Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science
The Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science (BJVRAS), eISSN 1678-4456, is continous published, exclusively online, and in English. The BJVRAS is linked to the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (SP, Brazil), being supported by the Veterinary Medicine Foundation (FUMVET). The BJVRAS is intended to publish scientific studies on veterinary medicine and related sciences.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
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New insights into the distribution, prevalence and pathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs
Swine respiratory diseases significantly impact animal health and welfare, compromising both productive efficiency and the economic outcomes for producers. Among the primary etiological agents, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae stands out due to its widespread global distribution and high morbidity rates. It predominantly manifests clinically as enzootic pneumonia, leading to reduced performance metrics such as lower weight gain, diminished feed conversion efficiency, and increased susceptibility to co-infections. Understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this bacterium is crucial for developing more effective control strategies to minimize economic losses and enhance herd health. Therefore, this literature review aimed to present studies on the epidemiology of M. hyopneumoniae both globally and in Brazil, as well as to elucidate its pathogenic mechanisms, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the infection and the implementation of more efficient prevention and control measures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Animal-assisted services dogs in a hospital setting: a literature review
Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) was used as an umbrella term encompassing various forms of animal-involved practices until the end of 2024, including animal-assisted therapy (AAT), animal-assisted activities (AAA), and animal-assisted education (AAE). More recently, this terminology has been updated and replaced by animal-assisted services (AAS). When this review was conducted, the term animal-assisted services (AAS) had not yet been proposed and formally accepted. Therefore, this review used the umbrella term animal-assisted interventions (AAI). The incorporation of AAI into the healthcare setting began in the eighteenth century and has accelerated in the last decade. To better understand the participation of dogs in AAI in a hospital setting, we searched in four databases (Scopus, PubMed, CABI and Web of Science) for the keywords ((“animal assisted intervention” OR “pet therapy” OR AAI OR “animal assisted activity” OR AAA OR “animal assisted therapy” OR AAT) AND (dog) AND (hospital)) in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. PRISMA guidelines were partially adhered to. We initially identified 412 papers, excluded duplicates, and selected the remaining papers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately retaining 120 suitable papers published between 1993 and 2022. The papers were categorized into seven groups according to subject similarity: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heart Disease, Oncology, Psychosocial, Physiological, both Psychosocial and Physiological, and Miscellaneous. We found significant variation across papers regarding the purpose of the program, the hospital departments in which the interventions took place, session duration, recipients’ physical and mental health status, as well as additional people benefiting from AAS apart from its direct recipients. This highlights the existence of numerous approaches to delivering AAS, creating many possibilities for future research.
Multimodal anesthesia in a margay (Leopardus wiedii) for sacralosteosynthesis
The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is a small wild feline endemic to Central and South America. Due to increasing habitat fragmentation and human expansion, margays are frequently involved in road traffic accidents, leading to severe traumatic injuries. Effective veterinary intervention is crucial for their rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild. However, limited literature exists on appropriate anesthetic and surgical management strategies for wild felids. A free-ranging adult female margay (2.3 kg) was admitted with a complete displaced fracture of the right sacral wing, multiple pubis, and ischium fractures. Anesthetic management included premedication with tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg IM) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg IM), induction with propofol (3 mg/kg IV), and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A sacrococcygeal epidural block (L7-S1) with lidocaine (3 mg/kg) was performed to reduce inhalant anesthetic requirements and enhance analgesia. Physiological parameters remained stable throughout the procedure, and postoperative recovery was uneventful. The patient was discharged to wildlife rehabilitation authorities 27 days post-surgery. The combination of tiletaminezolazepam, methadone, and epidural lidocaine effectively provided immobilization, analgesia, and hemodynamic stability. This case highlights the importance of multimodal analgesia and careful anesthetic monitoring to ensure successful surgical outcomes in wildlife conservation medicine. The anesthetic and surgical approach described in this report contributed to the successful rehabilitation of a margay with pelvic fractures caused by a road traffic accident. The findings support the efficacy of multimodal anesthesia and epidural analgesia in wild feline trauma management, providing valuable insights for future veterinary interventions in conservation medicine.
