Journal of Applied Oral Science
type: channel
description: Focus and Scope JAOS’s mission is to disseminate scientific and technological advances made by the dental and speech and hearing communities, respecting quality indicators in order to ensure their acceptability to researchers in the field. Its main objective is to publish the results of original research in the field of oral sciences, with an emphasis on dentistry, speech therapy and related areas. Submissions of case reports (including case series and clinical protocols) and short communications are not accepted by JAOS and review manuscripts (including systematic reviews) can only be sent at the invitation of the editor.
publisher: Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru
language: en
publication name: Journal of Applied Oral Science
issn: 1678-7757
copyright: Todo o conteúdo do periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons do tipo atribuição CC-BY.
items: Synergistic growth, metabolic products, and matrix quantification in dual-species biofilms of oral pathogens
items: Lactobacillus sp. attenuates oral and hepatic alterations and decreases caspase-8 expression in ligature-induced periodontitis
items: The effect of physical activity on growth factor concentrations in platelet-rich fibrin: a cross-sectional study
items: Evaluation of the early effects of peptide-containing agents in sensitivity treatment regarding their structural, morphological, and elemental changes in dentin tissue and their penetration efficacy
items: Dynamics of oropharyngeal structures during respiration with the volume-altered tongue base of minipigs
items: Hormone therapy and psychosocial factors in menopausal women with painful TMD: a pilot cross-sectional study
items: Molecular alterations in MAPK/ERK, β-Catenin/Wnt, and PI3K/mTOR pathways in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
items: Time-series trends and regional disparities in complete denture production in Brazil (2000–2023)
items: Expression of p53, Ki-67, sox-2, oct-4, and NANOG in the tongue and trachea of Swiss mice exposed to narghile smoke
items: Modulation of TLR4, hBD-2, and hBD-3 expression and hepatic tissue response by systemic probiotics in experimental apical periodontitis in rats
items: Systemic toxicity assessment of tissue conditioners modified with nystatin and chlorhexidine in a rat model of denture stomatitis
items: Salivary cotinine and S100A8/A9 levels in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
items: Polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles promote differential remineralization and reinforcement of demineralized dentin
items: Statin-loaded carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoemulsion controls matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity to enhance post-orthodontic stability in rats
items: Comparison of root coverage by injectable-platelet rich fibrin in thick and thin phenotypes
items: Influence of impacted mandibular third molars on pathological changes on themselves and adjacent tissues across different age groups
items: Expression of caspase-8 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related to ligature-induced periodontitis in rats
items: Can angiotensin II affect the inflammatory response of human dental pulp cells in vitro?
items: Clinical and aesthetic outcomes of enamel matrix derivative and subepithelial connective tissue graft using the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique
items: Parkinson's disease and Porphyromonas gingivalis levels
items: Cognitive and Orofacial Intersections
items: Apical delta filling with calcium silicate and epoxy resin sealers using different obturation techniques by microcomputed tomography
items: Effects of highly leukotoxic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans associated with ligature-induced periodontitis on oral and gut tissues in male rats
items: Effects of live and heat-killed Bifidobacterium lactis in rats with induced periodontitis
items: Hydrogel microarchitecture as a regulatory cue for in vitro odontogenic differentiation
items: The effect of Stage I-II periodontitis on the mechanical, structural, and biological properties of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin
items: Bond strength in class V cavities: an in vitro study on beveling, universal adhesive strategy, and composite type
items: Comparative analysis of connective tissue graft versus ozone-enriched platelet-rich fibrin in the treatment of Cairo class I gingival recessions
items: Saliva liquid biopsy

Synergistic growth, metabolic products, and matrix quantification in dual-species biofilms of oral pathogens
type: item
description: Biofilms exhibit virulence traits that promote microbial protection, such as an extracellular matrix composed of exopolysaccharides (EPS), and contribute to host tissue damage via acid production. Objective This study evaluated bacterial viability, biovolume, matrix (β-polysaccharides), and EPS (α-polysaccharides) formation in monospecies and mixed biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as pH and lactic acid production. Methodology Biofilms were grown on dentin blocks for 7 days, and aliquots were collected for colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) counts. Subsequently, biofilms were stained with LIVE/DEAD®, Calcofluor White®, and Alexa Fluor 647–dextran conjugate® to assess bacterial viability, matrix formation, and EPS formation, respectively, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Lactic acid production was determined by enzymatic spectrophotometry, and the pH of the culture medium was measured using a pH meter. Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used for pH, viability, biovolume, matrix, and EPS analyses, while one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was applied for CFU/mL counts and lactic acid production (α = 0.05). Results Dual-species biofilms showed higher viability and biovolume than S. mutans monospecies biofilms (p < 0.05), whereas the other parameters did not differ among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and E. faecalis may represent a suitable model for investigating antimicrobial strategies, as their association increased viability and biovolume, which are relevant features in cariology and endodontics.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biofilms
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Endodontics
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterococcus faecalis
  topic: keywords
subject: Extracellular polysaccharides
  topic: keywords
subject: Matrix
  topic: keywords
subject: Streptococcus mutans
  topic: keywords
creator: Evelyn Giuliana Velásquez-Espedilla
creator: Victor Feliz Pedrinha
creator: Maricel Rosario Cardenas Cuellar
creator: Pedro Luis Busto Rosim
creator: Daniela Alejandra Cusicanqui Méndez
creator: Thiago Cruvinel
creator: Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0887
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0887

Lactobacillus sp. attenuates oral and hepatic alterations and decreases caspase-8 expression in ligature-induced periodontitis
type: item
description: Background Periodontitis affects millions of people and is characterized by the accumulation of bacteria in the gingival sulcus with an immune-inflammatory response of the body causing effects. There is a notable relation between periodontitis and steatosis, in which caspase-8 may be a relevant player in the pathophysiology of these conditions. This study is the first to investigate the effect of treatment based on Lactobacillus sp. on steatosis and caspase-8 expression in a ligature-induced periodontitis model. This study aims to investigate whether treatment with Lactobacillus sp. reduces oral and hepatic changes caused by ligature-induced periodontitis. Methodology Twenty-four Wistar rats were separated into groups: control, periodontitis, and periodontitis plus Lactobacillus sp. Administration of 1 mL of fermented milk containing 108 CFU/mL of Lactobacillus sp. by gavage was performed daily for 20 days of ligature-induced periodontitis. After the treatment, we evaluated the gingival bleeding index (GBI), tooth mobility, probing pocket depth (PPD), alveolar bone loss, histomorphometry, and histopathological aspects of liver, as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). We also evaluated caspase-8-positive cells and blood biomarkers. Results Lactobacillus sp. reduced inflammatory clinical parameters, including GBI, PPD, and tooth mobility, as well as neutrophil infiltration in gingival tissue. Morphometric analysis showed significantly less alveolar bone loss. Analysis of hepatic tissue showed reduced neutrophilic infiltration and improved antioxidant activity. Treatment also decreased caspase-8 expression. Conclusions Lactobacillus sp. significantly reduced the clinical parameters of periodontal lesion and steatosis score, improved hepatic oxidative status, and decreased caspase-8 expression in the liver tissue.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti-Inflammatory agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Fatty Liver
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontal diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: Victor Lucas Ribeiro Lopes
creator: Even Herlany Pereira Alves
creator: Alan Leandro Farias de Carvalho
creator: Vinícius da Silva Caetano
creator: Hélio Mateus Silva Nascimento
creator: Maria Vitoria Pereira de Sousa
creator: Paulo Roberto Carneiro Gomes
creator: Any Carolina Cardoso Guimarães Vasconcelos
creator: André Luiz dos Reis Barbosa
creator: Daniel Fernando Pereira Vasconcelos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: e2026
ending page: 0143
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2026-0143

