A revista Discurso, órgão oficial do Departamento de Filosofia da USP, surgiu em 1970. Quando atravessava a mais difícil fase de sua história, atingido duramente pela violência da ditadura, este Departamento extraiu da ameaça de seu desaparecimento a força e a coragem para criar um espaço de expressão. A revista propôs-se a veicular não apenas a produção teórica de seu corpo docente, mas também as mais diversas manifestações de reflexão sobre a cultura, sem distinguir correntes ideológicas, linhas filosóficas ou áreas do saber. Assim se pretendia garantir o pluralismo e a liberdade, numa época de obscurantismo. ATENÇÃO As submissões à revista Discurso encontram-se suspensas para devido tratamento dos próximos números. Pedimos aos nossos usuários e autores que acompanhem nosso quadro de notícias a fim de tomarem conhecimento sobre futuras datas de submissão. Att., Equipe Editorial
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
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“Prefácio” (1849) à História do movimento social em França de 1789 aos nossos dias
Copyright (c) 2025 Lorenz Stein; Leopoldo Waizbort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O texto de Gérard Lebrun que se segue, até aqui inédito em português, é uma espécie de balanço da obra de Michel Foucault, que fora seu professor na École Normale Supérieure na década de 1950 e, a partir então, interlocutor e amigo próximo. Publicado na Encyclopaedia universalis, seção “La culture en mouvement”, em 1986, pouco mais de um ano após a morte de Foucault, o título, irônico, sugere que o texto descortina uma “tópica” do filósofo. `Se Freud revelara os três lugares do aparelho psíquico, a tópica de Foucault fazia aparecer três eixos da experiência em que modalidades do sujeito e certos tipos de objeto formam-se um em função do outro: saber, poder e ética das relações de si. O próprio Foucault estabelecera essa divisão em “The Subject and Power”, publicado em 1982 por Dreyfus e Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, que Lebrun menciona na tradução francesa. Os intérpretes de Foucault costumam adotar as três fases da pesquisa indicadas no que o filósofo chama de “tentativa de autocrítica”. Os três eixos são lugares definidos por meio de um recorte metodológico de um lado, que escapa da “tirania do referente”, expressão de Lebrun para a recusa de Foucault em adotar o recurso filosófico do sujeito constituinte, e, de outro, pela construção de uma história que se estende até as fronteiras do diagnóstico do erro, do falso, do doente, etc., circunscrevendo as relações de “veridicção” que os formaram. Isso não se confunde com uma espécie de topologia da exclusão; a referência aos três lugares não é uma antropologia do permitido e do proibido, mas propõe um acento comum a essas pesquisas, tanto arqueológicas quanto genealógicas, que forma a tópica essencial de Foucault: a distância tomada em relação ao problema que pretende criticar, capaz de tornar seu objetivo irreconhecível até para olhos bem treinados. A tópica esclarece, assim, seus parâmetros: a desconfiança frente às filosofias do sujeito veio acompanhada de um desejo de não ser um autor meramente reativo, levando-o à invenção de um novo vocabulário filosófico, com noções abertas e modeláveis. Seus livros, a prova da permanência dessa tópica, e são comentados a seguir, um a um, por Lebrun, que o faz com visível gosto.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gérard Lebrun; Lara Pimentel Anastácio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Schopenhauer contra Hegel? A estratégia genealógica de Gérard Lebrun
In 2016, Discurso published the Gérard Lebrun Dossier. In 28 pages, readers will find a research plan (dated 1988), an activity report (from 1988 to 1990), a research project (indicated as from 1982), and a work plan (from 1987), all submitted to the Department of Philosophy at USP, where Lebrun was a professor for several periods. In addition to these documents, the dossier also contains texts written by Ruy Fausto, Maria Lúcia Cacciola, and Carlos Alberto Ribeiro de Moura, who comment on certain aspects of these documents produced by Lebrun. This article aims to analyze, in light of this Dossier, the more strategic role of Schopenhauer in Gérard Lebrun’s O avesso da dialética. In the book, his importance is evident in at least three points: in Nietzsche’s critiques of christianity and nihilism, and in the construction of the notion of great suspicion as a linguistic strategy that manages to counter Hegelian dialectics. It is in this last aspect that Schopenhauer proves to be a particularly fundamental author for Lebrun’s book.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eduardo Brandão https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O pequeno ensaio ora publicado que Vinicius de Figueiredo apresentou em 2024 a título de homenagem a essa figura filosófica maior do cenário franco-brasileiro que foi Gérard Lebrun testemunha um passo decisivo de seu projeto de confrontar dois conceitos de reflexão em operação no Departamento de Filosofia da USP desde os anos 1960, a partir do qual pretendia reescrever esse quinhão da história da filosofia brasileira. Estavam em jogo as divergências produtivas entre dois conceitos de Reflexão, aquele representado por Lebrun ao redefinir o sentido kantiano de filosofia como crítica, desembaraçada de qualquer pretensão teórica, e a Reflexão objetiva, conduzida por Giannotti a partir de sua leitura inovadora da obra de Marx.