A revista Discurso, órgão oficial do Departamento de Filosofia da USP, surgiu em 1970. Quando atravessava a mais difícil fase de sua história, atingido duramente pela violência da ditadura, este Departamento extraiu da ameaça de seu desaparecimento a força e a coragem para criar um espaço de expressão. A revista propôs-se a veicular não apenas a produção teórica de seu corpo docente, mas também as mais diversas manifestações de reflexão sobre a cultura, sem distinguir correntes ideológicas, linhas filosóficas ou áreas do saber. Assim se pretendia garantir o pluralismo e a liberdade, numa época de obscurantismo. ATENÇÃO As submissões à revista Discurso encontram-se suspensas para devido tratamento dos próximos números. Pedimos aos nossos usuários e autores que acompanhem nosso quadro de notícias a fim de tomarem conhecimento sobre futuras datas de submissão. Att., Equipe Editorial
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
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Testimonial: Tribute to Scarlett Marton
Copyright (c) 2026 Sérgio Cardoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This article addresses the meanings of life in Nietzsche's thought by means of a selection of Scarlett Marton’s works. In many ways, Nietzsche seems to have always understood life as a creative and expansive force. Based on the doctrine of the will to power and Dionysian philosophy, Nietzsche comes to un- derstand life as a continuous process of self-overcoming, in which creation and destruction alternate. Other aspects are still discussed: the opposition between knowledge and life; life as a criterion for the value of values; and the metaphor of the dance.
This article aims to show how Scarlett Marton, in Nietzsche, Philosopher of Suspicion, dismantles the disparaging images attached to Nietzschean philosophy – ranging from irrationalism to antisemitism – that have been perpetuated throughout the history of its reception. To do so, it takes up the central aspects of this philosophy, according to the author - namely, the philosophy of noon, Dionysian philosophy, and experimentalism – as means of challenging such images.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosa Maria Dias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nietzsche and Cosmopolitanism: reflections on Music and Politics Based on a Reading by Scarlett Marton
Establishing a dialogue with Scarlett Marton, based on her book Nietzsche, “The Good European” – The Reception in Germany, France, and Italy, this article discusses notions such as nationalism and cosmopolitanism. Placing special emphasis on the rela- tionship between State and culture, which appear as antagonists in Nietzschean philosophy, and which Marton highlights well, we intend to show how musical aesthetics can help to understand the importance of culture for the idea of a supranational and cosmopolitan Europe. Nietzsche’s reflections on music throughout his works play a special role, since it was around Wagner’s ideas that many of these issues were elaborated, both in the period of enthusiasm for German nationalist culture, and later, when there was a rupture and the consequent defense of a cosmopolitan Europe. In this aspect, the question of the Jews gains important prominence from Human, All Too Human onwards.
Solitudes and Reverences: Gift and Friendship in Nietzsche’s Zarathustra
In the present article, we will examine the concept of creation as gift in Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The aim is to demonstrate that solitude is the creative act, and that creation, being a solitary endeavor, results in a gift that, when offered, forges a special kind of bond which the philosopher classifies as great love, the ultimate expression of which is the idea of friendship as Mitfreude. We will therefore show how the offering of a gift implies a connection with the self-affirmative task of “fidelity to the earth” and to oneself, reversing the ancient premises of the morality of compassion to express joy as the festive criterion that em bodies the task imposed by the present: the overcoming of man and the attainment of the Übermensch.
To the revaluation of values, a discourse on cosmic forces became necessary
Based on Scarlett Marton's interpretation, we attempt, in this article, to elucidate Nietzsche’s notion of the revaluation of values (Umwertung der Werte). First, we used the article A morte de Deus e a transvaloração dos valores to try to clarify what Nietzsche's aforementioned expression actually means. Next, we tried to make it clear that the revaluation of values is closely related to the German philosopher's cosmological proposal. To this end, we drew on the classics Nietzsche, Das forças cósmicas aos valores humanos and O eterno retorno do mesmo: tese cosmológica ou imperativo ético? Finally, we attempted to delve deeper into the logical relationship between the notion of revaluation of values and Nietzsche's cosmology, taking as a source of inspiration an interpretative thesis that we extracted from Nietzsche e Descartes: filosofias de epitáfio.