Laryngotracheoscopy in brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs:anatomical comparison and development of a conservativetechnique for training on cadavers
Laryngotracheoscopy is a crucial tool in both clinical practice and the diagnosis of respiratory conditions, particularly in brachycephalic dogs, which are prone to anatomical airway abnormalities. This study aimed to introduce a technique for preserving canine cadavers for laryngo-tracheoscopy training and to explore anatomical differences between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. We used a total of 30 cadavers, evenly split between the two morphological groups, in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by CONCEA. We employed a preservative solution composed of curing salts and 5% glycerinated ethyl alcohol, administered through thoracic aortic cannulation, then stored the cadavers under vacuum at 4 °C for up to 120 days. The cadavers underwent laryngotracheoscopy both before and after storage to assess coloration, malleability, and the integrity of the anatomical structures. Anatomical alterations, such as laryngeal saccule eversion and tracheal stenosis, were also examined. After 90 days of preservation, 100% of the cadavers retained coloration and malleability akin to fresh cadavers, proving suitable for laryngotracheoscopy training. However, after 120 days, only 72.2% maintained the desired tissue texture and coloration. Noteworthy was that 93.33% of brachycephalic dogs showed a reduction in glottic lumen compared to mesocephalic dogs, which presented more uniform and less edematous structures. Furthermore, the apex of the epiglottic cartilage in brachycephalic dogs was more rounded in contrast to the more pointed appearance in mesocephalic dogs. In conclusion, the preservation technique proposed here is effective for maintaining cadavers for laryngotracheoscopy training up to 90 days and facilitates detailed anatomical comparisons between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. This technique supports the training of professionals in managing respiratory alterations in these breeds, promoting both ethical and cost-effective practices.
Poxvirus and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus), Brazil
A Brazilian porcupine poxvirus (BPoPV) and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection case in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairydwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) is described. An adult female porcupine was rescued in a peri-urban region ofthe city of São Paulo. It presented poor general condition and multiple erythematous to ulcerated nodules and crustedcutaneous plaques in the face, ear, front and hind limbs, and genital region. Skin lesions and hepatomegaly were themajor gross lesions. Hyperplastic ulcerated epidermis and myxomatous edema in dermis associated with interstitiallymphoplasmocytic and histiocytic infiltrate were the microscopic findings. Multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmicinclusions in keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicle, sebocytes, histiocytes, and fibroblasts were observed. Theprotozoan cyst was associated with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and glial nodules in the cerebral cortex. BPoPVinfection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, and T. gondii co-infection was confirmedby molecular investigation. In conclusion, neotropical porcupines are susceptible to co-infection with poxvirus andToxoplasma gondii, and the impact of this interaction needs to be further clarified.
Number of cow passages of acidified and antibiotic-free footbathfrom pH analysis
Footbaths are widely used on dairy farms to prevent and treat hoof diseases, especially digital dermatitis. HoofCare® is a commercial, antibiotic-free product composed of zinc chloride, citric acid, copper citrate, and melaleuca oil, also known as tea tree oil. Empirical field evidence suggests that footbath application yields good results in controlling and preventing foot diseases, as well as when the product is used for direct brushing in treating digital dermatitis lesions. This study aimed to determine the number of cow passages of an acidified commercial solution footbath (HoofCare®) based on pH and compare it with the solution currently most used, 5% copper sulfate. Samples were collected every 50 cow passages, starting from solution preparation to the last cow passage (C0, C50, C100..., C750). Additional samples of the solution preparation and the final HoofCare® footbath were also collected at four different time points: two for the entire lactating herd and two for dry cows and heifers. It is recommended that copper solutions maintain a pH below 5.0, with the ideal cut off point being 4.5. All samples were stored and protected from light for subsequent analysis. Results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in pH between the copper sulfate and HoofCare® solutions, as determined by the variance test ANOVA. Furthermore, it was evident that at C400 (400 cow passages), the copper sulfate solution had a pH of 4.51, while the HoofCare® solution showed a lower pH of 3.72, only reaching 4.51 at C650 (650 cow passages). The pH variation curve of the HoofCare® solution displayed pH values that remained within the recommended range for an effective footbath (below 5.0) even after 816 cow passages (pH = 4.88). In conclusion, the cutoff point (pH < 4.5) for the 10% HoofCare® footbath was determined to be 600 cow passages. The solution exhibited superior stability and efficacy in maintaining an optimal pH for a greater number of cow passages compared to the 5% copper sulfate solution.
Cor triatriatum sinister in a cat: case report
Cor triatriatum sinister is an uncommon congenital condition characterized by an aberrant membrane that divides the left atrium into two chambers due to an abnormal incorporation of the pulmonary veins. This anomaly obstructs blood flow to the left atrium, leading to pulmonary hypertension and, consequently, congestive heart failure. This case report presents a cat that was treated in the veterinary cardiology service for dyspnea. An echocardiogram revealed an intra- atrial membrane within the left atrium. Due to the patient´s deteriorating condition, euthanasia was performed, and subsequent necropsy and histopathology examination also confirmed the diagnosis of cor triatriatum sinister.
