The main objective of the Revista Leviathan is to offer a plural space for the publication of original works, reviews, research notes, translations and other important materials for the different branches of Political Science. The journal is aimed at researchers in Political Science, International Relations and related fields, such as Political Philosophy, Sociology, Economics and Statistics. With regard to publications, we do not make any distinction in terms of methodology, approach or institutional affiliation of the authors, and the texts are approved exclusively because of their originality and excellence. Except for occasional translations, all works published in Leviathan are unpublished and represent relevant contributions to the state of the art of Political Science and International Relations.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos: 1. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação. 2. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista. 3. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
A Brazilian-style authoritarian: what Political Science has to say about Bolsonaro’s election
This article analyzes Jair Bolsonaro’s 2018 victory in light of three major theses offered by Brazilian Political Science. The goal is to review the literature that seeks to understand how structural and contingent factors explain an electoral outcome initially seen as unlikely. It is based on three main theses: (1) “popular conservatism” among poorer voters, who identify with security and law-and-order agendas; (2) the “reorganization of the right,” involving parliamentary caucuses (evangelical and security) and street movements aligned with conservative values; and (3) “anti-PT sentiment,” according to which rejection of the Workers’ Party (PT) channeled votes to the opposing candidate, regardless of his platform. The conclusion highlights that each thesis illuminates specific facets of the phenomenon without overlapping. Finally, the text emphasizes that Bolsonaro’s defeat in 2022 reopens the debate on which dimensions of these theses remain valid and how they can continue to explain Brazilian electoral dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariana Falcão Chaise https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Olympe de Gouge and the limits of the citizenship in revolutionary France
This article examines Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizens [1791] in the light of its political context. To this extent, the article is divided in three parts: in the first, the writing of women in the context of the French Revolution is discussed as an effective political participation besides to other intervention strategies, although it was not considered legitimate by the public opinion, which defended a certain conception of “nature” in regards to women; the second presents the Declaration as one of the most attentive objections to the universalism of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen [1789], as well as a set of claims that stress inequality between men and women; in the last part, some methodological considerations are presented to position the work in a specific type of exercise of political theory, which considers the uses of the past. This article contributes to the acknowledgment of a specific dynamic engendered by the language of rights, through which revolutionaries extended autonomy to many social groups, but disallowed them to the women. Noticing their possibilities of political participation denied, the writing of these women pointed to the limits of the normative vocabulary of the period (“equality”, “universal rights”, “citizen”).
Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizens
Copyright (c) 2025 Roberta K. Soromenho Nicolete https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Normative problems in democratic theories: preliminary approaches
Reflecting on how different versions of the concept of democracy reveal the theoretical virtues and deficiencies of distinct interpretations of the ideal of fundamental human equality, the notion of political equality, the scope of democracy, and the relationship between democracy and the broader universe of moral reflection on various forms of human relationships. The underlying theoretical theses are: (1) that various conceptions of equality are normatively appealing, but it is theoretically impossible to combine them all into a single ideal of democracy or a single ideal of social and human ought; and (2) that it is theoretically advantageous to conceive that, analytically, not all areas of reflection on the ought should be subordinated to democracy as a value, regardless of the particular conception of democracy adopted.
Copyright (c) 2025 San Romanelli Assumpção https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A crise da democracia perante a pluralidade da Teoria Política: apresentação do Dossiê Teoria Política e Democracia - Parte I
A Parte 1 do "Dossiê de Teoria Política e Democracia" apresenta reflexões fundamentadas sobre os sentidos de tantas ameaças à democracia como as que vemos hoje. A partir de uma diversidade de olhares e perspectivas, destaca a centralidade da Teoria Política e reflete sua pluralidade metodológica e de abordagens, particularmente na forma como ela vem se desenvolvendo no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Nossa aposta é que os artigos e entrevistas aqui reunidos podem contribuir para ilustrar as diferentes maneiras (por vezes contrastantes e divergentes, por vezes complementares) pelas quais a Teoria Política é capaz de refletir criticamente e orientar nosso olhar sobre o fenômeno democrático, suas mutações históricas e as crises que ele enfrenta (ou não) na atualidade. Longe de ser uma fragilidade, consideramos essa pluralidade da Teoria Política como sua maior riqueza intelectual.