The effect of physical activity on growth factor concentrations in platelet-rich fibrin: a cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Objective This study investigated the impact of physical activity levels on growth factor concentrations within leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Methodology In total, 120 participants were categorized into sedentary (n=60) and physically active (n=60) groups via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Venous blood was collected to analyze platelet count, mean platelet volume, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, plateletcrit, platelet distribution width, and platelet-large cell ratio, and to prepare the L-PRF. Concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were determined using ELISA. Results Metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values were significantly higher in the active group (p<0.001). Conversely, VEGF, TGF-β, and PDGF levels were significantly higher in the sedentary group (p<0.001). Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were also significantly higher in active individuals (p=0.025 and p=0.040, respectively). A significant moderate negative correlation was found between MET values and concentrations of VEGF, TGF-β, and PDGF (r=−0.33, r=−0.33, and r=−0.31, respectively; p<0.01). Multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, periodontal parameters, and hematological variables, confirmed that Total MET constituted an independent negative predictor of all growth factors (all p<0.001), whereas periodontal indices showed no significant independent associations. Sex-stratified analyses and interaction models showed that the association between physical activity and growth factor levels was significantly sex dependent (MET × sex interaction: all p<0.05), with stronger effects in women. Conclusions Physical activity seems to be associated with variations in growth factor levels in L-PRF, suggesting that individual physiological status may influence the biological composition of autologous platelet concentrates.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: International physical activity questionnaire
  topic: keywords
subject: Growth factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: PRF
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelets
  topic: keywords
creator: Elif Yucel
creator: Meltem Karsiyaka Hendek
creator: Hakan Yapici
creator: Mehmet Gulu
creator: Osman Caglayan
creator: Ebru Olgun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: e20260128
ending page: e20260128
doi: 10.1590/

Evaluation of the early effects of peptide-containing agents in sensitivity treatment regarding their structural, morphological, and elemental changes in dentin tissue and their penetration efficacy
type: item
description: Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various therapeutic agents on dentin tissue in the management of dentin hypersensitivity. Methodology Overall, 30 caries-free human third molars were sectioned into dentin specimens (n=120) and randomly assigned to control or treatment groups (Curodont™ D’Senz, PRG Barrier Coat, and Curodont™ Repair). After 24 h of artificial saliva storage, dentin microhardness, surface morphology, open dentin tubule count, elemental composition, and penetration depth were evaluated using Vickers microhardness testing, SEM/EDS, and CLSM. Statistical analyses were conducted with a 0.05 significance level. Results The microhardness measurements showed a statistically significant increase in all groups in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), with no significant differences between the treated groups (p>0.05). EDS analysis showed statistically significant differences between the groups, with the highest calcium and phosphorus levels observed in the PRG Barrier Coat group (p<0.05). SEM analysis showed that the PRG Barrier Coat treatment resulted in the most extensive tubule occlusion and the smallest open tubule diameters (p<0.05). Curodont™ D'Senz and PRG Barrier Coat showed the most significant tubule penetration depths and the highest laser fluorescence values, as per CLSM analyses (p<0.001). Conclusion The findings suggested that the tested materials may occlude dentinal tubules and penetrate dentin to varying extents, with PRG Barrier Coat showing the most pronounced effect. Self-assembling peptide-based agents show limited short-term efficacy but offer potential for biomimetic remineralization.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dentin hypersensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Biofunctional materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-assembling peptides
  topic: keywords
subject: SPRG
  topic: keywords
creator: Tugba Ozdemir
creator: Selcuk Savas
creator: Ebru Kucukyilmaz Izgi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: e20260127
ending page: e20260127
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2026-0127

Dynamics of oropharyngeal structures during respiration with the volume-altered tongue base of minipigs
type: item
description: Objective This study aimed to analyze the functional adaptations of tongue base volumetric enlargement and reduction on the kinematics of oropharyngeal structures during respiration in a minipig model. Methodology Six same-sex sibling pairs of 8-to-9-month-old Yucatan minipigs were studied. Of each pair, one was diet-induced obese with a BMI>50 (obesity-associated volume enlargement) while the other was normal-weight and underwent partial ablation of the tongue base volume (volume-reduction). Real-time X-ray video fluoroscopic images (30 frames/s) were recorded under sedation, at baseline (before surgery) and 5 weeks postoperatively. Selected landmarks of the soft palate, epiglottis, tongue base, and pharyngeal wall were digitized frame by frame for 25–30 respiratory cycles. Directional movements and distance changes of these oropharyngeal structures were analyzed within the defined coordinate system using video-analysis software. Correlations between areas of airway spaces during respiration and biometric measurements of the dissected tongue at week 5 were included. Results During respiratory phases, movement distances of the soft palate and the pharyngeal wall were significantly larger in the volume-reduced group than in the volume-enlarged group at baseline (p<0.05). These moving distances were also larger compared to those of the volume-enlarged group at both time points. Similarly, distance changes during inspiration between structures (soft palate-pharyngeal wall, soft palate-tongue base, and epiglottis-pharyngeal wall) were significantly larger at week 5 than at baseline (p<0.05) in both groups. Positive correlations during respiratory phases were detected between tongue volume and velopharyngeal width in the volume-reduced group (r=0.86, p<0.05). Negative correlations occurred between retromolar space area and tongue thickness in the volume-enlarged group (r=−0.9, p<0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that oropharyngeal spatial dynamics are enhanced in …
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oropharynx
  topic: keywords
subject: Tongue Base
  topic: keywords
subject: Videofluoroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Respiration
  topic: keywords
subject: Minipig
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Geradze
creator: Doris Haydee Rosero Salazar
creator: Phuc Hoang Nguyen
creator: Zi-Jun Liu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nino Geradze, Doris Haydee Rosero Salazar, Phuc Hoang Nguyen, Zi-Jun Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0722
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0722

Hormone therapy and psychosocial factors in menopausal women with painful TMD: a pilot cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Introduction: Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a musculoskeletal condition prevalent in women, especially during menopause. This phase of life is marked by decreased estrogen levels, which can exacerbate pain and psychosocial symptoms. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between menopause with and without hormone replacement therapy, grade of chronic pain, jaw functional limitations, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in women with painful TMD. Methodology: This exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with 45 women diagnosed with painful TMD, divided into three groups: women with regular menstrual cycles (RMC, n=15), women in menopause without hormone replacement therapy (M, n=14), and women in menopause with hormone replacement therapy (MWH, n=16). The evaluation was conducted using the following instruments: the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS-2), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-8), and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (B-PCS). The data were analyzed descriptively using Jamovi software (version 2.3.21). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA). Tukey's post-hoc test was used to identify differences between groups. The significance level adopted for all analyses was 5%. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.0 years (±13.7). The overlap between muscle and joint disorders was most prevalent among the groups. The interference score was significantly lower in the MWH group (p=0.003), as was also the case with depressive symptoms (p<0.001) and anxious symptoms (p=0.012). Conclusion: The findings highlight the association between menopause, especially with hormone replacement therapy, and emotional and psychosocial aspects related to pain, with lower scores for interference with daily activities, depression, anxiety, and fewer catastrophic thoughts about pain.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Menopause.
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychosocial effects of the disease
  topic: keywords
creator: Lays Nóbrega Gomes Farias
creator: Raimundo Euzébio da Costa Neto
creator: Mayara Abreu Pinheiro
creator: Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: e20250586
ending page: e20250586
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0586