Tissue storage manual for contaminant analysis in sea turtles
Necropsies are essential tools for determining the cause of death in wildlife, including marine species like sea turtles. Through laboratory analysis of well-preserved tissues, wildlife disease specialists can investigate various potential causes of mortality in wildlife. The primary goal is to assist specialists in accurately identifying turtle organs and gathering the samples required for pathology and other vital tests. This protocol outlines methods for collecting ingested waste from sea turtles, as well as organizing and storing data related to these samples. The procedure starts with the meticulous gathering of deceased sea turtles, after which tissue samples are sorted according to their level of decomposition. Turtle necropsies should be conducted in certified facilities equipped for these procedures, ensuring compliance with established protocols and guidelines. Moreover, the protocol outlined here provides detailed guidance on the optimal methods for preserving tissue samples, tailored to the type of contaminant (microplastics, heavy metals, pesticides, or persistent organic pollutants) being analyzed. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the health and survival challenges faced by marine wildlife.
ERRATUM: A tool for detection of the connection between domestic violence and companion animal mistreatment in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
In the article "A tool for detection of the connection between domestic violence and companion animal mistreatment in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil" [ Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2024;61:e215417, doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2024.215417] in the first published form it happens a fail in the authors order. The correct order of the authors is: Tália Missen Tremori, Mariel Adan Everson, Juliana Santeramo, Laiza Bonela Gomes, Sérvio Túlio Jacinto Reis, Laila Massad Ribas, Mara Rita Rodrigues Massad and Noeme Sousa Rocha.
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Surgical correction of congenital phimosis in a cat: a case report
Phimosis is a rare condition in dogs and cats, characterized by difficulty in penile exposure due to the narrowing of the preputial ostium. This condition may be congenital or acquired as a result of trauma. Clinical signs range from asymptomatic narrowing of the preputial orifice to complete obstruction, potentially leading to symptoms such as stranguria and pollakiuria. The diagnosis of congenital phimosis is made during physical examination by identifying a stenosis of the preputial orifice. Treatment is surgical and may involve various techniques to reconstruct or enlarge the preputial ostium. This study reports a case of congenital phimosis in a domestic feline, corrected surgically. The patient, a 30-day-old mixed-breed male, was presented at the Veterinary Clinic of PUC Campinas with symptoms of dysuria and dribbling urination. After diagnosis, a preputioplasty was performed, involving the excision of preputial tissue through a 360-degree incision, followed by mucocutaneous sutures. Preputioplasty proved to be a practical and quick approach, providing excellent recovery for patients with congenital phimosis.
Editorial for the special Collective Veterinary Medicine
Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of the ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam combination in wild and captive northern pampas cats (Leopardus garleppi)
Established chemical immobilization protocols are necessary for safe procedures in free-ranging and captive small felids. Detailed information on the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of the northern pampas cat (Leopardus garleppi) is scarce. This study collected and evaluated the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects in seven procedures using ketamine (3.9 ± 1.3 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (0.024 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.16± 0.08 mg/kg) in northern pampas cats performed from 2018 to 2024, and partial reversion with atipamezole (0.02mg/kg). Anesthesia time periods were recorded from induction until recovery. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and non-invasive pressures were recorded every 5 min for 25 min. The mean induction time was 5.4 ± 4.8 min, the mean of immobilization time was 48.6 ± 7.5 min, and the mean of recovery time was 20.8 ± 6.3 min. Just one individual had an erratic induction and needed a re-dosage. Non-significant differences were registered in all parameters. We found significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure between free-ranging and captive individuals. The association of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam was functional and safe for chemical restraint in wild and captive northern pampas cats. Nevertheless, some differences can be found in free-ranging individuals due to the stress of capture and the condition of the animals.
Total cost of bovine mastitis and economic impact of improvement of udder health plans in commercial dairy herds in Uruguay
Mastitis severely affects dairy farmers’ profitability. Total cost (Tc) of mastitis is the sum of failure costs (Fc) and preventive costs (Pc), but there is a substitutive relationship between these components. The objective was to estimate the Tc of mastitis in Uruguayan dairy herds and to evaluate the economic benefit of improving their udder health plans. A survey and a financial model were developed to estimate the total cost of mastitis. They were applied in a convenience sample from a previous cohort study of 12 dairy farms in southern Uruguay. The survey collected general data from the farm, mastitis records, milking routine, and mastitis management. For each herd, Fc, Pc, and Tc were determined using farm data collected from the survey, the previous study, and market information. A stochastic Monte Carlo simulation using @Risk (Lumivero) was carried out for each farm to evaluate the economic benefit of implementing a complete udder health plan, according to dairy research standards. The new Fc, Pc, and Tc were estimated, and each farm’s marginal substitution rate (MRS) was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the assumptions. The mean of Fc was 294 US$/cow/year, mainly due to subclinical mastitis yield losses. Pc was 47 US$/cow/year, and Tc was 341 US$/cow/ year. All cost components showed a significant variability between farms, suggesting the potential room for improving udder health. The simulation model showed that improving the udder health plans in most farms was cost-effective. The MRS was high in most farms, indicating that the improvement was convenient. Taking this into account and the fact that Fc is much greater than Pc, advice with a preventive approach could be economically efficient for Uruguayan herds. However, the measure to be adopted must consider the herd, farm, and economic specificities.
