Modification of restorative glass ionomer cement with zinc oxide nanoparticles and calcium glycerophosphate microparticles: in vitro assessment of mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity

Maria Fernanda Cavalcante Meira; Gabriela Leal Peres Fernandes; Andréa Simone Stucchi de Camargo; Leandro Piaggi Ravaro; Marylyn Setsuko Arai; Maria Fidela de Lima Navarro; Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti; Analú Barros de Oliveira; Marcelle Danelon

doi:10.1590/

Authors

Maria Fernanda Cavalcante Meira Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto. Departamento de Clínica Pediátrica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6079-088X
Gabriela Leal Peres Fernandes Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba. Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora e Preventiva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6622-8572
Andréa Simone Stucchi de Camargo Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-2573
Leandro Piaggi Ravaro Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física de São Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-5776
Marylyn Setsuko Arai Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física de São Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1278-5274
Maria Fidela de Lima Navarro Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru. Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-1077
Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-5171
Analú Barros de Oliveira Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara. Departamento de Morfologia, Genética, Ortodontia e Odontopediatria
Marcelle Danelon Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry. Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus. Technische Universität Dresden https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2091-649X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/

Keywords:

Resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Phosphate, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Biofilm, Mechanical properties

Abstract

The incorporation of bioactive agents into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) is a promising strategy to improve its mechanical strength and biofilm control, especially for patients with active dental caries. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating ZnONPs and CaGP into RMGIC on its mechanical and microbiological properties. Design Six groups were tested: 1) RMGIC (without CaGP/ZnONPs); 2) RMGIC-1.0%ZnONPs; 3) RMGIC-2.0%ZnONPs; 4) RMGIC-3.0%CaGP; 5) RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-1.0%ZnONPs; and 6) RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-2.0%ZnONPs. The compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and surface hardness (SH) were evaluated after 24 hours and 7 days. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity were evaluated using agar diffusion and biofilm metabolic activity (XTT) assays. Results After 24 hours, all the groups showed similar DTS values (p>0.05), except for RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-1.0%ZnONPs, which showed the highest DTS value (p<0.05). Comparing 24 hours and 7 days, the DTS values of RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-2.0%ZnONPs, RMGIC-3.0%CaGP, and RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-2.0%ZnONPs were similar (p=0.360). After 24 hours, the RMGIC group showed the CS highest value, followed by RMGIC-2.0%ZnONPs (p < 0.05). After 7 days, the RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-1.0%ZnONPs group exhibited the highest CS value, approximately 15% higher than RMGIC (p<0.05). The RMGIC-1.0%ZnONPs group exhibited significantly higher SH at 24 hours (p=0.621). At 7 days, the highest SH value was observed for the RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-1.0%ZnONPs group (p<0.05). Regarding antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, including results from biofilm metabolism assays, the RMGIC-3.0%CaGP-1.0%ZnONPs group demonstrated the most effective antimicrobial and inhibitory effects (p<0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that adding ZnONPs and CaGP to RMGIC enhanced its mechanical and antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, suggesting enhanced mechanical performance and improved protection against cariogenic biofilms—critical factors for successful restorative treatments. Therefore, the addition of ZnONPs and CaGP is a promising strategy to develop advanced restorative materials that improve clinical outcomes, especially for patients with active dental caries.

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Modification of restorative glass ionomer cement with zinc oxide nanoparticles and calcium glycerophosphate microparticles: in vitro assessment of mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity

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