The Reception and Impact of Scarlett Marton’s Work: Nietzsche’s Labyrinth and Marton’s Ariadne’s Thread
This article investigates the reception and impact of the work of Brazilian philosopher Scarlett Marton in both the national and international fields of Nietzsche studies. Beginning with the contextualization of a historically fragmented interpretative field–most notably divided between a “French,” post-structuralist reading and a philological-historical approach–the article situates Marton’s production as a paradigmatic turning point. We analyze, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the presence of her works in academic publications, interviews, and prefaces, identifying how her methodology–centered on philological rigor and conceptual reconstruction–offered a powerful alternative to the readings regarded as hegemonic in the twentieth century. It is argued that Marton consolidated a Brazilian “school” of Nietzsche studies with international projection. Finally, we discuss how the significance of Scarlett Marton transcends that of a mere commentator, characterizing her as an interpreter who redefined the very terms of the debate on Nietzsche’s legacy.
The Will to Power and the Eternal Return According to Scarlett Marton
Scarlett Marton has developed a systematic interpretation of Nietzsche’s oeuvre, linking cosmology, ethics and theory of knowledge. At the core of this interpretation lies the concept of will to power. Marton takes this concept as a point of departure for presenting a particular answer to the tension between the cosmological and ethical reading of eternal recurrence. My article exposes and assesses Marton’s interpretation of these pivotal topics, stressing its importance for Nietzsche studies in Brazil.
From self-sovereignty to cosmic sovereignty: the “sovereign individual” and animality in The Genealogy of Morals
In the second dissertation of The Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche links the human “capacity” to promise to a locus of cosmic sovereignty, which grants humans, by extension of the sovereignty achieved over themselves, the “right” to dominate other creatures. However, the philosopher does not explain the meaning of this extension of sovereignty over oneself to other animals. The scope of this work is to investigate the extent to which the human desire to subjugate other species, far from constituting an expression of vitality and affirmative power, presents itself as a symptom of human illness and a manifestation of human resentment towards animals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexander Gonçalves https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Community and Individual: Values ​​and Conditions of Existence According to Nietzsche
First, by examining the chapter “On a Thousand and One Goals” in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, we seek to show that Nietzsche regards the values of peoples as relative and, at the same time, as the outcome of a common mechanism. Next, we shall indicate what, in Nietzsche’s view, determines whether it is the community or individuals who create values, and whether good conscience and pleasure are associated with actions corresponding to the interests of the community or with actions corresponding to individual interests. Finally, we aim to demonstrate that, according to Nietzsche, the values that correspond to the conditions of preservation and growth of a community may prove disadvantageous to the individuals who constitute it.
Methodology in dealing with Nietzschean philosophy: Nietzsche and women: figures, images and female types as an exemplary case
In this article, based on the research present in Nietzsche e as mulheres: figuras, imagens e tipos femininos, we will seek to show how the author and interpreter of Friedrich Nietzsche understands the treatment of the German philosopher’s text by introducing criteria for the philosophical investigation of his work as a condition for establishing the conceptual interrelation present in Nietzsche’s thought. This enables the author to argue, on the one hand, that Nietzsche philosophically surpassed his time, becoming timeless, but, on the other, remained in line with modernity, especially with regard to the exclusion of women.
Nietzsche and the construction of the political question on the margins of his “system”
In relation to a very precise focus, the presence of the political question in Nietzsche's thought, we aim to show the way in which Scarlett Marton's interpretation appropriately approaches it, in the main scope of herwork, as being on the margins of questions relating to knowledge and morality, without, however, ceasing to be an integral part of the “system” of Nietzschean philosophy. In order to do this, we first try to analyze how the commentator exposes the cosmological-moral basis, which will serve, as we aim to show in a second moment, as an anchor for the political question.