Wildlife as important hosts of ticks in the flooded savanna of Colombia
Records of wild animals acting as tick hosts in the flooded savanna region of Colombia’s Orinoquia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and map the ticks that infest these hosts. Ten locations were sampled in the municipality of Arauca, department of Arauca, Colombia, where ticks were collected infesting 19 wild animals, classified into 14 species, providing new information on tick infestation in the following taxa: (i) bird: Crax daubentoni, (ii) mammals: Dasypus sabanicola, Dicotyles tajacu, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Leopardus tigrinus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Odocoileus virginianus, Procyon cancrivorus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Tamandua tetradactyla, and (iii) reptiles: Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata, Eunectes murinus and Iguana iguana. A total of 85 ticks were identified and classified as the species Amblyomma mixtum, corresponding to 72.8%, followed by Amblyomma dissimile – 11.7%, Rhipicephalus microplus – 8.2%, Dermacentor nitens – 4.7%, and Amblyomma nodosum – 2.3%. Amblyomma mixtum was the tick species that showed the highest variety of infestations to hosts, parasitizing 53.8%. The host infested with the greatest variety of tick species was Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, from which Amblyomma mixtum and Dermacentor nitens were removed. The diversity and wide distribution of these wild animals make them potential tick hosts of medical and veterinary importance, given the close environmental, cultural, and economic interaction that has developed between wild and domestic animals, ticks, pathogens, and humans.
High frequency of the occurrence of Giardia spp. in dogs in veterinary care in a scrubland area in Goiás state, Brazil
The exponential growth of domestic animal populations has increased their susceptibility to infections caused by numerous parasites. Giardiasis, an important zoonosis in dogs and humans caused by Giardia duodenalis, is transmitted via the fecal-oral route by ingesting food and water contaminated with cysts or through direct contact with infected humans or animals. The lack of a commercially available approved vaccine for the treatment of giardiasis and the development of resistance to antiparasitics because of their incorrect and indiscriminate use make its treatment challenging. Herein, we report an abnormally high occurrence of Giardia spp. in dogs in veterinary care in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. Fecal samples were acquired from 94 dogs of different ages and sexes in a private veterinary clinic between January and September 2022, with a giardiasis outbreak reported by veterinarians. Direct fecal examination, flotation, and centrifugal sedimentation in formalin ether solution were used to identify the cysts and oocysts of protozoan parasites and the eggs of parasitic helminths. Giardia spp. were the most frequently detected parasites (20.21%), as opposed to hookworm infections (12.77%, 10/94), which diverged from the prevalence reported for this locality in studies with randomized samples, being 29.53 and 3.34% for Ancylostoma spp. and Giardia spp., respectively. It is important to emphasize that the samples in the present study were from animals that had presented with clinical signs. However, a previous study conducted in the same locality in Jataí reported that antiparasitic drugs are prescribed without requesting a fecal examination and without consulting a veterinarian, evidencing the indiscriminate use of these drugs. The relatively high occurrence of Giardia spp. in the studied locality is evident. Considering growing anthelmintic drug resistance and the potential threats it may pose, the high occurrence of Giardia spp. is a factor that needs to be observed and investigated. The results obtained in this study highlight the need for appropriate veterinary practices to prevent the spread of giardiasis and other zoonotic diseases.