Molecular alterations in MAPK/ERK, β-Catenin/Wnt, and PI3K/mTOR pathways in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
type: item
description: Background Previous studies have suggested that tumorigenesis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) may involve the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway. However, research on other oncogenic signaling pathways in AOT remains limited. Objective This study aimed to investigate gene mutations (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA)) and their associated protein expressions (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2), β-catenin, and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)) in AOT cases. The association between gene mutations and protein expression was also examined. Methodology In total, eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded AOT tissue samples were manually micro-dissected for DNA extraction. Polymerase chain reaction was performed. Positive samples underwent DNA sequencing. Mutations were analyzed in KRAS exon 2 (codons 12 and 13), CTNNB1 exon 3 (codons 32-45), and PIK3CA exon 9 (codons 542-549). Protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results KRAS mutations (specifically G12R and G12V) were detected in three of the eight cases (37.5%). CTNNB1 mutation (T42I) was identified in one of six cases (16.7%), whereas no PIK3CA mutation was observed. Moreover, moderate expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-mTOR were found in tumor cells of AOT. β-catenin accumulation was detected in seven cases (87.5%), predominantly showing membranous and cytoplasmic localization with no nuclear β-catenin expression. Statistical analysis indicated no association between gene mutations and protein expression. Conclusions KRAS mutations and p-ERK1/2 expression support a potential role of MAPK/ERK signaling in AOT pathogenesis. The absence of PIK3CA mutations despite p-mTOR expression may in part suggest mutation-independent activation of the PI3K/m…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
  topic: keywords
subject: KRAS
  topic: keywords
subject: CTNNB1
  topic: keywords
subject: PIK3CA
  topic: keywords
subject: β-catenin
  topic: keywords
subject: p-mTOR
  topic: keywords
subject: p-ERK1/2
  topic: keywords
creator: Jintana Pankam
creator: Puangwan Lapthanasupkul
creator: Nakarin Kitkumthorn
creator: Siribang-on Piboonniyom Khovidhunkit
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: e20260073
ending page: e20260073
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2026-0073

Time-series trends and regional disparities in complete denture production in Brazil (2000–2023)
type: item
description: Introduction Tooth loss remains a public health problem in Brazil, reflecting social inequality, population aging, and limited access to oral rehabilitation. For many individuals, complete dentures (CD) are the only option available free of charge through the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). However, nationwide assessments of service delivery and regional equity in prosthetic rehabilitation are limited. Objective To quantify national trends and regional disparities in CD production within the SUS and examine how prosthetic output relates to demographic, socioeconomic, and infrastructure indicators using the most recent data available. Methodology This ecological-analytical time-series study used open data from the SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS). The analysis included maxillary and mandibular CD procedures recorded between 2000 and 2022, representing the most recent consolidated period for temporal modeling, and a state-level snapshot for 2023 to describe the latest correlational scenario. Production rates were standardized per 100,000 inhabitants. Temporal trends were analyzed using segmented linear regression to estimate the average annual percent change (AAPC), which summarizes overall long-term changes in complete denture production, and to identify inflection points. Correlations between CD production and demographic or socioeconomic indicators were tested using Spearman’s rho (α = 0.05). Results Between 2000 and 2022, a total of 5,239,089 complete dentures were delivered through the Brazilian Unified Health System. CD production increased significantly nationwide from 2000 to 2022 (AAPC = 9.7%; 95% CI: 4.8–14.9), a relatively high annual growth rate for public health service expansion, with the steepest rise between 2006 and 2014 (AAPC = 29.2%; 95% CI: 18.6–40.7). Regional trends varied across the country, with the highest growth observed in the Northeast (AAPC = 16.4%; 95% CI: 11.7–21.3), followed by the North (AAPC =…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Complete denture
  topic: keywords
subject: Interrupted time series analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health dentistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Health services accessibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Eduarda Broering da Silva
creator: Henrique Souza dos Santos
creator: Juliana Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
creator: Paulo Roberto Barbato
creator: Maurício Malheiros Badaró
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: e20250779
ending page: e20250779
doi: 10.1590/10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0779

Expression of p53, Ki-67, sox-2, oct-4, and NANOG in the tongue and trachea of Swiss mice exposed to narghile smoke
type: item
description: Introduction: Narghile (waterpipe) tobacco use has increased worldwide, partly due to limited awareness of its harmful effects. Despite the widespread misconception that the water filters toxic substances, the chemical composition of narghile smoke is comparable to that of cigarette smoke. However, its effects on airway tissues remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical profiles of the tongue and trachea in Swiss mice exposed to narghile smoke. Methodology: Sixty animals were divided into six groups: a control group (0 days) and experimental groups exposed daily to narghile smoke for seven, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. After euthanasia, tongue and tracheal tissues were collected for histological (hematoxylin and eosin staining) and immunohistochemical analyses of NANOG, OCT-4, SOX-2 (neoplastic stem cell markers), Ki-67, and p53 in epithelial cells. Results: Histological evaluation revealed cytological and architectural alterations in the tongue, suggestive of early dysplastic changes. In the trachea, early metaplastic modifications were observed, including cilia loss, epithelial hyperplasia, and mild keratinization. These changes increased with longer exposure duration. Immunohistochemical analysis showed greater expression of NANOG, OCT-4, SOX-2, and p53, peaking at 30 days, whereas Ki-67 expression peaked at 90 days. Elevated p53 levels suggest alterations in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Conclusion: Narghile smoke induced histological and molecular changes in the tongue and tracheal epithelium of mice, indicating a potential carcinogenic effect. Further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations are warranted to validate these biomarkers and better elucidate the biological effects of narghile smoke exposure.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Narghile
  topic: keywords
subject: Carcinogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Tongue
  topic: keywords
subject: Trachea
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah Freygang Mendes Pilati
creator: Filipe Ivan Daniel
creator: Paulo Vinicius Fontanella Pilati
creator: Mariana Hornung Marins
creator: Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues
creator: Filipe Modolo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Freygang Mendes Pilati, Filipe Ivan Daniel, Paulo Vinicius Fontanella Pilati, Mariana Hornung Marins, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues, Filipe Modolo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0839
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0839

Modulation of TLR4, hBD-2, and hBD-3 expression and hepatic tissue response by systemic probiotics in experimental apical periodontitis in rats
type: item
description: Apical periodontitis is characterized by a robust inflammatory response and activation of innate immunity. Probiotics have been proposed as modulators of this response, but their local and systemic effects remain unclear. Objective To evaluate whether systemic supplementation with L. rhamnosus LR-04 and L. acidophilus LA-14 modulates the expression of TLR4, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in a rat model of experimental apical periodontitis (AP), and to assess potential histopathological alterations in the liver. Methodology Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n=8): control (AP + water), AP + L. rhamnosus LR-04, and AP + L. acidophilus LA-14. AP was induced by exposing the pulp chambers of the first mandibular molars for 30 days. From the day of induction, probiotics (109 CFU/day via oral gavage) or water (control) were administered daily. After 30 days, the rats were euthanized. Mandibles were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of hBD-2, hBD-3, and TLR4 expression, which was assessed semi-quantitatively. Liver samples were collected, fixed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological evaluation of lobular inflammation, necrosis, portal inflammation, and fibrosis. Data were analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test at a 5% significance level. Results No hepatic histopathological alterations were observed in any group. Probiotic supplementation resulted in significantly greater hBD-2 immunoreactivity in periapical tissues compared to the control group (P<0.05). hBD-3 expression was significantly higher in the L. acidophilus LA-14 group than in both the control and L. rhamnosus LR-04 groups (P<0.05). TLR4 expression in periapical lesions was increased in both probiotic groups relative to control (P<0.05). Conclusion Systemic supplementation with L. rhamnosus LR-04 and L. acidophilus LA-14 enhanced the local immune response in apical periodontitis, as evidenced by upregulation of TLR4, hBD-2, and hBD-3, without induci…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Apical periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Toll-like receptor
  topic: keywords
subject: Beta-defensins
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver
  topic: keywords
creator: Leopoldo Cosme-Silva
creator: Renan Dal-Fabro
creator: Gabrielle Cabral Melville de Souza Tenório
creator: José Alex da Silva
creator: Edilson Ervolino
creator: Letícia Cabrera Copalbo
creator: João Eduardo Gomes Filho
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-22
publication date: 2026-05-22
starting page: e20250859
ending page: e20250859
doi: 10.1590/