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinicius Berlendis de Figueiredo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This essay analyzes some important differences between the manuscript Archéologie des sciences humaines, which contains Foucault’s course at the FFCL of USP in the autumn of 1965, and the text of Les mots et les choses, published almost a year later. It is suggested, from theoretical indications provided by Gérard Lebrun, that the role of Kant and the transcendental in Foucault’s argument was not yet defined when he arrived in São Paulo. That would explain the lesser importance, in the manuscript, of Phenomenology as a point of reference in Foucault’s critical horizon. It is also observed that it is quite possible that this change resulted from a dialogue with Lebrun, who at the time was meditating precisely on the Kantian notion of finitude as a distinctive mark of the Critique of Pure Reason in relation to the great systems of “l’âge classique”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Paulo Pimenta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
'Em defesa do universalismo'. Uma conversa com Francis Wolff
Francis Wolff’s book, Plaidoyer pour l’universel, published in 2019, offers a diagnosis of the contemporary crisis of universalism and its causes. Our aim is to revisit the arguments he presents in order to contest relativism and analyze his strategy for grounding a universalist ethic. Although I agree with Wolff’s main intention, I disagree with his diagnosis of the contemporary crisis of universalism and question his foundation of a universalist ethic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yara Frateschi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Em 'Dizer o Mundo', Francis Wolff oferece acesso oblíquo às coisas
Foi-se o tempo em que a filosofia se ocupava das próprias coisas. Essa constatação, o diagnóstico da situação que ela resume e a adesão voluntária às suas consequências, alicerçam a definição do programa filosófico que Francis Wolff se propôs a cumprir em seu livro mais recente, Dire le monde. Em filosofia, a singularidade e a importância de um livro derivam frequentemente da singularidade e da importância do projeto que o anima, tanto quanto do grau de sucesso com que ele efetivamente se cumpre.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luiz Henrique Lopes dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Meu anos no Brasil, ou que a USP significou para mim
Gostaria de apresentar meus mais sinceros agradecimentos a todos os envolvidos na organização deste evento, especialmente à Maria Lucia [Cacciola] e ao Pedro Paulo [Pimenta]. Aprecio e reconheço todo o trabalho que foi feito para tanto. É muito emocionante para mim estar aqui novamente depois de tantos anos. A maior parte de minha carreira foi passada na França, mas não teria sido possível sem meus anos no Brasil. Sei o quanto devo, à USP e a este Departamento, e fico muito feliz em saber que não se esqueceram de mim.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francis Wolff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The article takes the the hypothesis that Rousseau wants to establish with Émile a new “experimental morality,” determining “principles,” “maxims,” and even “laws” based on observed “facts” or moral phenomena. The kind of education he envisions does not aim to create guardians, philosopher-kings, or masters. It is intended rather to form a modern citizen, for even without taking part in the exercise of sovereign authority, he will play an essential role in his community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Céline Spector; Thomaz Kawauche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The article examines the reception of Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau in the 19th century, particularly in Marx and the Goncourt brothers, so as to show how, in the view of these authors, Diderot’s “satire”brought about the emergence of a spoken prose that inaugurated a new moment in French literature. Diderot gave philosophical prominence to the typical mechanisms of conversation, such as reflection in dialogue, the sequence of ideas, the paths of oral communication, the relationship between common sense and delirium, logic and irrationality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marie-Leca Tsiomis; Caio Morello Labate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Moral e economia da fraqueza n'O Filho Natural' de Diderot
The article examines the dramatic plot of Diderot’s Le fils naturel in order to show how moral ideas of virtue and vice arise from the interaction of characters who represent psychological types but are driven by desires of a physiological nature. These desires ultimately determine actions and allow them to be judged according to socially established parameters. Of particular interest is the characterization of the central character, Dorval, as a rational economic agent who, paradoxically, proves incapable of acting in the pursuit of his own interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laurent Jaffro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A imagem cinematográfica. Sobre 'O Eclipse', de Antonioni
This article examines the idea of ​​the cinematic image from Antonioni, through Hitchcock and others, critically combining it with the modern notion of Representation (Vorstellung) as it appears in Kant and German philosophy. The intention is not so much to propose a philosophical reduction of cinema as to offer an exploration of the conceptual categories latent in an art that presents itself and organizes itself as a language.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcio Sattin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mário de Andrade: o transitório nas fronteiras do esteticismo