Sacrococcygeal epidural administration of morphine and fentanyl in horses: antinociceptive and physiological effects
Opioids possess antinociceptive properties, and they are considered safe when administered via the epidural route. However, theyare seldom utilized in equine medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and antinociceptive effects of morphine and fentanyl, either individually or in combination, when administered via sacrococcygeal epidural catheterization in healthy horses. Five horses underwent sacrococcygeal epidural catheterization and received morphine (0.1 mg/kg) [M1], fentanyl (2 μg/kg) [M2], and a combination of morphine (0.15 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) [M3]. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), intestinal motility, rectal temperature (RT), sedation level, behavior, ataxia, and antinociceptive scores were recorded in response to thermals and mechanicals stimuli applied to the ischial and coxal tuberosities, as well as lumbar, tibial, and thoracic regions, at T-20’ (baseline), 15 min, 1 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 20 h. HR and RT remained within normal ranges. RR increased with [M1] (24.00 ± 2.83) and [M2] (25.20 ± 3.35) at T20h compared to baseline. Intestinal motility was modulated, notably reduced with morphine and its combination up to 1 h post administration, while fentanyl maintained stable bowel movements. Morphine alone or combined with fentanyl induced mild sedation up to 1 h post administration. Ataxia was notable for up to 4 h postadministration, especially with morphine, which extended ataxia up to 12 h. Antinociceptive scores increased notably between T1 and T4, with higher scores observed in the ischiatic, coxal, and lumbar dermatomes under cold stimulation, whereas all dermatomes exhibited increased scores under hot stimulation. Mechanical stimulation elicited antinociception in the coxal and lumbar dermatomes. In conclusion, fentanyl exhibited fewer physiological effects, while morphine demonstrated more potent antinociceptive effects during the initial 12-h period, with the combination showing intermediate analgesia.
Nanostructured copper as an alternative source to copper sulphate as a growth promoter for nursery piglets
Antimicrobial feed additives are commonly used in swine production to improve pig health and performance, but their use can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance. In this sense, new nutritional technologies that promote animal health and productivity without compromising bacterial susceptibility must be evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effects of nanostructured copper as a growth promoter for piglets in the nursery phase. A total of 135 piglets at 28 days of age were distributed in a randomized block design (sex and initial weight) and assigned to five dietary treatments: negative control (without growth promoters); positive control (200 mg/kg copper sulfate inclusion); and three diets with different nanostructured copper inclusions (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg of the diet). Body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were used to characterize piglet performance in the nursery phase. Daily fecal scores were used to describe the prevalence of enteric disorders, and economic analysis was used as a parameter of the financial viability of nanostructured copper supplementation for weaned piglets. After seven days of the experiment, the negative control group pigs had 7.75% greater BW (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group pigs. From day 21 to 42 of the experiment, the copper sulfate group animals had a greater ADFI (P<0.05) than all other experimental groups. For the average fecal score, pigs fed the 20 mg/kg nanostructured copper inclusion had a 13 percent higher score (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group, indicating a greater incidence of diarrhea. Therefore, at the evaluated dietary concentrations, nanostructured copper was ineffective in improving piglet performance in the nursery phase.
Effect of phytogenic additives on ruminal parameters, in vitro and in situ degradability in beef cattle
Technological advances, easily pursued by research on ruminant nutrition, can improve animal production, prevent nutritional disorders, and increase digestibility concomitantly with reducing ingestive discrepancies. This study aimed to investigate the inclusion of crude extract of Croton urucurana (Croton) or essential oils of cashew and castor bean on in vitro and in situ degradability of Tifton 85 hay and metabolic parameters in beef cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Biological Sciences Institute (ICB) and the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Goias, Brazil. The treatments were: Control, Monensin, Croton, and Blend (essential oil composed of cashew and castor bean). We used five replicates to evaluate ruminal parameters and dry matter degradability. Blend increased dry matter degradation, indicating that forage feeds last longer in the rumen and tend to be more degraded with Blend inclusion. The assessments of ad libitum ingestion of dry matter showed that monensin treatment reduced feed intake compared to control and Croton treatments. Our results suggest that the inclusion of Blend improves the degradability of dry matter in the diet and could be a strategy of choice in diets based on low-quality forage.
Adaptation of a bovine cell line in an optimized way for diagnosing Lentivirus capartenc
Goat farming is a significant economic activity in the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil, and an infectious disease that significantly affects dairy goat farming is Lentivirus capartenc, known previously as Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency and specificity of an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test with CAEV antigens produced through untreated and detergent-treated bovine cells and compare it with the CAE-AGID -Biovetech® commercial test. Culture of primary bovine ear (CFBov) cells was propagated at a concentration of 4x104 cells/mL and incubated at 37°C. To evaluate the treatments of bovine cells, 270 samples of goat serum from herds in the state of Pernambuco were used and tested against 30 μL of each detergent for the possible diagnosis of Lentivirus capartenc. Two hundred seventy goat serum samples from herds in Pernambuco state were used, and 30 μL were tested against each detergent. For viral particle production, CFBov were inoculated with 0.5 mL of CAEV Cork viral sample with a titer of 10-4.5 for 30 min. After 30 min of adsorption, supplementation was performed with DMEM containing 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). The culture supernatant was collected and frozen, and then concentrated using PEG 6,000. Afterwards, concentrate was submitted to treatment with the following detergents: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% Tween 20. Antigens were evaluated by specific line production in Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID). Positive serum from the CAE Diagnostic Kit (AGID) was used as a control. The results were evaluated at 94.7% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity for pure antigen, 97.4% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity for SDS, 97.2% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity for Triton X-100, and 97.3% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity for Tween 20. The CFBov cell line has been cultured for over 3 years, with more than 40 passages, and has shown no noticeable change in morphology or cell multiplication rate. The study shows that the use of treatment in bovine cells with SDS, Triton 100, and Tween 20 improved sensitivity and efficiency of the test for detecting Lentivirus capartenc.