Systemic toxicity assessment of tissue conditioners modified with nystatin and chlorhexidine in a rat model of denture stomatitis
type: item
description: Denture stomatitis is a condition that commonly affects the palatal mucosa of denture wearers. Recently, several treatments have shown promising results, including the addition of antimicrobial drugs to tissue conditioners. However, before initiating clinical trials, the safety profile of this modified material must be assessed. Objective This study investigated the potential systemic toxicity of a tissue conditioner modified with antifungals in a rat model of denture stomatitis. Methodology Male Wistar rats (N=59) were randomly assigned to the following groups: NC (negative control), SD (sterile device), DS (denture stomatitis), Soft (Softone), Nys (nystatin), Nys:βCD (nystatin:β-cyclodextrin), Chx (chlorhexidine), and Chx:βCD (chlorhexidine:β-cyclodextrin). Animals of all groups, except for NC and SD, wore a palatal device contaminated with Candida albicans for the induction of denture stomatitis. Rats from the Soft group had their devices relined with a tissue conditioner (Softone) with no drugs added, while devices from groups Nys, Nys:βCD, Chx, and Chx:βCD were relined with antifungals at their minimum inhibitory concentrations against C. albicans SC5314 (32 mg, 36 mg, 64 mg, and 46 mg for each gram of tissue conditioner, respectively). Four days after treatment, the animals had their blood collected for biochemical analyses and had their livers, lungs, stomachs, and kidneys removed for histopathological and enzymatic analyses. Results No significant renal, gastric, or pulmonary changes were detected. Some rats from groups Nys, Nys:βCD, Chx, and Chx:βCD presented vacuolation of hepatocytes, although this is not necessarily a sign of hepatic damage. However, the livers of the Chx group presented higher myeloperoxidase activity when compared to the NC, SD, and DS groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that incorporating Nys, Nys:βCD, and Chx:βCD into this tissue conditioner may represent a safe option for denture stomatitis treatment.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Denture stomatitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental tissue conditioning
  topic: keywords
subject: Chlorhexidine
  topic: keywords
subject: Nystatin
  topic: keywords
subject: beta-Cyclodextrins
  topic: keywords
creator: Gustavo Simão Moraes
creator: Thaís Albach
creator: Carolina Yoshi Campos Sugio
creator: Victoria Schlumberger Cachoeira
creator: Falyne Kiratcz
creator: Eduardo Bauml Campagnoli
creator: Fabio André Dos Santos
creator: Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
creator: Vanessa Migliorini Urban
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-22
publication date: 2026-05-22
starting page: e20250811
ending page: e20250811
doi: 10.1590/

Salivary cotinine and S100A8/A9 levels in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
type: item
description: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) poses significant risks to children’s oral health by inducing oxidative stress and triggering inflammatory responses. Even in the absence of clinically evident oral inflammation, early biological changes can be detected in children exposed to ETS. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate salivary cotinine and S100A8/A9 levels in children exposed to ETS and to examine the relationship between exposure intensity and inflammatory biomarker expression. Methodology This observational case-control study included 150 systemically healthy children aged 6–12 years. ETS exposure was determined using parent-reported questionnaires. Clinical parameters, including plaque index, gingival index, and probing pocket depth, were recorded. Unstimulated saliva samples were analyzed for cotinine, S100A8, and S100A9 using ELISA kits. Group comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test, and correlations were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results ETS-exposed and non-exposed groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene habits, or clinical periodontal parameters (p>0.05). However, salivary cotinine, S100A8, and S100A9 levels were significantly higher in ETS-exposed children (p<0.05). Cotinine demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with S100A8, while its correlation with S100A9 was weak and non-significant. Exposure intensity was positively associated with cotinine and S100A8 levels, but not with S100A9. Conclusion ETS exposure in children is associated with early biochemical signs of inflammation, even in the absence of clinically detectable periodontal changes. Elevated salivary cotinine and S100A8 levels highlight the potential utility of salivary biomarkers for identifying subclinical effects of passive smoking. These findings underscore the importance of interventions aimed at reducing children’s exposure to ETS to prot…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotinine
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Smoking
  topic: keywords
creator: Arzu Kockanat
creator: Sukran Acipinar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: e20250840
ending page: e20250840
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0840

Polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles promote differential remineralization and reinforcement of demineralized dentin
type: item
description: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained relevance in restorative dentistry due to their antimicrobial and remineralizing properties. However, the role of AgNPs functionalized with different polyphenols in dentin remineralization remains insufficiently understood. Objectives This study aimed to synthesize and characterize AgNPs functionalized with crosslinking polyphenols extracted from grape seed extract (GSE) and green tea leaves (GT), and to evaluate their biocompatibility and their effects on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of demineralized dentin. Methodology AgNPs were characterized by TEM, XRD, TGA, and zeta potential analysis to determine particle morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and surface charge. Biocompatibility was assessed using fibroblast cytotoxicity assays. In total, 40 human mid-coronal dentin specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10): Control- (sound dentin), Control+ (pH-cycled dentin without treatment), AgGSE (pH-cycled + AgGSE, 1 min), and AgGT (pH-cycled + AgGT, 1 min). Treated dentin was analyzed by ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and three-point bending tests. Results Both AgNPs were successfully synthesized and exhibited high biocompatibility. AgGSE demonstrated greater dentin matrix interaction, resulting in significantly higher flexural strength (p≤0.001). In contrast, AgGT induced pronounced remineralization with increased PO4/Amide I ratio (p=0.003) and CO3/PO4 ratios (p=0.007 by TGA; p=0.03 by ATR-FTIR), consistent with carbonated apatite deposition. Conclusions Green-synthesized AgNPs functionalized with GT or GSE promoted reinforcement and remineralization of demineralized dentin through distinct mechanisms of action. These findings highlight their potential as biocompatible agents for dental therapies.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Metal nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Tooth remineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Crosslinking reagents
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural strength
  topic: keywords
creator: Tattiana Enrich
creator: Santiago González-López
creator: Alejandro B. Rodríguez-Navarro
creator: María V. Bolaños-Carmona
creator: Carolina Cifuentes-Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: e20250848
ending page: e20250848
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0848

Statin-loaded carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoemulsion controls matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity to enhance post-orthodontic stability in rats
type: item
description: Background The persistence of periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone remodeling following appliance removal is a key factor in orthodontic relapse, which is a significant barrier to treatment stability. In this study, a statin-loaded carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanoemulsion was evaluated as a local therapy to control relapse rate by modulating matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in rats. Methodology A total of 48 rats (n=48) were allocated to control, simvastatin, CHA hydrogel, or CHA–simvastatin nanoemulsion groups. Treatments were delivered intrasulcularly during stabilization, and relapse was measured at days zero, one, seven, and 14 post-debonding. MMP-1 expression in the PDL was assessed using immunofluorescence at the same time points. Collected data were evaluated using analysis of variance. Results Relapse occurred in all groups, with the highest relapse rate during early observation. At day one, the relapse rate was significantly reduced in treatment groups compared with the control, and the CHA–simvastatin group showed the lowest relapse rate (control 1048±20.20 vs. CHA–simvastatin 549.33±27.22 μmd−1; p=0.001). MMP-1 expression peaked at day one and was significantly lower in all treatment groups than control, with the greatest suppression in the CHA–simvastatin group (16.33±2.08 vs. 7.33±0.57 positive cells/field; p=0.001). By day 14, relapse rates and MMP-1 expression decreased across groups, with persisting advantages for the combined treatment. Conclusion Local CHA-simvastatin nanoemulsion decreased early relapse and downregulated MMP-1 expression in rats, suggesting a promising adjunctive strategy to enhance post-orthodontic stability.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Carbonated hydroxyapatite
  topic: keywords
subject: Matrix metalloproteinase
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoemulsion
  topic: keywords
subject: Relapse
  topic: keywords
subject: Simvastatin
  topic: keywords
creator: Ananto Ali Alhasyimi
creator: Niswati Fathmah Rosyida
creator: Pinandi Sri Pudyani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
starting page: e20260023
ending page: e20260023
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2026-0023