Copyright (c) 2021 Lilian Sendretti, Gabriela Rosa, Felipe Freller http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A política não está no objeto, mas na abordagem: entrevista com Bernardo Ricupero
Esta entrevista com o professor Bernardo Ricupero foi realizada em 18 de março de 2021, por videoconferência. Ele é professor livre-docente do Departamento de Ciência Política da USP, atuando nas áreas de pensamento político brasileiro e pensamento político latino-americano. Entre seus principais trabalhos publicados, estão livros como Sete lições sobre as interpretações do Brasil (Alameda, 2007), O romantismo e a ideia de nação no Brasil (Martins Fontes, 2004) e Caio Prado Jr. e a nacionalização do marxismo no Brasil (Editora 34, 2000). Na entrevista, Ricupero conta sobre sua trajetória de pesquisa no campo do pensamento político-social brasileiro e destaca como a universidade pública e o trabalho de pesquisa se transformaram nas últimas décadas. Enfatizando o caráter interdisciplinar de seu trabalho intelectual, reforça a pluralidade de objetos de interesse para a teoria política e aponta para o papel decisivo da área na crítica e no debate sobre as condições da democracia atual. O professor reflete também sobre o status específico do pensamento político produzido em um país periférico como o Brasil, indicando, na linha de Roberto Schwarz, que o ponto de vista periférico pode colocar em evidência aquilo que não se vê tão bem do centro do capitalismo.
Copyright (c) 2021 Felipe Freller, Gabriela Rosa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A dimensão normativa da política: entrevista com Álvaro de Vita
Álvaro de Vita é professor titular do Departamento de Ciência Política da USP, atuando nas áreas de teoria política contemporânea, especialmente teorias da justiça, teorias da democracia, tolerância e justiça internacional. Foi editor da Revista Lua Nova (1991-1999). É autor dos livros Justiça liberal: Argumentos liberais contra o neoliberalismo (Paz e Terra, 1993), A justiça igualitária e seus críticos (WWF Martins Fontes, 2007) e O liberalismo igualitário: sociedade democrática e justiça internacional (WWF Martins Fontes, 2008). Nesta entrevista, realizada por e-mail em 2021, o professor Álvaro nos contou sobre sua trajetória acadêmica na teoria política, sobre as diferenças intergeracionais no campo desde a sua formação, sobre a importância da teoria política para reflexão de questões públicas fundamentais e sobre os desafios da democracia brasileira.
Álvaro de Vita; Teoria Política; Democracia; Teorias da Justiça
Copyright (c) 2021 Lilian Sendretti; Gabriela Rosa, Felipe Freller http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Será que é possível pensar uma filosofia ou teoria política estritamente política? entrevista com Cícero Araújo
Cicero Romão Resende de Araújo é Professor Titular do Departamento de Filosofia da USP, atuando na área de Ética e Filosofia Política. Foi, durante muitos anos, professor do Departamento de Ciência Política da USP, onde teve um papel fundamental na consolidação da área de Teoria Política. É autor de A forma da República: da constituição mista ao Estado (WMF Martins Fontes, 2013), e lançou neste ano, com André Singer e Leonardo Belinelli, Estado e democracia: uma introdução ao estudo da política (Zahar, 2021). Nesta entrevista, realizada em 12 de março de 2021 por videoconferência, Araújo relata sua formação intelectual e sua trajetória acadêmica, da graduação em Física na Unicamp ao seu papel de destaque na estruturação da área de Teoria Política no Departamento de Ciência Política da USP, passando por sua militância política no movimento estudantil no final da ditadura militar. Ele comenta o tipo de teoria política com o qual se identifica, no cruzamento entre a história do pensamento político e o debate contemporâneo, discorre sobre sua busca atual pelo que é específico do campo político, para além das dívidas evidentes da Teoria Política para com a filosofia moral, e delineia os desafios da Teoria Política na conjuntura atual, entre eles a necessidade de voltar a investigar a dinâmica do capitalismo, em função das dificuldades enfrentadas pela perspectiva de introduzir valores éticos nas sociedades democráticas contemporâneas.