Seroprevalence of anti-Ehrlichia sp. and Anaplasma sp. antibodies in dogs sheltered in 2022 in Maceió, Alagoas
Hemoparasitoses are diseases that have many cases in the medical-veterinary routine, mainly affecting dogs. Main hemoparasitoses include canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis (CTA). The present study aimed to carry out an analysis regarding cases of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis and the presence of antibodies against Ehrlichia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in dogs treated by the Integra Animal Project, observing epidemiological data, such as age group, sex, and presence of ticks. Blood count, epidemiological profile, and 4DXs plus test were analyzed from 102 dogs taken in by the project. A descriptive analysis was carried out regarding the collected data, focusing on data such as age group (in months), presence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, erythrogram, leukogram, and animals positive and negative for ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Out of the 102 dogs, 48 (47%) of the animals had antibodies to Ehrlichia canis., and 23 (22.5%) had antibodies to Anaplasma platys. With these results, it was possible to analyze the hematological evidence in positive and negative dogs and draw conclusions from the study’s findings. Notably, among the positive animals, only 4 (4%) had the presence of ticks and no clinical manifestations, while 32 (31.7%) showed normocytic normochromic anemia and no significant changes in leukogram variables. There was no statistical difference between genders and the presence of ticks, with substantial change only being noticeable in elderly dogs due to the prevalence of antibodies in the animal’s body. It is concluded that the 4DX plus test effectively detects antibodies for these infections. However, it requires direct correlation with laboratory tests, contributing significantly to the diagnosis and treatment of canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.
Thereza Cristina Borio dos Santos Calmon de Bittencourt
Interferon gamma kinetics associated with immunodiagnostic techniques in experimental goats infected with biofilm producer and non-biofilm producer strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Caseous lymphadenitis can be diagnosed using serological tests, mainly the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this work, we evaluated interferon-gamma production in goats infected and not infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, correlating it with the ELISA diagnostic test and analyzing the cellular and humoral responses, respectively. Eighteen Canindé goats experimentally infected with biofilm-producing and non-biofilm-producing strains were used. The sensitivity of the antigens was above 80%, with seroconversion observed from 14 days post-infection. A significant band between 64 and 70 kDa was shown in Western blotting. The production of IFN-y shows a tendency towards greater production in goats infected with the biofilm-producing strain stimulated by the TPP antigen of the same strain. The results help better understand the cellular and humoral response and antigenicity of the strains under study, correlated with the production of IFN-y, which plays a vital role in infection.
Dogs and cats run over in an urban area: analysis of the costs generated, risk areas, and other aspects
Dogs and cats released on public roads can be owned, community-owned, or abandoned. The lack of efficient public policies for canine and feline population management (CFPM) facilitates the presence of animals on the streets, which can cause accidents and be run over. No studies identify the areas most at risk of being run over, nor are the costs involved in removing and properly disposing of carcasses known. The rate of animal running over in the municipalities can serve as an indicator for monitoring responsible animal guardianship actions and the CFPM program strategies. The objective of this study was to analyze the running over of dogs and cats and the costs involved in the Municipality of Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil, compared to other dog and cat population management costs. The City Hall provided data from January 2016 to December 2017 on collecting animal carcasses from public roads, including costs, the number of animals run over by species, and addresses from the running over to map occurrences. During this period, 199 dogs and 32 cats killed by being run over were collected. The service of collecting, transporting, and disposing of animal carcasses had an average monthly cost of R$ 20,325.19 (US$ 3,792), and the amount spent per kilogram of the animal’s weight was R$ 14.83/kg (US$ 2.76). Runovers occurred more frequently in regions with lower socioeconomic status (>90%) and non-fast roads (62.3%), considered, therefore, regions with a greater propensity to aggravations.
