigrinus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Odocoileus virginianus, Procyon cancrivorus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Tamandua tetradactyla, and (iii) reptiles: Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata, Eunectes murinus and Iguana iguana. A total of 85 ticks were identified and classified as the species Amblyomma mixtum, corresponding to 72.8%, followed by Amblyomma dissimile – 11.7%, Rhipicephalus microplus – 8.2%, Dermacentor nitens – 4.7%, and Amblyomma nodosum – 2.3%. Amblyomma mixtum was the tick species that showed the highest variety of infestations to hosts, parasitizing 53.8%. The host infested with the greatest variety of tick species was Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, from which Amblyomma mixtum and Dermacentor nitens were removed. The diversity and wide distribution of these wild animals make them potential tick hosts of medical and veterinary importance, given the close environmental, cultural, and economic interaction that has developed between wild and domestic animals, ticks, pathogens, and humans.
High frequency of the occurrence of Giardia spp. in dogs in veterinary care in a scrubland area in Goiás state, Brazil
The exponential growth of domestic animal populations has increased their susceptibility to infections caused by numerous parasites. Giardiasis, an important zoonosis in dogs and humans caused by Giardia duodenalis, is transmitted via the fecal-oral route by ingesting food and water contaminated with cysts or through direct contact with infected humans or animals. The lack of a commercially available approved vaccine for the treatment of giardiasis and the development of resistance to antiparasitics because of their incorrect and indiscriminate use make its treatment challenging. Herein, we report an abnormally high occurrence of Giardia spp. in dogs in veterinary care in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. Fecal samples were acquired from 94 dogs of different ages and sexes in a private veterinary clinic between January and September 2022, with a giardiasis outbreak reported by veterinarians. Direct fecal examination, flotation, and centrifugal sedimentation in formalin ether solution were used to identify the cysts and oocysts of protozoan parasites and the eggs of parasitic helminths. Giardia spp. were the most frequently detected parasites (20.21%), as opposed to hookworm infections (12.77%, 10/94), which diverged from the prevalence reported for this locality in studies with randomized samples, being 29.53 and 3.34% for Ancylostoma spp. and Giardia spp., respectively. It is important to emphasize that the samples in the present study were from animals that had presented with clinical signs. However, a previous study conducted in the same locality in Jataí reported that antiparasitic drugs are prescribed without requesting a fecal examination and without consulting a veterinarian, evidencing the indiscriminate use of these drugs. The relatively high occurrence of Giardia spp. in the studied locality is evident. Considering growing anthelmintic drug resistance and the potential threats it may pose, the high occurrence of Giardia spp. is a factor that needs to be observed and investigated. The results obtained in this study highlight the need for appropriate veterinary practices to prevent the spread of giardiasis and other zoonotic diseases.
Use of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin as a xenograft in the treatment of a sporotrichosis-induced wound in a feline: short communication
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection often characterized by complications related to wound healing. This study was performed to evaluate the use of skin from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a biological dressing in a sporotrichosisinduced wound in a feline. Amputation was initially indicated because of an extensive injury with bone necrosis in the distal third of the limb. To promote proper healing, the tissue (xenograft) was applied to the lesion, and the dressing was changed every 48 hr for 3 weeks. Histological analysis of tilapia skin revealed intact collagen fibers and preservation of cellular architecture. After complete healing, the animal’s skin and mobility were restored, improving its quality of life. This report demonstrates the applicability of tilapia skin as a xenograft for treating wounds in domestic animals, achieving satisfactory results in reducing dressing changes and shortening healing time.
Sacrococcygeal epidural administration of morphine and fentanyl in horses: antinociceptive and physiological effects
Opioids possess antinociceptive properties, and they are considered safe when administered via the epidural route. However, theyare seldom utilized in equine medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and antinociceptive effects of morphine and fentanyl, either individually or in combination, when administered via sacrococcygeal epidural catheterization in healthy horses. Five horses underwent sacrococcygeal epidural catheterization and received morphine (0.1 mg/kg) [M1], fentanyl (2 μg/kg) [M2], and a combination of morphine (0.15 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) [M3]. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), intestinal motility, rectal temperature (RT), sedation level, behavior, ataxia, and antinociceptive scores were recorded in response to thermals and mechanicals stimuli applied to the ischial and coxal tuberosities, as well as lumbar, tibial, and thoracic regions, at T-20’ (baseline), 15 min, 1 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 20 h. HR and RT remained within normal ranges. RR increased with [M1] (24.00 ± 2.83) and [M2] (25.20 ± 3.35) at T20h compared to baseline. Intestinal motility was modulated, notably reduced with morphine and its combination up to 1 h post administration, while fentanyl maintained stable bowel movements. Morphine alone or combined with fentanyl induced mild sedation up to 1 h post administration. Ataxia was notable for up to 4 h postadministration, especially with morphine, which extended ataxia up to 12 h. Antinociceptive scores increased notably between T1 and T4, with higher scores observed in the ischiatic, coxal, and lumbar dermatomes under cold stimulation, whereas all dermatomes exhibited increased scores under hot stimulation. Mechanical stimulation elicited antinociception in the coxal and lumbar dermatomes. In conclusion, fentanyl exhibited fewer physiological effects, while morphine demonstrated more potent antinociceptive effects during the initial 12-h period, with the combination showing intermediate analgesia.
