O colonialismo informal da Egiptologia: da missão francesa ao Estado de segurança
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v12i1p243-268Palavras-chave:
História da Egiptologia, Decolonialidade, EurocentrismoResumo
Esta contribuição é uma revisão crítica da história colonial da Egiptologia. Ele traça o desenvolvimento do campo desde seus primeiros dias sob o colonialismo europeu e a competição geopolítica intraeuropeia até o advento do controle egípcio nos tempos atuais. A exploração do passado do Egito antigo foi enquadrada como parte de uma missão civilizadora por meio da qual a Europa arrancaria o Egito das garras da dominação otomana e restauraria a terra à sua antiga grandeza, e também como um veículo para os interesses ocidentais no Nordeste da África. Por meio da Bíblia cristã e do antigo domínio grego e romano, o Egito foi posicionado como uma forma inicial de civilização ocidental, portanto, reforçando as reivindicações europeias sobre a área e possibilitando a apropriação da história egípcia. Estudiosos europeus, ao promoverem a ideia do antigo Egito como um paraíso perdido e paternalista, criaram uma estrutura ocidentalizada e um enquadramento e centro-ocidental para seu estudo, que ainda hoje inspira os padrões de produção do conhecimento, o qual pode ser identificado na produção acadêmica dos centros geográficos e nas línguas primárias em que são produzidos. Os egípcios, cada vez mais autônomos desde a descolonização formal na década de 1950, posteriormente adotaram e mantiveram as práticas estabelecidas quando o controle formal sobre o passado egípcio passou para suas mãos. As narrativas coloniais da antiguidade foram usadas para apoiar o turismo como uma economia vital e passaram a servir ao nacionalismo egípcio e à legitimação das relações de poder existentes, enquadrando a história egípcia como um contínuo do governo do homem forte. O artigo traça essa transição do colonialismo formal para o informal ao discuti-la a partir de conceitos descoloniais, tal como a matriz colonial de poder.
Downloads
Referências
Abou El Fadl, K. (2017). Egypt’s Secularized Intelligentsia and the Guardians of Truth. In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 235-252. London: Oneworld Publications.
Abul-Magd, Z. (2013). Imagined Empires: A History of Revolt in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Anderson, F. (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Vintage Books.
Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books.
Arnold, B. (1990). The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany. Antiquity 64:464-478.
Badiou, A. (2001). Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso Books.
Blakey, M. L. (1994). American Ethnicity and Nationality in the Depicted Past. In The Politics of the Past, edited by Peter Gathercole and David Lowenthal, 38-48. London: Routledge.
Blanchard, C. M. (2014). Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service RL31718. November 4. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31718.pdf.
Browne, H. (2007). The Frontman: Bono (In the Name of Power). London: Verso Books.
Burleigh, N. (2007). Mirage: Napoleon's scientists and the unveiling of Egypt. New York: Harper Collins.
Busch, H. (1978). Verdi’s Aida: The History of an Opera in Letters and Documents. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Carruthers, W. E. (2014). Egyptology, Archaeology and the Making of Revolutionary Egypt, c. 1925-1958. PhD diss., University of Cambridge.
Carruthers, W. E. (2015). Introduction: Thinking about Histories of Egyptology. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 1-15. New York: Routledge.
Chakrabarty, D. (1992). Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for ‘Indian’ Pasts?. Representations 37:1-26.
Challis, D. (2013). The Archaeology of Race: the Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie. London: Bloomsbury.
Cockburn, P. (2015). The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. London: Verso Books. EPUB edition.
Cohen, M. A., Küpçü, M. F. & Khanna, P. (2008). The New Colonialists. Foreign Policy 164:74-79.
Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Curran, B A., Grafton, A., Long, P. O. & Weiss, B. (2009). Obelisk: A History. Cambridge, MA: Burndy Library.
Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française: publiée par les ordres de Napoléon Bonaparte 1994. Köln: Benedikt Taschen.
Dettmer, J. (2014). U.S. Ally Qatar Shelters Jihadi Moneymen. October 12. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/10/rich-little-qatar-big-ugly-ties-to-terror.html.
Díaz-Andreu, M. (2007). A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doyon, W. (2013). Egyptology in the Shadow of Class. In Forming Material Egypt: Proceedings of the International Conference London, 20-21 May, 2013, edited by. Patrizia Piacentini, Christian Orsenigo and Stephen Quirke, 261-272. Egyptian and Egyptological Documents, Archives, Libraries 4. Milan: Pontremoli Editore.
Doyon, W. (2015). On Archaeological Labor in Modern Egypt. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 141-156. New York: Routledge.
Dussel, E. (1998). Beyond Eurocentrism: The World-System and the Limits of Modernity. In The Cultures of Globalization, edited by Frederic Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, 3-31. Post-contemporary Interventions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
El Daly, O. (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press.