Urease Test in Horses: associations between positive test results and bacteria other than Helicobacter sp.
This study was designed to examine positivity rates of the urease test (UT) in gastric samples obtained from adult horses and to determine whether positive test results are associated with the presence of bacteria other than Helicobacter sp. Gastric content samples and biopsy specimens from the glandular and non glandular regions of the stomach were collected from 39 adult horses via gastroscopy. Samples were placed in tubes containing urease test medium and incubated in a water bath at 37 C for 24 h. Urease test-positive samples were submitted to bacterial culture and biochemical tests for potential isolation and identification of urease-producing bacteria. Positive UT results were obtained in eight horses. Laboratory analysis revealed the presence of Providencia sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Edwardsiella tarda, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In conclusion, changes in urease test medium color after more than 12 h of incubation suggest the presence of bacteria other than Helicobacter sp. However, relationships between positive UT results, types of bacteria detected, and their role in the etiopathogenesis of gastric ulcers in horses remain to be determined.
Effect of feeding on the body development of newborn opossums (Didelphis albiventris)
Many orphaned Joey opossums are sent to Wild Animal Screening Centers for parental care. There are no studies on breast milk substitutes. Thus, this study aimed to compare two milk replacer formulations adapted from studies conducted with small animals routinely used for feeding them. For this purpose, 36 newborns of Didelphis albiventris weighing 20 and 25 grams were divided into two groups, each fed with a type of milk replacer (commercial or homemade). The groups were monitored for four weeks, and the animals were weighed and had their length measured weekly, in addition to daily individual assessments at each feeding. The stomach volume of seven animals that died during the evaluation period and were not part of the experimental groups was measured. The homemade milk replacer presented higher energy and fat levels than the commercial one, and the animals fed with it presented higher body development.
Eduarda Aléxia Nunes Louzada Dias Cavalcanti
Ex-vivo evaluation of a percutaneous thread technique to palmar/plantar annular desmotomy in horses
Palmar/plantar annular desmotomy (PAD) is a surgical procedure to mitigate pain, lameness, and other clinical manifestations of annular ligament syndrome. This study aimed to describe a minimally invasive technique for PAD and evaluate potential damage to adjacent structures in 15 cadaveric limbs from sound horses (forelimb = 6 and hindlimb = 9). A 6 USP polyglycolic acid thread was positioned around the palmar/plantar annular ligament (PAL) on both sides of the limbs through two incisions (proximal and distal to PAL) through the digital sheath and subcutaneous tissue. Kelly forceps, Gerlach or Obwegeser needles were used to thread placement. A back-and-forth motion allowed the thread to cut the ligament until it exited through the proximal skin incision, and the time was registered. The degree of PAL section and tissue injuries were evaluated. The section of the ligament was complete in all limbs. However, 30% (10/30) of the procedures produced iatrogenic injuries on adjacent structures regardless of the instrument used (p > 0.1). There was a higher frequency of lesions in the neurovascular bundle (NVB) on the medial side regardless of the limb (p = 0.068). The odds of injury in the NVB were correlated to side (lateral or medial (p = 0.042) and limb (hind or forelimb) (p = 0.065) by logistic regression. The Gerlach needle had a shorter execution time than the Kelly forceps (p = 0.003). The percutaneous approach to PAD in specimens was practical, quick, and easy to perform. However, this posed a potential chance of iatrogenic trauma to the surrounding tissue. Although they are all reasonable options, the Obwegeser needle was more efficient for applying the thread than the others.
Stem cells derived from different tissues have similar morphology, proliferation, viability, plasticity, and mitotic potential
Studies suggest that stem cells derived from different tissues can give rise to heterogeneous populations of cells, and the adverse effects of successive passages on the mitotic activity of these cells are discussed. Therefore, this study evaluated the differences in morphology, proliferation, plasticity, and viability of porcine MSCs derived from bone marrow (BMMSCs) and adipose (ADMSCs) tissue and the impact of culture until the 10th passage in their cell cycle. MSCs derived from pig adipose tissue and bone marrow were cultured in a D-MEM medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, non-essential amino acids, L glutamine, and penicillin-streptomycin. These cells were expanded over 10 passages, morphologically and immunophenotypically characterized, and evaluated for viability, proliferation, plasticity, and cell cycle. Our results identified two cell types, ADSCs and BMMSCs, which exhibited spindle-shaped morphology, expression of CD90+/CD105+/CD14- and similar characteristics of proliferation (ADMSCs: 2.34 ± 1.0x105; BM-MSCs: 2.20 ± 0.62 x105), viability (ADMSCs: 84.6%; BM-MSCs: 80.9%) and plasticity. Furthermore, both cell groups showed an increasing concentration of cells in G0/G1 from the sixth passage onwards. In conclusion, the morphology, proliferation, viability, plasticity, and immunophenotype of porcine ADMSCs and BMMSCs are similar. Furthermore, it is possible to suggest that both groups of cells have a gradual reduction in mitotic potential from the sixth passage onwards.