The essay aims to present Mário de Andrade’s aesthetic alternatives in the early 20th century. In an attempt to highlight the notion that in art all standing stone is dangerous, we present a side of Mário de Andrade that is not the most appreciated: an author of aesthetics, rather than a modernist agitator, the author of Macunaíma, as an author and a thinker of the arts, marked reflection and artistic production in Brazil in an undeletable way. In the early industrial moment of São Paulo in the oncoming modernist aesthetics Mário’s place as an art thinker is second to none. The essay presented here aims to show how this aesthetic was in its seminal stages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Fernandes Galé https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Anacronismo e teoria da arte. Cruzamentos entre estética, história da arte e antropologia
Art historians’ interest in anthropology and ethnography has been present since the beginning of the 20th century, whether in the work of scholars such as Aby Warburg or in the experiences of practically all avant-garde movements, as can be seen in their periodicals and exhibitions in which often are often works taken from different contexts and periods are presented side by side. In this article we aim to discuss the most recent resumption of this practice, which we can call an anachronism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosa Gabriella De Castro Gonçalves https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O texto que o leitor tem em mãos, publicado originalmente em 1991, pode ser considerado um pequeno clássico. Traz uma valiosa contribuição para a compreensão das origens do conceito de inconsciente em Freud.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Lúcia Cacciola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Translating the Rousseau's Emile.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thomaz Kawauche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dossiê crítico – Em torno de Fenomenologia dos devaneios, de Marcus Sacrini
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcus Sacrini, José Luiz B. Neves, Azul Katz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fenômeno vs. Fenomenicidade. Husserl e Natorp no pano de fundo de um debate atual
Does phenomenology allow us to pave the way for a privileged understanding of phenomena? A glance at the philosophical history of the concept of “phenomenon” suffices to confront us with complex results, not always easy to grasp. We need only mention two: the definitions of what a “phenomenon” is vary considerably both within and outside the phenomenological tradition; the phenomenological understanding of phenomena has been the object, especially since Husserl, of various objections from direct opponents, and continues to be so in the current debate that puts phenomenology to the test of criticism from other philosophical approaches – from analytically inspired philosophy of mind to the so-called cognitive sciences. We will therefore focus on the dialogue between Husserl and Natorp in order to demonstrate the originality of the Husserlian approach, limiting ourselves to Natorp’s critique of the theses expressed in the fifth of the Logische Untersuchungen. These criticisms allow us to articulate a twofold strategy, consisting in a direct confrontation with Husserl’s positions; in an indirect parallel with some of the main arguments we find in the current debate, where, besides the concept of phenomenon, other apparently related concepts appear. The first of these is “phenomenality”, which would indicate the purely subjective character of experience, as opposed to the objective contents that we experience. Our aim is therefore twofold: to formulate the necessary arguments to counter Natorp’s objections by focusing on the Logische Untersuchungen; to defend, in perspective, the specificity of the phenomenological understanding of phenomena in the face of certain alternatives that we find in the current debate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emanuele Mariano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Em torno do método intuitivo: intuição estética e simpatia interespecífica em Bergson
The present article aims to explore the hypothesis that there are elements in Bergson’s thought on which we can support closer relations of knowledge between us and other species of life on our planet. More specifically, it is a question of speculating whether there would be in Bergsonism not only the perspective of the enlargement of the singular human consciousness in the sense of an immediate experience of itself as a temporal flow; not only a perspective of the enlargement of this same consciousness in the sense of the immediate experience of the life impulse or even in that of a general consciousness or Supraconsciousness; but also in the sense of a sympathy with other types of singular consciousnesses that inhabit this world, with other forms of life generated by the same vital impulse. We believe we can find this perspective by emphasizing the reading of the intuitive method proposed by Bergson in L’évolution créatricethrough the lens of his conception of aesthetic intuition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Adriana Camargo Cappello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O ser como devir e a vida como desvio: Foucault leitor de Freud e de Bichat
We will return to certain similarities between Bichat and Freud indicated by Foucault in The Birth of the Clinic in order to understand the Foucauldian notion of the clinic as an eminently modern experience of seeing and talking about the singularity of individuals. Using the theses of The order of Things, we will try to show that, for Foucault, if Freud and Bichat were able to argue, each in their own way, that life is a singular way of resisting death, it is because, in modernity: 1) being can be thought of as becoming, that is, as intrinsically historical and 2) life, as well as illness, can be thought of as essentially deviant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carolina Noto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Théophile de Bordeu: um dualismo funcional no monismo sensível