Copyright (c) 2021 Lilian Sendretti, Felipe Freller http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pragmatism and democratic theory: the non-instrumental value of democracy
The article discusses the current processes of democratic recession considering, on one hand, the minimalist interpretations in democratic theory, and, on the other, the pragmatist approach as developed by authors such as John Dewey, George Mead and Elizabeth Anderson. In view that authoritarian leaders have been eroding democracy through the institutions and enshrined rules of liberal democracy, it is questioned to what extent competitive perspectives – and a certain institutionalist political science – would allow us to criticize the dedemocratization undergoing in several national contexts. As an alternative, it will be presented the contribution of pragmatism to the rescue of the idea of democracy, which understands this regime beyond its materialization in institutional arrangements. It is argued that this position highlights the values attributed to democratic politics and characterizes it as a way of life based on a dialogic interaction that extends to different areas of social life. In this way, it would be possible to carry out both a critical diagnosis about the new authoritarianism and to think of ways to rescue democracy in its radical sense.
Copyright (c) 2021 Renato Francisquini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Occasion Parliamentarism: debates on the change of the government system in Brazil in crisis (2016-2018)
This article presents the debate in defense of the adoption of parliamentarism during the Brazilian political crisis (2016-2018). The analyzed space-time comprises the last months of the Dilma Rousseff government (2016) and the presidential term of successor Michel Temer (2016-2018). The study was carried out based on informative and opinionated content published by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo. Thus, the objective is to present as “voices” who participated in the debate on the proposal to change the government system on the pages of the periodical and its position on the topic. The results point to a closer relationship between the newspaper and center-right parties (PSDB and MDB) and names like José Serra, Michel Temer and Gilmar Mendes. As for the positioning of the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, we will see that at first the institution of parliamentarism was classified as a proposal for a political “occasion”, to later be seen as a “solution” to the political crises of the Brazilian Republic.
Political Institutions, Parties and Comparative Politics
Copyright (c) 2020 Diego dos Santos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Functions of law in non-democratic regimes of the twentieth century
An assumption, sometimes not outspoken, of those who allege a current crisis of democracies is that the overlap between law and non-democratic politics is unprecedented. They mention strategic uses of law as a tool for these regimes, as if in the past it had not been mobilized as well, and the phenomena experienced had occurred at its margins. This, however, is not a suitable account of the past. In the present article, I argue that classical authors from the studies on political transitions can help to consolidate a theoretical field on this matter, and that law, in their views, may have served at least four different and non-isolated roles in non-democratic regimes of the shortened twentieth century (1914-1989). The article is divided into four parts. First, I introduce the current topic and the non-explicit assumption of debates about the alleged crisis of democracies. Then, I expose the methodology and concepts employed by the authors discussed. Third, I outline a typology of the functions of law in non-democratic regimes. Finally, I conclude that such a typology may have further theoretical deepening and that current authors should turn to past discussions about law and the absence of democracy
Copyright (c) 2021 Marina Slhessarenko Fraife Barreto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
4-D analysis: a reflection on “bourgeois autocracy” in Brazil
The article discusses the concept of “bourgeois autocracy” as elaborated by Florestan Fernandes. Taking as a main reference A revolução burguesa no Brasil (1975), we seek to examine it theoretically and historically, as well as to raise some explanatory hypotheses regarding its abandonment in the Brazilian intellectual debate from the 1990s. Furthermore, it is suggested as some of his assumptions can collaborate to examine the contemporary political situation in the country.
Copyright (c) 2021 Leonardo Octavio Belinelli http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Something is out of order: the state of the contemporary democracy
This article intends to analyze the state of the contemporary democracy. For that purpose, the article first presents a brief conceptual discussion on democracy and political regimes of competitive authoritarianism. Next, the article uses the three dimensions of democratic consolidation proposed by Linz and Stepan (1996) — constitutional, behavioral, and attitudinal — to analyze its current dynamics. Then the text addresses the non-linear feature of democratic crisis and looks at possibilities for containing the problem. The article concludes that there are reasons for general concern, although the crisis’ impacts are different depending on the regime’s degree of democratic consolidation.