“Prefácio” (1849) à História do movimento social em França de 1789 aos nossos dias
Copyright (c) 2025 Lorenz Stein; Leopoldo Waizbort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O texto de Gérard Lebrun que se segue, até aqui inédito em português, é uma espécie de balanço da obra de Michel Foucault, que fora seu professor na École Normale Supérieure na década de 1950 e, a partir então, interlocutor e amigo próximo. Publicado na Encyclopaedia universalis, seção “La culture en mouvement”, em 1986, pouco mais de um ano após a morte de Foucault, o título, irônico, sugere que o texto descortina uma “tópica” do filósofo. `Se Freud revelara os três lugares do aparelho psíquico, a tópica de Foucault fazia aparecer três eixos da experiência em que modalidades do sujeito e certos tipos de objeto formam-se um em função do outro: saber, poder e ética das relações de si. O próprio Foucault estabelecera essa divisão em “The Subject and Power”, publicado em 1982 por Dreyfus e Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, que Lebrun menciona na tradução francesa. Os intérpretes de Foucault costumam adotar as três fases da pesquisa indicadas no que o filósofo chama de “tentativa de autocrítica”. Os três eixos são lugares definidos por meio de um recorte metodológico de um lado, que escapa da “tirania do referente”, expressão de Lebrun para a recusa de Foucault em adotar o recurso filosófico do sujeito constituinte, e, de outro, pela construção de uma história que se estende até as fronteiras do diagnóstico do erro, do falso, do doente, etc., circunscrevendo as relações de “veridicção” que os formaram. Isso não se confunde com uma espécie de topologia da exclusão; a referência aos três lugares não é uma antropologia do permitido e do proibido, mas propõe um acento comum a essas pesquisas, tanto arqueológicas quanto genealógicas, que forma a tópica essencial de Foucault: a distância tomada em relação ao problema que pretende criticar, capaz de tornar seu objetivo irreconhecível até para olhos bem treinados. A tópica esclarece, assim, seus parâmetros: a desconfiança frente às filosofias do sujeito veio acompanhada de um desejo de não ser um autor meramente reativo, levando-o à invenção de um novo vocabulário filosófico, com noções abertas e modeláveis. Seus livros, a prova da permanência dessa tópica, e são comentados a seguir, um a um, por Lebrun, que o faz com visível gosto.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gérard Lebrun; Lara Pimentel Anastácio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Schopenhauer contra Hegel? A estratégia genealógica de Gérard Lebrun
In 2016, Discurso published the Gérard Lebrun Dossier. In 28 pages, readers will find a research plan (dated 1988), an activity report (from 1988 to 1990), a research project (indicated as from 1982), and a work plan (from 1987), all submitted to the Department of Philosophy at USP, where Lebrun was a professor for several periods. In addition to these documents, the dossier also contains texts written by Ruy Fausto, Maria Lúcia Cacciola, and Carlos Alberto Ribeiro de Moura, who comment on certain aspects of these documents produced by Lebrun. This article aims to analyze, in light of this Dossier, the more strategic role of Schopenhauer in Gérard Lebrun’s O avesso da dialética. In the book, his importance is evident in at least three points: in Nietzsche’s critiques of christianity and nihilism, and in the construction of the notion of great suspicion as a linguistic strategy that manages to counter Hegelian dialectics. It is in this last aspect that Schopenhauer proves to be a particularly fundamental author for Lebrun’s book.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eduardo Brandão https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O pequeno ensaio ora publicado que Vinicius de Figueiredo apresentou em 2024 a título de homenagem a essa figura filosófica maior do cenário franco-brasileiro que foi Gérard Lebrun testemunha um passo decisivo de seu projeto de confrontar dois conceitos de reflexão em operação no Departamento de Filosofia da USP desde os anos 1960, a partir do qual pretendia reescrever esse quinhão da história da filosofia brasileira. Estavam em jogo as divergências produtivas entre dois conceitos de Reflexão, aquele representado por Lebrun ao redefinir o sentido kantiano de filosofia como crítica, desembaraçada de qualquer pretensão teórica, e a Reflexão objetiva, conduzida por Giannotti a partir de sua leitura inovadora da obra de Marx.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinicius Berlendis de Figueiredo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This essay analyzes some important differences between the manuscript Archéologie des sciences humaines, which contains Foucault’s course at the FFCL of USP in the autumn of 1965, and the text of Les mots et les choses, published almost a year later. It is suggested, from theoretical indications provided by Gérard Lebrun, that the role of Kant and the transcendental in Foucault’s argument was not yet defined when he arrived in São Paulo. That would explain the lesser importance, in the manuscript, of Phenomenology as a point of reference in Foucault’s critical horizon. It is also observed that it is quite possible that this change resulted from a dialogue with Lebrun, who at the time was meditating precisely on the Kantian notion of finitude as a distinctive mark of the Critique of Pure Reason in relation to the great systems of “l’âge classique”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Paulo Pimenta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
'Em defesa do universalismo'. Uma conversa com Francis Wolff
Francis Wolff’s book, Plaidoyer pour l’universel, published in 2019, offers a diagnosis of the contemporary crisis of universalism and its causes. Our aim is to revisit the arguments he presents in order to contest relativism and analyze his strategy for grounding a universalist ethic. Although I agree with Wolff’s main intention, I disagree with his diagnosis of the contemporary crisis of universalism and question his foundation of a universalist ethic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yara Frateschi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Em 'Dizer o Mundo', Francis Wolff oferece acesso oblíquo às coisas