Comparison of root coverage by injectable-platelet rich fibrin in thick and thin phenotypes
type: item
description: Objective This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) using a submucosal injection technique for creeping attachment in thin and thick phenotypes with gingival recession. Methodology The study was designed as a prospective clinical trial. Participants were divided into two groups based on gingival thickness (GT): thin phenotype group (≤1.0 mm) and thick phenotype group (>1.0 mm). I-PRF was applied once a month to each gingival site using the submucosal injection technique, for a total of three applications. Periodontal parameters were measured at baseline (T0), nine months after treatment (T1), and 12–48 months after treatment (T2). Root coverage percentage (RC%) was calculated. Results Twelve systemically healthy, non-smoking patients (seven males and five females; mean age: 36.5±9.4), comprising 66 teeth, were analyzed. The primary outcome, RC%, demonstrated a statistically significant intergroup difference at T1 (p=0.032); however, this difference was not statistically significant at T2. In the thick phenotype group, RC% was 20.91±30.80% in T1 and increased to 31.40±30.92% in T2 (p=0.040). Conversely, the thin phenotype group showed higher RC% values at T1 (35.04±29.76%), which were not sustained at T2 (30.70±28.46%; p=0.355). Recession depth decreased in both groups at all time points, but this difference was not statistically significant. Keratinized tissue width showed a significant increase in both groups, from 2.34±1.08 and 2.73±0.95 at T0, respectively, to 2.89±1.17 and 3.28±1.12 at T1 (p<0.05). In the intergroup comparison, GT values were significantly higher in the thick phenotype group than in the thin phenotype group at T0 and T2, while no significant difference was observed at T1. Conclusion I-PRF application was shown to enhance RC% in both phenotypes. A significant increase in GT was observed in the thin phenotype; however, these increases in GT and RC% were not fully sustained during long-term follow-up i…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Injectable platelet-rich fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: Gingival thickness
  topic: keywords
subject: Gingival phenotype
  topic: keywords
subject: Gingival recession
  topic: keywords
subject: Root coverage
  topic: keywords
creator: Berceste Guler Ayyildiz
creator: Busra Terzioglu
creator: Seyma Eken
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
starting page: e20250702
ending page: e20250702
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0702

Comparison of root coverage by injectable-platelet rich fibrin in thick and thin phenotypes
type: item
description: Objective This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) using a submucosal injection technique for creeping attachment in thin and thick phenotypes with gingival recession. Methodology The study was designed as a prospective clinical trial. Participants were divided into two groups based on gingival thickness (GT): thin phenotype group (≤1.0 mm) and thick phenotype group (>1.0 mm). I-PRF was applied once a month to each gingival site using the submucosal injection technique, for a total of three applications. Periodontal parameters were measured at baseline (T0), nine months after treatment (T1), and 12–48 months after treatment (T2). Root coverage percentage (RC%) was calculated. Results Twelve systemically healthy, non-smoking patients (seven males and five females; mean age: 36.5±9.4), comprising 66 teeth, were analyzed. The primary outcome, RC%, demonstrated a statistically significant intergroup difference at T1 (p=0.032); however, this difference was not statistically significant at T2. In the thick phenotype group, RC% was 20.91±30.80% in T1 and increased to 31.40±30.92% in T2 (p=0.040). Conversely, the thin phenotype group showed higher RC% values at T1 (35.04±29.76%), which were not sustained at T2 (30.70±28.46%; p=0.355). Recession depth decreased in both groups at all time points, but this difference was not statistically significant. Keratinized tissue width showed a significant increase in both groups, from 2.34±1.08 and 2.73±0.95 at T0, respectively, to 2.89±1.17 and 3.28±1.12 at T1 (p<0.05). In the intergroup comparison, GT values were significantly higher in the thick phenotype group than in the thin phenotype group at T0 and T2, while no significant difference was observed at T1. Conclusion I-PRF application was shown to enhance RC% in both phenotypes. A significant increase in GT was observed in the thin phenotype; however, these increases in GT and RC% were not fully sustained during long-term follow-up i…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
doi: 10.1590/

Influence of impacted mandibular third molars on pathological changes on themselves and adjacent tissues across different age groups
type: item
description: Objective To investigate the effects of different types of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) on lesions in situ and on adjacent tissues at different ages. Methodology Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of 1007 IMTM cases were retrospectively analyzed. Associations between age, gender, impaction type, distal alveolar bone condition of mandibular second molar (MSM), IMTM-MSM contact status and occurrence of lesions on IMTM and its adjacent tissues were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test. Results MSM distal alveolar bone defects showed the highest incidence among all IMTM-related lesions (79.2%), followed by MSM distal external root resorption (ERR) (25.5%) and MSM distal caries (10.4%). Mesioangular (96.2%, p<0.001) and horizontal (95.9%, p<0.001) IMTM were associated with more severe bone defects and the incidence increased with age. IMTM-MSM surface-to-surface contact was significantly associated with MSM distal caries severity (12.5%, p<0.001) and distal ERR (29.5%, p<0.001). Inflammatory resorption of MSM distal alveolar bone was significantly correlated with MSM distal caries (47.1%, p<0.001), ERR (36.5%, p<0.05), distal alveolar bone defects (100%, p<0.001), and IMTM caries (14.1%, p<0.05). Study design followed the STROBE guidelines. Conclusion Mesioangular impaction, horizontal impaction, MSM-IMTM surface-to-surface contact, and MSM distal alveolar bone in a state of inflammatory resorption greatly affect lesions on IMTM and its surrounding tissues. These findings suggest the prophylactic extraction in young adults (18–25 years) with high-risk impactions, while recommending observation or cautious management for asymptomatic older patients without signs of inflammatory bone resorption.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Third molar
  topic: keywords
subject: Alveolar bone loss
  topic: keywords
subject: Cone-beam computed tomography
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaoyue Ge
creator: Yixiao Cui
creator: Ning Li
creator: Tianyang Lv
creator: Yuntong Liang
creator: Haochen Wu
creator: Yuxuan Gu
creator: Meiting Li
creator: Changkui Liu
creator: Yayuan Guo
creator: Kaijin Hu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: e20250677
ending page: e20250677
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0677

Expression of caspase-8 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related to ligature-induced periodontitis in rats
type: item
description: Aim This study aimed to evaluate the oral and hepatic changes, as well as the expression of caspase-8 in liver tissue damage, both associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Methodology A total of 16 female Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n=8): one received ligature around the first lower molar to promote periodontitis, and the other was the control group with no ligature. After the period of induction of the disease the animals were evaluated by clinical measures for periodontitis, euthanized, and the samples of gingival tissue, hepatic tissue, and serum were collected to the measurement of biomarkers for inflammation (myeloperoxidase), oxidative stress (glutathione, malonaldehyde, and nitrate [NO3]), liver damage and histopathological evaluation with immunohistochemistry for caspase-8. The data were expressed as mean and standard deviation for data with normal distribution or median and interquartile range for data with non-normal distribution. We used ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons of normally distributed data, and the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for non-normally distributed data. The statistical tests were performed with GraphPad Prism Software (version 5.0), in which a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Our study demonstrates that the group with ligature-induced periodontitis showed increased measurement of periodontal destruction, local and systemic biomarkers of inflammation as well as liver damage which we observed several hepatocytes with loss of conformation and steatosis in the periodontitis group. The histopathological evaluation evidenced the periodontitis-related steatosis and higher expression of Caspase-8 in comparison with the control group (p<0.0006). Conclusion Our study demonstrates the high expression of Caspase-8 in liver damage related to ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Apoptosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontal Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Felipe Rodolfo Pereira da Silva
creator: Victor Brito Dantas Martins
creator: Hélio Mateus Silva Nascimento
creator: Paulo Roberto Carneiro Gomes
creator: Nikaely Brandão Barbosa
creator: Vinícius da Silva Caetano
creator: Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
creator: Karine Duarte da Silva
creator: Any Carolina Cardoso Guimarães Vasconcelos
creator: Daniel Fernando Pereira Vasconcelos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: e20250717
ending page: e20250717
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0717