Copyright (c) 2021 Marcus Paulo Lisboa Barbosa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political representation in contexts of neoliberalism and austerity: possible analytical contributions from fiscal sociology
Based on political theory and empirical studies on the performance of contemporary democracies, this article aims to assess the hypothesis of the crisis of representation from a perspective oriented by political economy. Initially I present a review of the literature on political representation, quoting those people who stood out in the debate as Hanna Pitkin, Bernard Manin and Nadia Urbinati. After that I highlight some empirical studies on the dynamics of democracies today, citing the works of authors such as Peter Mair, Roberto Foa and Yascha Mounk, and more specifically I deal with democracy in contexts of neoliberalism and austerity policies, based on the writings of Colin Crouch, Donatella della Porta and Wendy Brown – among others like Colin Hay, who dealt with the phenomenon of depoliticization. The result of this exercise, from a standpoint informed by fiscal sociology, is that at least the classic works of representation theory leave in the background the growing asymmetry between representatives and those represented, and the high inequality between citizens. Thus, I suggest that it is necessary to bring these aspects to the foreground, to consider the political, economic, and social context in which the representation process unfolds.
Copyright (c) 2019 Sérgio Mendonça Benedito http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religion in the Democratic state: post-secularism and the Cooperative Translation of Religious Contents
The article concerns a bibliographic and conceptual analysis. It examines the concept of Cooperative Translation of Religious Contents, proposed by the philosopher and sociologist Jürgen Habermas, in his works that consider the relationship between reason and religion in the democratic state. I mainly use the works "Faith and Knowledge", "Dialectic of secularization: About reason and religion" and "Between Naturalism and Religion: Philosophical studies", published in Brazil, respectively, in 2013, 2007a and 2007b. We conclude that it is easier to extract from theory the “why” and “by whom” the translation could be established than the means for this feat. Translation, which should be the rule among parliamentarians and officials, is pointed out by Habermas as necessary in the pre-parliamentary space so that “possible truth contents” are not lost in the many voices located between the public sphere and state corporations.
Copyright (c) 2021 Roseane Lôbo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Term Populism in newspapers: An analysis of the editorials of Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo
The purpose of the article is to identify, through discourse analysis, the use of the term populism and populist in the editorials of the printed newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo referring to the speeches of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Jair Messias Bolsonaro. The discourse analysis of publications, in the period between 2003 and 2020, shows an inclination of newspapers to the concept, with a recurrent warning to the reader about the leader's performance and the elaboration of public policies, taking up historical political references. In the same way, it is identified that, within almost 20 years, there was a greater propensity of newspapers in relation to the use of the term in editorials, being recurrent to use it in the classification of the government and its president.
Copyright (c) 2020 Ana Luiza Antunes Soares Bessa, Edilaine Heleodoro Felix http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical polítical theory and Democracy: introductory notes for a debate.
This paper seeks to offer some introductory notes for a debate on the relationship between history and political theory. Assuming that the accumulation of historical scholarship is not enough to justify its importance, we affirm the idea that a historical approach to politics needs to be guided by the need to deepen the understanding of how we build the political experience that shapes the contemporary world. It is not a question, therefore, of a history of political thought, but of asking about the possibility and the foundations of a historical approach to political theory. But what does it mean, then, to talk about a historical political theory, and not just about the history of political ideas? What would justify belonging to a historical approach to the field of political science in general, and political theory in particular? The article seeks to indicate elements for understanding the importance of recovering the approach of historical political theory to think historical elements - concepts, languages, ideologies - of the political experience that results in the process of democratic development.