In the seventh chapter of Recherches sur l’Histoire de la Médecine, Bordeu establishes a difference between a purely vital sensibility and a sentiment connected to the soul. It is a division of vital processes into two main centers, whose territory of action covers the middle of the body and the central nervous system. This duumvirate, represented by a double seat (in the stomach and in the head), provides a functional order to understand the animal body's cognitive phenomena and principle of life and action. This article aims to clarify the notion of functional dualism and the different meanings that Bordeu gives to sensibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Clara Castro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Da estátua ao feto: a descoberta da interioridade vital em Cabanis
This article seeks to offer an overview of the theoretical project of Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis (1757-1808) from two pillars: medicine and philosophy. Having as a guiding principle the influence of the intellectual surroundings of the “salon d’Auteuil” and neo-hippocratism, I intend to show that a reform of Condillac's sensualism and the advancement of certain medical procedures are inseparable in order to understand the way in which Cabanis understands the physical-moral unity of man. It is through this tortuous theoretical path that the physician-philosopher will be able to assert the primacy of sensibility without, however, disregarding the idea of a certain spontaneity and dynamism of the organism, attributes that characterize the discovery of what I call “vital interiority”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bruno B. Rates https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O rebanho e a rapina. Em torno do § 354 d’A gaia ciência
Nietzsche relates the origin of self-consciousness (Bewusstsein) to communication through language and the creation of signs. As he shows in §354 of The Gay Science, the reciprocal relation between Bewusstsein and communication, which marks the “herd” character of the human species, connect the consciousness with the social relations that provides it – without a mediation of a metaphysical entity. To achieve this perspective, we will show how the notion of experience that comes from experimental medicine, as conceived by the French physiologist Claude Bernard, was crucial for Nietzsche to achieve his intention of thinking about the body and its impulses. Thus, the investigation into the constitution of identity through self-consciousness depends on looking at the problem of the birth of signs and life in society, conceived, then, from a certain sense given by the peculiarity of the experience of the “herd” and its interpretative counterpart, the “the beast of prey”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lara Pimentel Anastacio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analogia e técnica na gramática de Adam Smith
Adam Smith is best known for his contributions to moral philosophy and political economy, yet he also wrote influentially on general grammar. His principal work in this area is the 1761 essay Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages, and the Different Genius of Original and Compound Languages, which was later republished as an appendix to The Theory of Moral Sentiments from the third edition onward (1767). The essay offers a conjectural history of languages and a comparative analysis of Latin and modern English. On this basis, we reconstruct Smith’s treatment of two themes: analogy and technique.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leonardo André Paes Müller https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hume, contemporâneo à arte contemporânea
The aim of these lines is to articulate David Hume’s thinking with contemporary art. The suggestion is that the proximity between skepticism and poetry makes it easier to understand how common objects become works of art, such as boxes of washing powder or simple chairs are made in visual operations of concepts. Contemporary art would be dependent, in its broad spectrum, on the ability to perceive as a skeptic. For Hume, time is not extemporaneous with human nature, but contemporary. The works of art are not anachronistic, but are in a horizontal relationship, they are taken as contemporary with each other, because they are related at the same time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cesar Kiraly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Um Hume inovador e decisivo, por Maria Isabel Limongi
Analysis of the book Hume, a justiça e o pensamento político moderno. São Paulo: Alameda Editorial, 2023, by Maria Isabel Limongi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marilena Chaui, Maria Isabel Limongi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Por dentro d’A nervura do real: Marilena Chaui intérprete de Espinosa
The two volumes of A nervura do real constitute Marilena Chaui's main contribution to the interpretation of Spinoza's philosophy and serve as the central axis of a 50-year journey of study of this philosopher. This paper aims to present two of the interpretative innovations of that book, namely, the construction of the historical image of Spinozism and the notion of aptitude for simultaneous multiplicity (plura simul).