Can angiotensin II affect the inflammatory response of human dental pulp cells in vitro?
type: item
description: Dental pulp fibroblasts respond to various stimuli, including microbial agents, endodontic materials, restorative procedures, pulp protection treatments, and inflammatory molecules. Its inflammatory response to injury involves a complex set of mechanisms that have been increasingly studied for their roles in this intricate biological process. Among these mechanisms is angiotensin II (ANG-II), the involvement of which in inflammation has been shown in several pathological conditions via its local generation and action. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of fibroblasts from permanent and deciduous dental pulp to express inflammatory mediators when exposed to bacterial and inflammatory antigens. It also sought to assess the presence of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the potential modulatory role of ANG-II in this response. Methodology Fibroblasts were cultured from the pulp of permanent and deciduous teeth obtained from three adult and four pediatric donors with informed consent. Cells were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) either alone or in combination with ANG-II and, in some cases, with IL-1β. Gene expression of RAS components and various inflammatory mediators was analyzed by qRT-PCR. ANG-II receptor expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Results The results showed that both bacterial antigens and IL-1β significantly upregulated the expression of genes encoding key inflammatory mediators. However, ANG-II, either alone or in combination with other antigens, failed to alter the expression levels of these mediators. Conclusion These findings clearly show that ANG-II has no influence on the expression of inflammatory mediators by human dental pulp fibroblasts under the tested conditions.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pulp fibroblasts
  topic: keywords
subject: Angiotensin II
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammatory mediators
  topic: keywords
creator: Bella Luna Colombini-Ishikiriama
creator: Thiago José Dionisio
creator: Thais Francini Garbieri
creator: Rafaela Alves da Silva
creator: Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
creator: Vanessa Soares Lara
creator: Andrew Seth Greene
creator: Carlos Ferreira dos Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0822
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0822

Clinical and aesthetic outcomes of enamel matrix derivative and subepithelial connective tissue graft using the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique
type: item
description: Objectives This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the short-term clinical outcomes of the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique combined with three different regenerative approaches—subepithelial connective tissue graft (as the gold standard), enamel matrix derivative (as a donor-site-sparing alternative), and their combination (to explore potential synergistic effects)—in treating recession type 1 gingival defects. Methodology A total of 52 systemically healthy patients (aged 18–60) with 90 recession type 1 gingival defects were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: Group 1 (n=18; subepithelial connective tissue graft), Group 2 (n=19; enamel matrix derivative), and Group 3 (n=15; both materials). Primary outcome consisted of the percentage of root coverage at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included plaque index, gingival index, gingival recession depth, gingival recession width, clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue width, gingival thickness, wound healing index, probing depth, and root coverage aesthetic score. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months, and aesthetic outcomes were assessed at 6 months. Results All groups showed significant improvements in clinical parameters. Mean root coverage was 80.4% for Group 1, 76.2% for Group 2, and 73.6% for Group 3, with no significant differences among them. Keratinized tissue width significantly increased in Group 1 and Group 3, but not in Group 2. Mean root coverage aesthetic score values were 7.74 ± 2.35, 7.54 ± 2.39, and 7.62 ± 1.97, respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, including its short-term follow-up period and baseline differences in recession width, all three groups exhibited comparable clinical and aesthetic outcomes at 6 months. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT06504329
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gingival recession
  topic: keywords
subject: Graft
  topic: keywords
subject: Enamel matrix proteins
  topic: keywords
subject: Minimally invasive surgical procedures
  topic: keywords
subject: Subepithelial connective tissue
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatma Altiparmak
creator: Fatma Ucan Yarkac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0775
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0775

Parkinson's disease and Porphyromonas gingivalis levels
type: item
description: Neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with periodontal diseases. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the association between Parkinson's disease (PKD) and periodontitis (PE), including the quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the influence of different risk variables on this association. Methodology This case-control study included 172 individuals: 86 cases (PKD) and 86 controls (without any neurodegenerative disease). Participants underwent a complete periodontal examination (plaque index and probing depth), and clinical subgingival sampling was conducted to quantify Porphyromonas gingivalis counts. The association between PKD and PE was evaluated through univariate and binary logistic regression analyses. Results A high prevalence of PE (73.2%) was observed among individuals with PKD [OR=3.99 (2.00-7.59); p<0.001]. Variables that were significantly retained in the final binary logistic regression model for the occurrence of PKD were: PE (OR=3.23; p=0.003), mean P. gingivalis counts (OR= 3.39; p=0.036), lower number of teeth (OR= 2.21, p<0.001), low frequency of toothbrushing/day (OR=1.95; p=0.006), and bleeding on probing (OR=2.45; p<0.001). The significant positive correlations observed between P. gingivalis counts and clinical periodontal parameters were considered moderate to strong in individuals with PKD. Conclusions A strong association between PKD and PE was demonstrated, with risk increasing in parallel with the severity of periodontal involvement. Furthermore, individuals with PKD exhibited significantly higher levels of P. gingivalis compared to controls.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Case-control study
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurodegeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Parkinson’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Systemic inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Porphyromonas gingivalis
  topic: keywords
creator: Nathália Alves Gusmão
creator: Augusto Paixão Moraes Mateus
creator: Victor Bento Oliveira
creator: Rafael Paschoal Esteves Lima
creator: José Roberto Cortelli
creator: Sheila Cavalca Cortelli
creator: Fernando Oliveira Costa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0780
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0780

Cognitive and Orofacial Intersections
type: item
description: Objective. Despite emerging evidence pointing to a comorbidity between temporomandibular disorders (TMD), bruxism, and neuropsychiatric conditions such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), limited studies have explored this relationship in adult populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of painful TMD and self-reported bruxism in adults with highly consistent ADHD symptoms. Methodology. In total, 90 adult participants were divided into two groups based on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener, G1: individuals with highly consistent ADHD symptomatology (n=60), and G2: controls (n=30). All participants completed validated instruments assessing TMD (TMD Pain Screener), self-reported bruxism (OBC), anxiety (GAD-7), somatization (PHQ-15), perceived stress (PSS), sleep quality (PSQI), pain hypervigilance (PVAQ), and jaw function (JFLS-8). The chi-square test, adjusted using Bonferroni criteria for multiple comparisons, and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Results. A higher prevalence of women (p=0.006), South Americans (p=0.008), and individuals with low/lower middle income (p=0.0001) was found in G1. G1 showed a significantly higher prevalence of painful TMD (p=0.001) and awake bruxism (p=0.013) compared to G2. Participants in G1 also exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety, somatization, stress, poor sleep quality, pain hypervigilance, and jaw limitation (p<0.05). No significant differences in sleep bruxism were found between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion. These findings suggest a potential behavioral and emotional vulnerability to orofacial disorders in adults with highly consistent ADHD symptoms.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporomandibular disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Bruxism
  topic: keywords
creator: Arthur Alexis Valentin Caron
creator: Rodrigo Lorenz Poluha
creator: Marlon Ferreira Dias
creator: Dyanne Medina Flores
creator: Alfonso Sanchéz-Ayala
creator: Justin Durham
creator: Giancarlo De la Torre Canales
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0771
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0771