Copyright (c) 2021 Paulo Cassimiro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BETWEEN THE “WALL OF FREEDOM” AND THE “UNCONQUERABLE CASTLE”: THE JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION IN BRAZIL EMPIRE
This article aims to contribute to the studies dedicated to the Judiciary in the field of Brazilian Political Thought, investigating the place and role of Justice within the main political ideologies of Brazil Empire. The research will analyze the debates about the organization of the Judiciary ocurred during the construction of the Imperial State, investigating to how the subject appeared in the voices of liberals and conservators that disputed the directions of the country. Using the methodological tools offered by Michael Freeden's theory of ideologies, and the History of Political by Rosanvallon, the research will present the existence of two models of organization of Justice that competed and alternated from the 1830s to the end of the imperial regime. Such models, as will be seen, can be associated with the luzia and saquarema ideas, epithets that identify the Brazilian liberals and conservatives of the times of the monarchy. By shedding light on the structures that shaped the imperial judiciary, it will be possible to observe the relationship between ideas and political institutions. <div class="ms-editor-squiggler" style="color: initial; font: initial; font-feature-settings: initial; font-kerning: initial; font-optical-sizing: initial; font-variation-settings: initial; forced-color-adjust: initial; text-orientation: initial; text-rendering: initial; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; -webkit-locale: initial; -webkit-text-orientation: initial; -webkit-writing-mode: initial; writing-mode: initial; zoom: initial; place-content: initial; place-items: initial; place-self: initial; alignment-baseline: initial; animation: initial; appearance: initial; aspect-ratio: initial; backdrop-filter: initial; backface-visibility: initial; background: initial; background-blend-mode: initial; baseline-shift: initial; block-size: initial; border-block: initial; border: initial; border-radius: initial; border-collapse: initial; border-end-end-radius: initial; border-end-start-radius: initial; border-inline: initial; border-start-end-radius: initial; border-start-start-radius: initial; inset: initial; box-shadow: initial; box-sizing: initial; break-after: initial; break-before: initial; break-inside: initial; buffered-rendering: initial; caption-side: initial; caret-color: initial; clear: initial; clip: initial; clip-path: initial; clip-rule: initial; color-interpolation: initial; color-interpolation-filters: initial; color-rendering: initial; color-scheme: initial; columns: initial; column-fill: initial; gap: initial; column-rule: initial; column-span: initial; contain: initial; contain-intrinsic-size: initial; content: initial; content-visibility: initial; counter-increment: initial; counter-reset: initial; counter-set: initial; cursor: initial; cx: initial; cy: initial; d: initial; display: block; dominant-baseline: initial; empty-cells: initial; fill: initial; fill-opacity: initial; fill-rule: initial; filter: initial; flex: initial; flex-flow: initial; float: initial; flood-color: initial; flood-opacity: initial; grid: initial; grid-area: initial; height: 0px; hyphens: initial; image-orientation: initial; image-rendering: initial; inline-size: initial; inset-block: initial; inset-inline: initial; isolation: initial; letter-spacing: initial; lighting-color: initial; line-break: initial; list-style: initial; margin-block: initial; margin: initial; margin-inline: initial; marker: initial; mask: initial; mask-type: initial; max-block-size: initial; max-height: initial; max-inline-size: initial; max-width: initial; min-block-size: initial; min-height: initial; min-inline-size: initial; min-width: initial; mix-blend-mode: initial; object-fit: initial; object-position: initial; offset: initial; opacity: initial; order: initial; origin-trial-test-property: initial; orphans: initial; outline: initial; outline-offset: initial; overflow-anchor: initial; overflow-wrap: initial; overflow: initial; overscroll-behavior-block: initial; overscroll-behavior-inline: initial; overscroll-behavior: initial; padding-block: initial; padding: initial; padding-inline: initial; page: initial; page-orientation: initial; paint-order: initial; perspective: initial; perspective-origin: initial; pointer-events: initial; position: initial; quotes: initial; r: initial; resize: initial; ruby-position: initial; rx: initial; ry: initial; scroll-behavior: initial; scroll-margin-block: initial; scroll-margin: initial; scroll-margin-inline: initial; scroll-padding-block: initial; scroll-padding: initial; scroll-padding-inline: initial; scroll-snap-align: initial; scroll-snap-stop: initial; scroll-snap-type: initial; shape-image-threshold: initial; shape-margin: initial; shape-outside: initial; shape-rendering: initial; size: initial; speak: initial; stop-color: initial; stop-opacity: initial; stroke: initial; stroke-dasharray: initial; stroke-dashoffset: initial; stroke-linecap: initial; stroke-linejoin: initial; stroke-miterlimit: initial; stroke-opacity: initial; stroke-width: initial; tab-size: initial; table-layout: initial; text-align: initial; text-align-last: initial; text-anchor: initial; text-combine-upright: initial; text-decoration: initial; text-decoration-skip-ink: initial; text-indent: initial; text-overflow: initial; text-shadow: initial; text-size-adjust: initial; text-transform: initial; text-underline-offset: initial; text-underline-position: initial; touch-action: initial; transform: initial; transform-box: initial; transform-origin: initial; transform-style: initial; transition: initial; user-select: initial; vector-effect: initial; vertical-align: initial; visibility: initial; -webkit-app-region: initial; border-spacing: initial; -webkit-border-image: initial; -webkit-box-align: initial; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial; -webkit-box-direction: initial; -webkit-box-flex: initial; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: initial; -webkit-box-orient: initial; -webkit-box-pack: initial; -webkit-box-reflect: initial; -webkit-highlight: initial; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial; -webkit-line-break: initial; -webkit-line-clamp: initial; -webkit-mask-box-image: initial; -webkit-mask: initial; -webkit-mask-composite: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial; -webkit-print-color-adjust: initial; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial; -webkit-ruby-position: initial; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial; -webkit-text-combine: initial; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial; -webkit-text-emphasis-position: initial; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial; -webkit-text-security: initial; -webkit-text-stroke: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-x: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial; -webkit-user-drag: initial; -webkit-user-modify: initial; white-space: initial; widows: initial; width: initial; will-change: initial; word-break: initial; word-spacing: initial; x: initial; y: initial; z-index: initial;">
Brazilian and Latin American Political and Social Thought
Copyright (c) 2021 Ana Silva Rosa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tensions in the construction of a political and intellectual agenda: an analysis of Luiz Werneck Vianna’s trajectory
Focusing on the 1970s and the 1980s, this article investigates the social conditions that allowed for the elevation of Werneck Vianna to a prominent position in the Social Sciences, highlighting the extent to which his trajectory can be considered exceptional, and the inherent tensions related to the constitution of his political and intellectual agenda. In particular, biographical interviews and some of his works are mobilized in order to situate his trajectory in relation to different modes of intellectual exercise. It is argued that Vianna's trajectory can be characterized by his ability to successfully move between different intellectual configurations (both synchronously and diachronically); by taking place in a context of transition, which is strongly marked by the change in the relationship between politics and intellectuality; and by the establishment of sociability networks that involve both the political and the academic spheres- as well as the two main states of the federation.
Copyright (c) 2018 Marcelo Fontenelle e Silva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This is the most recent work of the Portuguese Historian Raquela Varela. The book, published in 2018, is based on a consistent political approach, from a class struggle perspective on the main historical events of the past 100 years in Europe.
Copyright (c) 2019 Rodrigo Francisco Maia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the quality of Brazilian democracy: the rise of Olavo de Carvalho as a reflection of political mistrust and lack of accountability
This article aims to understand the importance of the writer/polemist Olavo de Carvalho within a framework of recent politics in the country. Our hypothesis is that their radical ideas found fertile soil, at a time when there are currently major problems involving the quality of democracy in our country. Our analysis is an initial qualitative investigation. Thus, through the theoretical contribution involving the terms accountability and political trust/distrust, we will see how there is an ambivalence of Carvalho, as a public figure with a certain level of influence, regarding his adherence to existing democratic institutions. In which there is an element of radical criticism directed at existing institutions in the country.
Copyright (c) 2019 Mário Jorge de Paiva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Ariel to Caliban: Latin American identity in José Enrique Rodó and Roberto Fernández Retamar
The use of characters from The Tempest as symbols of Latin American identity has become part of the history of political and social thought in the subcontinent. In this article, two central works for the appropriation of these figures in Shakespeare's play from the early 17th century were analyzed: Ariel (1900), by Uruguayan publicist José Enrique Rodó and Caliban (1971), by Cuban writer Roberto Fernández Retamar. Although deeply connected to their writing contexts, both contributions went beyond their time and became central to the debate on the construction of a Latin American identity. In order to understand how this process took place, we examined Rodó's and later Retamar's works, seeking to indicate their differences and similarities. From this, it was observed how the conception of this Latin American identity was understood first as a synthesis of spiritualism with utilitarianism to be carried forward by the youth guided by the intellectuals, and later as an irreconcilable opposition between oppressor and oppressed, before which this intellectuality should take a stand.