Copyright (c) 2025 Luís César Guimarães Oliva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
O general hobbesiano: Golbery do Couto e Silva e a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional
The purpose of this article is, first, to present some of the central theses of Geopolítica do Brasil, a work by General Golbery do Couto e Silva, which can be read as a new solution to the Hobbesian problem of fear and widespread violence – through the Armed Forces as the entity responsible for leading the State. Insofar as these theses lie at the core of the so-called National Security Doctrine as it was formulated and developed during the dictatorship that began in Brazil in 1964, our second objective is to show that Golbery’s doctrine creates the conditions for the exercise of the most brutal forms of violence (particularly police repression and torture), not as an unintended or incidental outcome, but as something embedded in the very core of the theory – without which it would lack coherence. Our general conclusion can be summarized in a single image: the idea of a “soft dictatorship” (the so-called “ditabranda”) is a chimera, for the simple reason that Golbery and Sérgio Fleury, the theoretical sorcerer and the practical crook, have always been, and remain, heads and tails of the same National Security Doctrine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Homero Santiago https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Uma outra destruição da natureza é possível (Parte 1): Gênese e estrutura de um conceito teológico-político
This paper discusses theological-political aspects of the genesis of the hegemonic concept of nature within a certain Western tradition that has come down to us. The main purpose of this reflection is to consider the challenges inherent in the critique of the nature/culture dichotomy, as well as to attempt to clarify aspects of the problem related to the emergence of our hegemonic figure of the subject.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimir Safatle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Merleau-Ponty dans les archives Husserl: entretien avec Emmanuel de Saint Aubert
Silvana de Souza Ramos and Iracy Ferreira dos Santos Junior’s interview with Emmanuel de Saint Aubert explores the history and role of the Husserl Archives (Paris) in fostering multidisciplinary research in phenomenology. Saint Aubert clarifies Merleau-Ponty’s engagement with Husserl’s manuscripts, describing the situated and complex reading he undertook not only of these manuscripts but also of Husserl’s work as a whole. This aspect is particularly significant for contemporary French philosophical studies, as Merleau-Ponty played a pivotal role in introducing Husserl’s ideas into French thought. This clarification allows us to show the originality of Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, as it reveals that he was not merely an exegete of Husserl, but a restless and multifaceted thinker, deeply involved in the intellectual and political debates of his time. If he cannot be reduced to a mere reader of Husserl, neither can his later ontology be simply attributed to Heidegger’s influence. Once engaged in a meticulous study of the unfinished manuscripts that Merleau-Ponty left behind due to his premature death, which were drafts for a new book, Saint Aubert conducted a thorough investigation of Merleau-Ponty’s use of key terms in his ontology – chair, Leib, empiétement, chiasmi – showing that these terms do not literally translate or express concepts derived from Husserl or Heidegger. On the contrary, these terms acquire a multifaceted range of meanings in Merleau-Ponty’s writings, nourished by his philosophical readings and meditations, by his scientific and literary refinement, as well as his ethical and political concerns. Saint Aubert’s research, dedicated to the interpretation of Merleau-Ponty’s so-called “unpublished” works, resulted in the publication of five books by Vrin, all guided by a transversal genetic reading of Merleau-Ponty’s work. Additionally, with the help of other researchers, Saint Aubert carefully edited and published several volumes of Merleau-Ponty’s manuscripts. This material, made available in an organized and contextualized manner, is of incomparable richness, allowing for a more precise understanding of Merleau-Ponty’s role in contemporary thought, while also illuminating the meaning of his ontological project.
Copyright (c) 2024 Silvana de Souza Ramos, Iracy Ferreira dos Santos Junior https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0