Linear measurements, body proportions, and biomechanical insights: morphological analysis of arabian horses in São Paulo, Brazil
This study, conducted with meticulous scientific rigor, evaluated linear measurements, body proportions, and body indices in Arabian horses better to understand their morphology, aptitude, and biomechanics. The sample comprised 168 adult purebred Arabians (76 males and 92 females) housed in a horse farm in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Twenty-six linear measurements were made using a measuring tape, from which morphometric indices were calculated. The data was meticulously analyzed using variance analysis and Tukey’s test, with the level of significance set at 5%. The findings of this study, backed by robust statistical analysis, revealed that Arabian horses are geometric, slightly long-limbed (ectomorph), light-working horses and can bear loads equivalent to 25% of their body weight. Longer dorsolumbar, croup, and thigh length than front limb linear measurements suggest body disproportion. Similar findings have been reported in other athletic horse breeds, such as Quarter Horse and Brazilian Sport Horse, as physical exercise requires more propulsion than pleasure riding. Dactylo-thoracic and ability indices place Arabian horses in the light-working horse category, supporting this hypothesis. Some measurements and indices differed between genders, with males exceeding females in most cases, except for body length. Linear measurements proved to be essential tools for movement and conformation assessment. Arabian horses in this sample did not meet riding comfort standards but were thought to have good athletic potential based on linear measurements and proportions.
Case report - Rabies in a dog, São Paulo city, 2023
This publication reports on a rabid dog in São Paulo city, Brazil, with the AgV3 variant of rabies virus related to vampire and fruit bats, which is of significant importance to the surveillance of rabies in a region where the typical canine AgV2 rabies virus has been eradicated.
Isolation of lytic bacteriophages of Escherichia coli from swine
Bacteriophages (phages) are small viruses that infect bacteria and represent nature’s most abundant biological entities. After infection, new phages are produced during their lytic reproductive cycle, causing disruption of the bacterial cell and releasing bacteriophages into the environment. Thus, phages have been used as a possible strategy for controlling bacterial infections in several areas, including pig farming, where multi-resistant pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli represent one of the leading agents associated with diseases in swine. In this sense, phagotherapy as an alternative treatment requires the selection of specific bacteriophages for the strains of interest. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate E. coli lytic bacteriophages from fecal swine samples, using standard E. coli strains as hosts for the infection. Four infective bacteriophages for E. coli ATCC 8739 and two for each of the E. coli K12 strains MG1655 and DH5α were isolated. The phage suspensions obtained had their virulence (titer) determined. Infection and cell lysis assays revealed that they were capable of breaking bacterial cells when added to liquid cultures, reducing cell growth by approximately 75% after 2 h, evidencing the possibility of being used as an alternative tool to antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections, in addition to the traditional antibiotics. Further studies using in vivo models should be considered.
Evaluation of hydroelectrolytic, energetic supplementation, and clinical laboratory parameters in search and rescue dogs
Establishing methods and actions to improve performance and reduce changes during physical activity is essential in search and rescue dogs. Studying the changes in search and rescue dogs during working activities and how to correct them can help improve their performance and avoid complications. Six healthy adult dogs, which had participated in search and rescue operations for at least one year, were used. Animals had no evidence of clinical disease nor received any supplement or medication prior to the assessment. Dogs were evaluated before, during, and after exercise and submitted to volume replacement with mineral water (T1) and hydroelectrolytic supplementation (T2). Body temperature (BT), parameters of hydration (body weight, erythrogram, and total protein (TP)), energy indicators (glucose, lactate), electrolytes (K+, Na+, Cl-, P+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and hormone levels (cortisol, aldosterone, insulin) were determined. After exercise, isotonic dehydration was detected in both treatments, accompanied by erythrocytosis and weight loss. During the recovery phase, in both treatments, dogs presented a significant increase in BT and lactate and a significant decrease in insulin, TP, and P+. BT and lactate increased after exercise and returned to basal upon recovery. Insulin decreased after exercise without changes in glucose. The maintenance of cortisol indicated the adjustability of dogs to environmental stimuli and stress resistance, and aldosterone did not change during exercise. Both volume replacement with water or hydroelectrolytic and energetic supplementation can correct the isotonic dehydration exhibited by dogs.