Foi-se o tempo em que a filosofia se ocupava das próprias coisas. Essa constatação, o diagnóstico da situação que ela resume e a adesão voluntária às suas consequências, alicerçam a definição do programa filosófico que Francis Wolff se propôs a cumprir em seu livro mais recente, Dire le monde. Em filosofia, a singularidade e a importância de um livro derivam frequentemente da singularidade e da importância do projeto que o anima, tanto quanto do grau de sucesso com que ele efetivamente se cumpre.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luiz Henrique Lopes dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Meu anos no Brasil, ou que a USP significou para mim
Gostaria de apresentar meus mais sinceros agradecimentos a todos os envolvidos na organização deste evento, especialmente à Maria Lucia [Cacciola] e ao Pedro Paulo [Pimenta]. Aprecio e reconheço todo o trabalho que foi feito para tanto. É muito emocionante para mim estar aqui novamente depois de tantos anos. A maior parte de minha carreira foi passada na França, mas não teria sido possível sem meus anos no Brasil. Sei o quanto devo, à USP e a este Departamento, e fico muito feliz em saber que não se esqueceram de mim.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francis Wolff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The article takes the the hypothesis that Rousseau wants to establish with Émile a new “experimental morality,” determining “principles,” “maxims,” and even “laws” based on observed “facts” or moral phenomena. The kind of education he envisions does not aim to create guardians, philosopher-kings, or masters. It is intended rather to form a modern citizen, for even without taking part in the exercise of sovereign authority, he will play an essential role in his community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Céline Spector; Thomaz Kawauche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The article examines the reception of Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau in the 19th century, particularly in Marx and the Goncourt brothers, so as to show how, in the view of these authors, Diderot’s “satire”brought about the emergence of a spoken prose that inaugurated a new moment in French literature. Diderot gave philosophical prominence to the typical mechanisms of conversation, such as reflection in dialogue, the sequence of ideas, the paths of oral communication, the relationship between common sense and delirium, logic and irrationality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marie-Leca Tsiomis; Caio Morello Labate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Moral e economia da fraqueza n'O Filho Natural' de Diderot
The article examines the dramatic plot of Diderot’s Le fils naturel in order to show how moral ideas of virtue and vice arise from the interaction of characters who represent psychological types but are driven by desires of a physiological nature. These desires ultimately determine actions and allow them to be judged according to socially established parameters. Of particular interest is the characterization of the central character, Dorval, as a rational economic agent who, paradoxically, proves incapable of acting in the pursuit of his own interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laurent Jaffro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A imagem cinematográfica. Sobre 'O Eclipse', de Antonioni
This article examines the idea of ​​the cinematic image from Antonioni, through Hitchcock and others, critically combining it with the modern notion of Representation (Vorstellung) as it appears in Kant and German philosophy. The intention is not so much to propose a philosophical reduction of cinema as to offer an exploration of the conceptual categories latent in an art that presents itself and organizes itself as a language.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcio Sattin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mário de Andrade: o transitório nas fronteiras do esteticismo
The essay aims to present Mário de Andrade’s aesthetic alternatives in the early 20th century. In an attempt to highlight the notion that in art all standing stone is dangerous, we present a side of Mário de Andrade that is not the most appreciated: an author of aesthetics, rather than a modernist agitator, the author of Macunaíma, as an author and a thinker of the arts, marked reflection and artistic production in Brazil in an undeletable way. In the early industrial moment of São Paulo in the oncoming modernist aesthetics Mário’s place as an art thinker is second to none. The essay presented here aims to show how this aesthetic was in its seminal stages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Fernandes Galé https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Anacronismo e teoria da arte. Cruzamentos entre estética, história da arte e antropologia
Art historians’ interest in anthropology and ethnography has been present since the beginning of the 20th century, whether in the work of scholars such as Aby Warburg or in the experiences of practically all avant-garde movements, as can be seen in their periodicals and exhibitions in which often are often works taken from different contexts and periods are presented side by side. In this article we aim to discuss the most recent resumption of this practice, which we can call an anachronism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosa Gabriella De Castro Gonçalves https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O texto que o leitor tem em mãos, publicado originalmente em 1991, pode ser considerado um pequeno clássico. Traz uma valiosa contribuição para a compreensão das origens do conceito de inconsciente em Freud.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Lúcia Cacciola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Translating the Rousseau's Emile.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thomaz Kawauche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dossiê crítico – Em torno de Fenomenologia dos devaneios, de Marcus Sacrini
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcus Sacrini, José Luiz B. Neves, Azul Katz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0