Copyright (c) 2018 Isabella Meucci http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Through the mirror: machine, cinema and modernity
Abstract The aim of this paper is analyze the films Metropolis, Playtime, Matrix and Ela, and so articulate the language of cinema with the technological advances at modernity. Beyond this goal, this paper also aims identify how these technological advances had caused impacts in the reshaped society. The images produced by cinema have capacity to recreate the reality even in subjectivity plan. Key Words: cinema, modernity, machine
Copyright (c) 2019 Mariana Domingues da Costa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
La Australia argentina (1898): Roberto Payró’s patagonian utopia
La Australia argentina (1898), travel book written by Roberto Payró (1867-1928), a writer, socialist intellectual and reporter for the important Buenos Aires’s newspaper La Nación, portrays the Patagonia more than a decade after the Argentine Conquest of the Desert (1879-1885). Based on Geographical determinism and Frederick Jackson Turner’s “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893), Payró identifies an under appropriated civilizational potential in Patagonia, because of the extremely centralized political administration and the Spanish colonial heritage. Payró advocates for Patagonia’s modernization by the means of a greater political and economic autonomy for the region and the contribution of european immigration, especially anglo-saxon pioneers and settlers. Payró, moreover, shows a tight anglophile position, in a period marked by the vindication of the Latin Identity among Hispanic-American intellectuals, during the context of the Spanish-American War (1898).
Dossiê "Crise na América Latina: entre o passado e o futuro"
Copyright (c) 2019 José Bento de Oliveira Camassa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Marx Seminar", a Brazilian chapter of Western Marxism?
In the 1960s, Marxism went through a period of renewal in Brazil, as it served as the basis for a set of theses dedicated to the interpretation of Brazilian society, including those that were developed during what became known as the "Marx Seminar". Shortly before, this tradition had also undergone into a metamorphosis in Europe, a process that resulted in the consolidation of a new intellectual configuration - later named Western Marxism- composed by a generation of Marxist theorists who turned to philosophical work and lost the link with political practice. This work aims to make a brief meditation on the relationship between these two forms of Marxism: the one developed in São Paulo lands and the one established on the European continent. In order to do so, the focus of the analysis will be to problematize the notion that the Marxism carried out by the members of the Seminar would represent "the Brazilian chapter of Western Marxism", as suggested by some authors. Thereby, it hopes to reflect on the relationship between Western Marxism and Brazil and the paradox that runs through the history of Brazilian Marxism: that of having to be universal and particular at the same time, in view of the international character of the Marxist tradition, and the need to adapt its formulations to concrete national realities.
Copyright (c) 2019 Giovanna Henrique Marcelino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political trust and the quality of democracy: a theoretical debate on institutional performance
The objective of this article is to analyze if there is a relation between political trust and the quality of democracy, based on the theoretical debate of the institutional performance models mobilized by literatures. To achieve this goal, we conceptualize political trust and the elements that guide the level of political support expressed by citizens. Next, we focus on the specific dimensions of the quality of democracy in order to discuss what makes the performance of institutions, such as the National Congress and the Judiciary, good or bad. We rehearsed a theoretical approximation among literatures, considering some peculiarities of the Brazilian experience. We assume that the relationship between political trust and the quality of democracy rests on the similarity between the versions of institutional performance that are preferable in a democratic regime.
Copyright (c) 2019 Carolini Gabriel da Silva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Prima di tutto, antifascista”: Youth and anti / fascism in Gino Germani
The article analyses the ways in which the Italian-Argentine sociologist Gino Germani investigated the "problem of youth" in fascism. In order to do so, it brings together and studies (1) a series of articles produced between 1968 and 1978 in the context of a broader investigation around modern forms of authoritarianism (series 1), (2) a set of texts produced as an antifascist militant between 1935 and 1945 (series 2), (3) and a series of texts linked to an anti-fascist group, Giustizia e Libertà (GeL), close to Germani (series 3). With this kind of approach, interested in grasping some of the multiple echoes that, as threads, weave a problematization (in this case, the question of socialization in authoritarian regimes), we seek to enable the emergence of new questions and hypotheses to understand and explain Germani’s political-academical project.
