The individual and the community: considerations on the concept of human nature in Spinoza

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-9012.espinosa.2025.238189

Keywords:

Human nature, Essence, Singularity, Conatus, Common notions

Abstract

This paper examines Spinoza’s concept of human nature, focusing on the ambiguities in its relationship with notions such as essence, singularity, and universality. The central problem lies in the apparent contradiction between essence as a singularizing principle and the possibility of a common human nature. The argument posits that Spinoza redefines essence as a property that is reciprocal to the singular thing (EII def. 2), rejecting universal abstractions (such as the Aristotelian model) and linking it to the conatus (EIII P6) and common notions. The analysis unfolds as follows: (1) redefinition of essence; (2) totalization as a structure integrating the singular into the whole; (3) individuation through conatus; and (4) reconciliation between singularity and community in human nature. The conclusion asserts that Spinoza’s human essence is dynamic, grounded in natural laws that unite the particular and the collective.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Thomaz Spolaor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

    Doutor, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil

References

Balibar, E. (2020). Spinoza, the Transindividual. KELLY, Mark G. E. (Trad.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Busse, J. (2009), Le problème de l’essence de l’homme chez Spinoza. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.

Chauí, M. (1999). A nervura do real: Imanência e liberdade em Espinosa (Vol. I – Imanência). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

Chauí, M. (2016). A nervura do real: Imanência e liberdade em Espinosa (Vol. II – Liberdade). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

Espinosa, B. (2015). Ética. Tradução do Grupo de Estudos Espinosanos. São Paulo: Edusp.

Espinosa, B. (2021). Correspondência entre Espinosa e Oldenburg. Tradução de Samuel Thimounier. São Paulo: Autêntica.

Espinosa, B. (2023). Correspondência entre Espinosa, Tschirnhaus e Schuller & Outras cartas conexas. In: ESPINOSA; TSCHIRNHAUS; THIMOUNIER, Samuel (Trad.); REZENDE, Cristiano Novaes de (Introdução e Posfácio). Tratado da Emenda do Intelecto e Medicina da Mente. São Paulo: Autêntica, p. 260-360.

Espinosa, B. (2009). Tratado Político. Tradução de Diogo Pires Aurélio. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.

Gueroult, M. (1974). Spinoza II – L’âme. Paris: Aubier.

Hobbes, T. (2014). Leviathan: The English and Latin texts. MALCOLM, Noel (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jaquet, C. (2005). Les expressions de la puissance d’agir chez Spinoza. Paris: Editions de la Sorbonne.

Louzado, G. (2024). O infinito na Ética de Espinosa: considerações sobre E1D2. In: KLAUDAT, André; LEVY, Lia; ZANUZZI, Inara (Eds.). Filosofia na UFRGS: Textos escolhidos. Pelotas: Editora UFPel, p. 124-143.

Matheron, A. (1988). Individu et communauté chez Spinoza. Paris: Les éditions de Minuit.

Matheron, A. (2011). Études sur Spinoza et les philosophies de l’âge classique. Lyon: ENS Éditions.

Milanese, A. (2011). Principe de la philosophie chez Hobbes : L’expérience de soi et du monde. Paris: Classiques Garnier.

Ramond, C. (1995). Qualité et quantité dans la philosophie de Spinoza. Paris: PUF.

Renz, U. (2018). The Explainability of Experience: Realism and Subjectivity in Spinoza’s Theory of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Terrel, J. (1994). Hobbes : Matérialisme et politique. Paris: Vrin.

Published

2025-12-31

Issue

Section

Artigos

How to Cite

Spolaor, T. (2025). The individual and the community: considerations on the concept of human nature in Spinoza. Cadernos Espinosanos, 53, 87-115. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-9012.espinosa.2025.238189