Nanostructured copper as an alternative source to copper sulphate as a growth promoter for nursery piglets
Antimicrobial feed additives are commonly used in swine production to improve pig health and performance, but their use can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance. In this sense, new nutritional technologies that promote animal health and productivity without compromising bacterial susceptibility must be evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effects of nanostructured copper as a growth promoter for piglets in the nursery phase. A total of 135 piglets at 28 days of age were distributed in a randomized block design (sex and initial weight) and assigned to five dietary treatments: negative control (without growth promoters); positive control (200 mg/kg copper sulfate inclusion); and three diets with different nanostructured copper inclusions (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg of the diet). Body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were used to characterize piglet performance in the nursery phase. Daily fecal scores were used to describe the prevalence of enteric disorders, and economic analysis was used as a parameter of the financial viability of nanostructured copper supplementation for weaned piglets. After seven days of the experiment, the negative control group pigs had 7.75% greater BW (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group pigs. From day 21 to 42 of the experiment, the copper sulfate group animals had a greater ADFI (P<0.05) than all other experimental groups. For the average fecal score, pigs fed the 20 mg/kg nanostructured copper inclusion had a 13 percent higher score (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group, indicating a greater incidence of diarrhea. Therefore, at the evaluated dietary concentrations, nanostructured copper was ineffective in improving piglet performance in the nursery phase.
Effect of phytogenic additives on ruminal parameters, in vitro and in situ degradability in beef cattle
Technological advances, easily pursued by research on ruminant nutrition, can improve animal production, prevent nutritional disorders, and increase digestibility concomitantly with reducing ingestive discrepancies. This study aimed to investigate the inclusion of crude extract of Croton urucurana (Croton) or essential oils of cashew and castor bean on in vitro and in situ degradability of Tifton 85 hay and metabolic parameters in beef cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Biological Sciences Institute (ICB) and the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Goias, Brazil. The treatments were: Control, Monensin, Croton, and Blend (essential oil composed of cashew and castor bean). We used five replicates to evaluate ruminal parameters and dry matter degradability. Blend increased dry matter degradation, indicating that forage feeds last longer in the rumen and tend to be more degraded with Blend inclusion. The assessments of ad libitum ingestion of dry matter showed that monensin treatment reduced feed intake compared to control and Croton treatments. Our results suggest that the inclusion of Blend improves the degradability of dry matter in the diet and could be a strategy of choice in diets based on low-quality forage.
Adaptation of a bovine cell line in an optimized way for diagnosing Lentivirus capartenc
Goat farming is a significant economic activity in the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil, and an infectious disease that significantly affects dairy goat farming is Lentivirus capartenc, known previously as Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency and specificity of an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test with CAEV antigens produced through untreated and detergent-treated bovine cells and compare it with the CAE-AGID -Biovetech® commercial test. Culture of primary bovine ear (CFBov) cells was propagated at a concentration of 4x104 cells/mL and incubated at 37°C. To evaluate the treatments of bovine cells, 270 samples of goat serum from herds in the state of Pernambuco were used and tested against 30 μL of each detergent for the possible diagnosis of Lentivirus capartenc. Two hundred seventy goat serum samples from herds in Pernambuco state were used, and 30 μL were tested against each detergent. For viral particle production, CFBov were inoculated with 0.5 mL of CAEV Cork viral sample with a titer of 10-4.5 for 30 min. After 30 min of adsorption, supplementation was performed with DMEM containing 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). The culture supernatant was collected and frozen, and then concentrated using PEG 6,000. Afterwards, concentrate was submitted to treatment with the following detergents: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% Tween 20. Antigens were evaluated by specific line production in Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID). Positive serum from the CAE Diagnostic Kit (AGID) was used as a control. The results were evaluated at 94.7% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity for pure antigen, 97.4% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity for SDS, 97.2% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity for Triton X-100, and 97.3% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity for Tween 20. The CFBov cell line has been cultured for over 3 years, with more than 40 passages, and has shown no noticeable change in morphology or cell multiplication rate. The study shows that the use of treatment in bovine cells with SDS, Triton 100, and Tween 20 improved sensitivity and efficiency of the test for detecting Lentivirus capartenc.
Seroprevalence of anti-Ehrlichia sp. and Anaplasma sp. antibodies in dogs sheltered in 2022 in Maceió, Alagoas
Hemoparasitoses are diseases that have many cases in the medical-veterinary routine, mainly affecting dogs. Main hemoparasitoses include canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis (CTA). The present study aimed to carry out an analysis regarding cases of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis and the presence of antibodies against Ehrlichia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in dogs treated by the Integra Animal Project, observing epidemiological data, such as age group, sex, and presence of ticks. Blood count, epidemiological profile, and 4DXs plus test were analyzed from 102 dogs taken in by the project. A descriptive analysis was carried out regarding the collected data, focusing on data such as age group (in months), presence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, erythrogram, leukogram, and animals positive and negative for ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Out of the 102 dogs, 48 (47%) of the animals had antibodies to Ehrlichia canis., and 23 (22.5%) had antibodies to Anaplasma platys. With these results, it was possible to analyze the hematological evidence in positive and negative dogs and draw conclusions from the study’s findings. Notably, among the positive animals, only 4 (4%) had the presence of ticks and no clinical manifestations, while 32 (31.7%) showed normocytic normochromic anemia and no significant changes in leukogram variables. There was no statistical difference between genders and the presence of ticks, with substantial change only being noticeable in elderly dogs due to the prevalence of antibodies in the animal’s body. It is concluded that the 4DX plus test effectively detects antibodies for these infections. However, it requires direct correlation with laboratory tests, contributing significantly to the diagnosis and treatment of canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.
Thereza Cristina Borio dos Santos Calmon de Bittencourt