Copyright (c) 2019 Ana Grondona http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Latin America so far from “God” and so close to the United States of America: US foreign policy as an obstacle to the development of South America in Eduardo Pradoe Manoel Bomfim
The present article seeks to point out the obstacles to the autonomous development of the South American continent, exploring the formulations of two intellectuals of Brazilian Social Thought: the Sergipe physician, Manoel Bomfim (1868-1932) and the jurist from São Paulo, Eduardo Prado (1860-1901). Both intellectuals pointed out in their first historical-sociological works: The American Illusion (published by Prado in 1893) and The Latin America: evils of origin (published by Bomfim in 1905) reflective elements pertinent to think of such dimensions (namely, imperialism practiced by the United States of America, together with the former colonies of European exploration in the south of the continent) as an element that in the past, although articulated with other elements constitutes an important explanatory key to reflect, certain internal maladjustments in these liberated republics of its first metropolises, but that never really were free of the threat neighboring to the north of the continent. In this sense, the central object of the article is to make a comparison between the postulates of both intellectuals whose reflections were developed in the first decades of our First Republic. In this way, his reflections on US imperialism guide us to elucidate similarities and differences in his reflections and to think critically about the possibilities for development in Latin America without external interference.
Copyright (c) 2019 Patrick Silva dos Santos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REMINISCENCE OF OSWALDIAN ANTHROPOPHAGIA
The Anthropophagic Manifesto of 1928 is the most radical cultural and political manifesto of the early twentieth century in Brazil. From the idea of anthropophagy, Oswald Andrade makes a critical analysis about the Western cultural heritage, whose opposition is directly related to the idea of ​​copying foreign culture to the detriment of the national culture, the copy/original binomial. In the Manifesto, Oswald explores the anthropophagic notion as a metaphor for the transformation of Western culture: swallowing what comes from outside and transforming it into something totally new; absorb the sacred enemy; escape from the dichotomies national/foreign, school/forest. The popularization of Oswaldian anthropophagy only happened from the 1950s onwards, bringing together the concretism of the Campos brothers, Glauber Rocha's and Joaquim Pedro de Andrade’s Cinema Novo, José Celso Martins Corrêa's Oficina Theater, the plastic arts of Hélio Oiticica, until finally ending up in the most popular of these movements: the Tropicália of Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil. The aim of this article is to explore the anthropophagic thinking of Oswald de Andrade in the Brazilian artistic and cultural scene from the Anthropophagic Manifesto to the Tropicalist Movement, as well as to show evidence of Oswaldian thought in the current Latin American political-cultural debate.
Copyright (c) 2019 Renato Xavier dos Santos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The social sciences against the "new" right progress in Latin America on the 21st Century
The problematization of the rights and the "new" rights in Latin America has regained vital importance in the present historical conjuncture. From the field of social sciences different theses on the novelty character (or not) of these sectors have been fertilized and a series of analyzes have proliferated. In this context, the main goal of this article is to provide a description and an analysis of the academic investments that address the "new" rights in Latin America in the 21st century, giving an account of the existing debates in order to investigate the nuclei of consensus and dissent on the subject. Throughout this article four structuring axes are considered: a conceptual matrix that rescues the relational and historically included condition between the right and left and the diada equality-inequality as a constitutive element of the distinction; the analysis of composition and representation of right wing groups; and the relationship between the rights and democracy. Finally, we will outline the progress towards a conceptualization of the Latin American rights of the 21st century and the discussions around its novelty.
The Latin American right in the 21st Century
Copyright (c) 2017 Monica Nikolajczuk, Florencia Prego http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRANSLATION from Taylor, Charles (2014) "Como definir secularismo"
Copyright (c) 2017 Fabio Lacerda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0