Apical delta filling with calcium silicate and epoxy resin sealers using different obturation techniques by microcomputed tomography
type: item
description: Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the filling quality of simulated apical deltas in 3D-printed tooth replicas using microcomputed tomography and comparisons of two obturation techniques and calcium silicate cement-based sealer groups. Methodology A single-rooted, straight maxillary premolar was instrumented and scanned by microcomputed tomography to generate a 3D model. Apical delta configurations were digitally created and integrated into the canal anatomy. In total, 40 translucent resin replicas were 3D printed and randomly assigned for obturation with one of four sealer groups (AH Plus Resin, AH Plus Bioceramic, Bio-C Sealer, and NeoSealer Flo). Following obturation, all specimens were rescanned, and a volumetric analysis was performed to determine the percentage of the filled volume in the apical delta region. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=0.05). Results The continuous wave technique resulted in significantly greater apical delta filling than the single-cone one regardless of sealer. For the single-cone technique, NeoSealer Flo showed the highest filling percentage (42.7±2.0), followed by Bio-C Sealer (28.7±1.1), AH Plus Resin (24.9±1.9), and AH Plus Bioceramic (17.9±1.0). For the continuous wave technique, Bio-C Sealer showed the most filling (66.2±2.0), followed by NeoSealer Flo (54.2±1.4), AH Plus Resin (45.9±1.5) and AH Plus Bioceramic (36.8±1.0). Conclusions The continuous wave technique achieved the most apical filling, with Bio-C sealer showing the highest performance. Bio-C and NeoSealer Flo achieved significantly higher filling percentages than AH Plus Resin and AH Plus Bioceramic under the single-cone technique.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: 3D printing
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium silicate cement-based sealers
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro–computed tomography
  topic: keywords
subject: Obturation
  topic: keywords
subject: Apical delta
  topic: keywords
creator: Washington Soares dos Santos
creator: Jefferson Augusto
creator: Angelo José Sócrates Torres-Carrillo
creator: Igor Bassi Ferreira Petean
creator: Antonio Miranda da Cruz-Filho
creator: Manoel Damião de Sousa-Neto
creator: Fabiane Carneiro Lopes-Olhê
creator: Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0744
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0774

Effects of highly leukotoxic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans associated with ligature-induced periodontitis on oral and gut tissues in male rats
type: item
description: Objective To evaluate the effects of gastric administration of the highly leukotoxic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2 strain (Aa JP2), with or without ligature-induced periodontitis, on periodontal and small intestinal tissues in a rat model. Methodology Forty-eight-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10/group): Control (CG), Periodontitis (PG), Periodontitis and Aa JP2 (PAaG), and Aa JP2 only (AaG). Ligatures were placed in PG and PAaG on day one and maintained for 42 days. After six weeks of twice-weekly gastric Aa JP2 inoculation, mandibles and small intestines were analyzed using stereomicroscopy, micro-computed tomography (CT), and histopathology to assess alveolar bone loss, trabecular architecture, inflammatory infiltrate, vascular congestion, goblet cell density, and villus morphology. Statistical analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Chi-square tests for group comparisons (p<0.05), as well as Spearman’s correlation test. Results PG and PAaG exhibited significantly greater bone loss compared to CG and AaG (p<0.05). Micro-CT analysis revealed reduced trabecular thickness in AaG (342.4±23.1µm) compared to PG (378.2±28.1µm) and PAaG (385.5±45.1µm) (p<0.05). PAaG and AaG presented higher inflammatory infiltrate scores (>751 inflammatory cells) compared to CG and/or PG (p<0.05). Elevated vascular congestion and/or goblet cell hyperplasia in the jejunum and ileum were observed in PAaG and AaG compared to CG and PG (p<0.05). Villus height (duodenum/ileum) and villus width (jejunum/ileum) differed significantly among groups (p<0.0001). Significant correlations were identified: the alveolar bone volume/total volume ratio was positively associated with duodenal vascular congestion (rho=0.738; p=0.037); the periodontal inflammatory infiltrate was positively associated with jejunal goblet cell counts (rho=0.704; p=0.007); alveolar bone loss was positively associated with both duodenal and jejunal villus height (rho≥0.762…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
creator: Gabriela Furian Trama Ferraz
creator: Camila Philipe de Araujo Camilo
creator: Ana Luisa Palhares de Miranda
creator: Mariana Alves Soares
creator: Carmelo Sansone
creator: Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
creator: Aline Correa Abrahão
creator: Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
creator: Carina Maciel Silva-Boghossian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0731
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0731

Effects of live and heat-killed Bifidobacterium lactis in rats with induced periodontitis
type: item
description: Background Probiotics and postbiotics have emerged as promising adjunctive therapies in managing periodontal disease. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 has shown antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in both experimental and clinical settings when administered orally. However, the systemic impact of this strain, independent of local oral effects, remains unclear. Objective To evaluate the systemic effects of live and heat-killed B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis, excluding direct contact with the oral cavity. Methodology A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=8): control (C), periodontitis only (EP), periodontitis + probiotic (PRO), and periodontitis + postbiotic (POS). Periodontitis was induced by placing a cotton ligature around the cervical region of the lower right first molar, inserted into the gingival sulcus. Treatments were administered via oral gavage for 30 days before and 15 days after periodontitis induction. Alveolar bone loss and periodontal parameters were assessed using micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histomorphometric analysis. Results MicroCT revealed that ligature effectively induced periodontitis, reducing BV/TV and Tb.N and increasing Tb.Sp and Po.Tot. Probiotic and postbiotic treatments did not improve outcomes. Bone loss was lowest in the control group, with no differences between EP, PRO, and POS. Conclusion Systemic administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 or its derived postbiotic resulted in no significant improvements in periodontal outcomes in this experimental model. Further investigations using integrative approaches are needed to better characterize the systemic effects of probiotics and postbiotics.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis
  topic: keywords
subject: Postbiotics
  topic: keywords
creator: Tainá da Silva Tricoly
creator: Thais Aguiar Santos
creator: Camila Lopes Ferreira
creator: Itza Amarilis Ribeiro Pinto
creator: Victoria Clara da Silva Lima
creator: Camilla Magnoni Moretto Nunes
creator: Ana Lia Anbinder
creator: Maria Aparecida Neves Jardini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0634
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0634

Hydrogel microarchitecture as a regulatory cue for in vitro odontogenic differentiation
type: item
description: Objective This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective, and easily reproducible strategy for engineering three-dimensional bioprinted GelMA-based scaffolds, designed with ordered macroporous and tubular architectures, and integrated microfluidic channels to advance structural and functional performance. Their geometric features were specifically designed to investigate how microarchitectural cues influence the mineralizing cell differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Methodology The scaffolds were fabricated via an indirect bioprinting process using resin molds, resulting in cylindrical structures with distinct grid or honeycomb surface architectures. Biomaterials were characterized for morphology, surface topography, porosity, pore diameter, and degradability. Biological performance was evaluated by culturing HDPCs for 21 days to assess viability, proliferation, and mineralizing differentiation (ANOVA/Tukey; α=0.05). Results Both scaffold designs exhibited interconnected porous networks, with the honeycomb configuration presenting significantly larger pores. HDPCs cultured on the scaffolds showed high viability and proliferation, with the honeycomb architecture promoting elevated ALP activity. However, the grid architecture more effectively influenced odontoblastic differentiation and mineralized matrix deposition. Conclusion Our findings highlight the impact of biomaterial architecture on cellular behavior and reveal the potential of this novel bioprinting approach for bioactive dentin regeneration in dental tissue engineering.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: GelMA
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogel
  topic: keywords
subject: Dentin
  topic: keywords
subject: Human dental pulp cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Regenerative dentistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Letícia Alves Martins de Carvalho
creator: Vitor de Toledo Stuani
creator: Isabela Sanches Pompeo da Berteli
creator: Thayná Souza Berteli
creator: Nicoly Gabriely Gonçalves
creator: Diana Gabriela Soares
creator: Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: e2025
ending page: 0607
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0607

The effect of Stage I-II periodontitis on the mechanical, structural, and biological properties of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin
type: item
description: Objective This study aimed to compare the mechanical, biological, and structural properties of a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membrane in periodontally healthy patients and those with periodontitis. A total of 30 individuals (17 men and 13 women) with a median age of 41 years were divided into two groups as periodontally healthy (control group) and as having periodontitis (test group). Methodology Blood samples were collected and centrifuged at 2700 rpm for 12 minutes. A tensile test was performed to determine the mechanical properties of L-PRF membranes. Elasticity-modulus, tensile strength, and stretch at rupture were calculated. Platelet and leucocyte counts and ratios were calculated. Fibril thickness and density were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. The comparisons between groups were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U test, and a p<0.05 value was considered statistically significant. Results In the comparison of the control group versus the test group, pocket depth (3.55 (1.59-3.97) vs. 1.52 (1.47-3.53)), clinical attachment level (3.11 (1.77-4.23) vs. 0.06 (0.05-3.68)), plaque index (1.63 (0.05-1.75) vs. 0.04 (0.04-1.58)), gingival index (1.55 (0.04-1.63) vs. 0.05 (0.04-1.49)), and bleeding on probing (56.25 (3.7-70.11) vs. 3.57 (2.67-47.12)) were statistically significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (p= 0.009, p=0.008, p=0.008, p=0.009, p=0.009, respectively). Elasticity-modulus, tensile strength, and stretch at rupture values showed no statistically significantly differences between groups (p=0.745, p=0.754, p=0.602, respectively). Fibril thickness and density values showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p=1.000, p=0.753, respectively). Platelet count and platelet and leukocyte ratio values showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p=0.754, p=0.600, p=0.142, respectively). Leukocyte count was found to be statistically significantly higher in the control gro…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leukocyte
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelet-rich fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensile strength
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarvar Ibrahimli
creator: Meltem Karsiyaka Hendek
creator: Kubilay Baris
creator: Ebru Olgun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: E2025
ending page: 0483
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0483

Bond strength in class V cavities: an in vitro study on beveling, universal adhesive strategy, and composite type
type: item
description: Cervical Class V lesions present restorative challenges due to their multifactorial etiology and complex bonding substrates. Objectives: This study evaluated the influence of marginal bevel, bonding using a universal adhesive (etch-and-rinse or self-etch), and the resin composite type (conventional or bulk-fill) on the bond strength of simulated Class V cavities. Methodology: A total of 80 dental fragments (7mm×7 mm×2 mm) were obtained from bovine incisors. Cylindrical cavities with enamel margins and internal dentin walls were prepared centrally in each specimen. Samples were randomly assigned to groups based on three factors: presence or absence of bevel, bonding strategy (etch-and-rinse or self-etch), and resin composite type (conventional or bulk-fill). Groups with bevel received a 1 mm enamel bevel along the preparation margins using a conical diamond bur. Adhesive and restorative procedures were performed following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Bond strength was assessed using a push-out test on a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α=5%). Results: Presence of a marginal bevel did not significantly influence bond strength. The etch-and-rinse bonding strategy resulted in significantly higher bond strength than the self-etch approach, and bulk-fill composites presented superior performance compared with conventional composites. Conclusions: Combining a universal adhesive applied with the etch-and-rinse strategy and a bulk-fill composite proved to be an effective approach for enhancing bond strength with enamel and dentin substrates. Beveling of enamel margins did not improve the bond strength of Class V restorations, suggesting that this procedure may be unnecessary when margins are in enamel. Avoiding beveling in such situations contributes to preserve sound tooth structure and supports a more conservative restorative approach.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dentin-bonding agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Cavity preparation
  topic: keywords
subject: Composite resins
  topic: keywords
creator: Felipe José Ribeiro de Melo
creator: Viviane Rocha
creator: Vivian Leite Martins
creator: Marcos Vinícius Salvador
creator: Adriano Fonseca Lima
creator: Andrea Nóbrega Cavalcanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: e20250608
ending page: e20250608
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0608

Comparative analysis of connective tissue graft versus ozone-enriched platelet-rich fibrin in the treatment of Cairo class I gingival recessions
type: item
description: Gingival recession is characterized by the apical displacement of the marginal gingiva, exposing the root surface and causing aesthetic and functional issues such as dentin hypersensitivity and cervical lesions. Subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) are considered the gold standard for root coverage. Recently, ozone-enriched advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its regenerative potential and biocompatibility. Objectives: To compare the clinical efficacy of ozone-enriched A-PRF and SCTG combined with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) technique to treat Cairo Class I gingival recessions. Methodology: This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial included 22 healthy patients (mean age 32.23±11.86 years, range 20–60 years), each with bilateral Cairo Class I recessions. Sites were treated with either CAF + SCTG (control) or CAF + ozone-enriched A-PRF (test). Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline, 90, and 180 days. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk, repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey, and Friedman tests (α=0.05) on GraphPad Prism 8.0®. This study adhered to the CONSORT guidelines for randomized clinical trials. Results: Complete root coverage (100%) was achieved in 13 of 22 sites (60%) in the SCTG group and in nine of 22 cases (43%) in the ozone-enriched A-PRF group. Both groups statistically and significantly improve over time in selected clinical parameters (p<0.05). The SCTG group showed significant gains in all evaluated outcomes, whereas the ozone-enriched A-PRF group showed significant improvements in clinical attachment level, recession height, recession width, and dentin hypersensitivity. SCTG more greatly increased gingival thickness (0.77±0.52 mm) and keratinized tissue width (0.81±0.95 mm) than ozone-enriched A-PRF (0.27±0.55 mm and 0.22±0.42 mm, respectively). Conclusions: Both treatment approaches effectively managed Cairo Class I gingival recessions. SCTG promoted superior soft tis…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Connective tissue
  topic: keywords
subject: Gingival recession
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelet-rich fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxygen
  topic: keywords
subject: Ozone therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Marina Pereira Silva
creator: Maria Ritha Veiga Colognese
creator: Carlos Augusto Nassar
creator: Veridiana Camilotti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
starting page: e20250565
ending page: e20250565
doi: 10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0565

Saliva liquid biopsy
type: item
description: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in the oral cavity, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Various proteins, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosing this disease. Objective: To evaluate the utility of MMP-2, MMP-9, and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) as biomarkers in diagnosing and prognosing OSCC. Methodology: This retrospective case-control study involved 60 cases and 30 controls from the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, part of the Colombian cohort of the InterChange/Headspace study. Saliva samples were collected using a 60-second mouth rinse with 10 mL of sterile saline solution, along with serum and oral tissue samples and clinical and sociodemographic data. MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 concentrations in saliva were determined using ELISA, whereas tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. MMP activity in saliva was quantified using a generic activity assay. Results: Salivary MMP-9 and MMP-2 concentrations were significantly higher in cases than in controls, whereas no significant differences were observed for TIMP-2. ROC curve analysis showed excellent discriminatory capacity for salivary MMP-9 (AUC=0.946; sensitivity=0.817; specificity=0.867), good performance for MMP-2 (AUC=0.708; sensitivity=0.717; specificity=0.633), and lower discriminatory ability for TIMP-2 (AUC=0.630; sensitivity = 0.617; specificity=0.500). Elevated MMP-9 concentrations were observed in 33% of the serological samples. The immunohistochemistry of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 showed differences between cases and controls. Conclusions: This study highlights salivary MMP-9 and MMP-2, together with MMP activity, as biomarkers of interest for OSCC that may contribute to the understanding of disease-related molecular changes detectable by liquid biopsy. While elevated salivary levels were observed in OSCC cases when compar…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck
  topic: keywords
subject: Matrix metalloproteinases
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2
  topic: keywords
subject: Saliva
  topic: keywords
creator: Sergio D. Cruz-Romero
creator: Ana Margarita Baldión
creator: José Antonio Hakim Tawil
creator: Alberto Escallon
creator: Paula A. Rodriguez-Urrego
creator: Paula Alejandra Baldión
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-03
publication date: 2026-03-03
starting page: e20250555
ending page: e20250555
doi: 10.1590/