El Shazly, Y. (2014). The Origins of the Rebellious Egyptian Personality. In Walls of Freedom: Street Art of the Egyptian Revolution, edited by Basma Hamdy and Don Karl, 6-8. Berlin: From Here To Fame Publishing.
Elshahed, M. (2015). The Old and New Egyptian Museums. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 255-269. New York: Routledge.
Elshakry, M. (2015). Histories of Egyptology in Egypt: Some Thoughts. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 185-197. New York: Routledge.
Fahmy, D. F. & Faruqi, D. (2017). Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, London: Oneworld Publications.
Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Groove Press.
Gady, E. (2007). Champollion, Ibrahim Pacha et Méhémet Ali: aux sources de la protection des antiquités égyptiennes. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists – Actes du Neuvième Congrès International des Égyptologues: Grenoble, 6-12 septembre 2004, edited by Jean Claude Goyon and Christine Cardin, 767-775. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 150. Leuven: Peeters.
Gallagher, J., & Robinson, R. (1953). The Imperialism of Free Trade. The Economic History Review, New Series 6(1):1-15.
Gange, D. (2015). Interdisciplinary Measures. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 64-77. New York: Routledge.
Gröndahl, M. (2012). Revolution Graffiti: Street Art of the New Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Habachi, L. (1977). The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the Past. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Haikal, F. (2014). Reflections on Turning Points: Egypt between January 25, 2011 and June 30, 2012. Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos.
Hamdy, B. & Karl, D. (2014). Walls of Freedom: Street Art of the Egyptian Revolution. Berlin: From Here To Fame Publishing.
Hamzawy, A. (2017). Egyptian Liberals and Their Anti-Democratic Deceptions: a Contemporary Sad Narrative. In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 337-359. London: Oneworld Publications.
Hassan, F. A. (1998). Memorabilia: Archaeological Materiality and National Identity in Egypt. In Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, edited by Lynn Meskell, 200-216. London: Routledge.
Hassan, F. A. (2003). Imperialist Appropriations of Egyptian Obelisks. In Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism, and Modern Appropriations, edited by David Jeffreys, 19-68. London: UCL Press.
Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991. London: Abacus.
Horbury, M. (2003). The British and the Copts. In Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism, and Modern Appropriations, edited by David Jeffreys, 153-170. London: UCL Press.
Hunter, F. R. (1984). Egypt Under the Khedives 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Isakhan, B. (2013). Heritage Destruction and Spikes in Violence: The Case of Iraq. In Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict, edited by Joris D. Kila and James A. Zeidler, 219-247. Leiden: Brill.
Iskandar, A. (2013). Egypt in Flux: Essays on an Unfinished Revolution. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Kandil, H. (2014). Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. London: Verso Books. Second edition.
Kershaw, I. (2008). Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Khalil, A. (2011). Liberation Square: Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Kokkinidou, D. & Nikolaidou, M. (2006). “On the Stage and Behind the Scenes: Greek Archaeology in Times of Dictatorship.” In Archaeology under Dictatorship, edited by Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 155-190. New York: Springer.
Korany, B. & El-Mahdi, R. (2014). Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Lampridi, A. (2011). Egypt's National Interest: A 'Sociology of Power' Analysis. PhD diss., Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2013/hdl_10803_117451/al1de1.pdf.
Laurens, H. (1987). Les origines intellectuelles de l’éxpedition d’Égypte: l’orientalisme islamisant en France (1698-1798), Istanbul: Editions Isis.
Meskell, L. (1998). Archaeology Matters. In Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, edited by Lynn Meskell, 1-12. London: Routledge.
Mignolo, W. D. (1995). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Mignolo, W. D. (1999). I am where I think: Epistemology and the Colonial Difference. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies: Travesia 8(2):235-245.
Mignolo, W. D. (2007). Delinking: The Rhetoric of Modernity, the Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of De-Coloniality. Cultural Studies 21(2):449-514.
Mignolo, W. D. (2012). Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Second edition.
Mitchell, T. (1988). Colonising Egypt, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, T. (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mondal, A. A. (2003). Nationalism and Post-Colonial Identity: Culture and Ideology in India and Egypt, New York: Routledge.
Morayef, S. (2016). Pharaonic Street Art: The Challenge of Translation. In Translating Dissent: Voices From and With the Egyptian Revolution, edited by M. Baker, 194-207. London: Routledge.
Moreno García, J. C. (2009) From Dracula to Rostovtzeff or: The Misadventures of Economic History in Early Egyptology. In Das Ereignis: Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund, edited by Martin Fitzenreiter, 175-198. Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie 10. London: Golden House Publications.
Moreno García, J. C. (2015). The Cursed Discipline? The Peculiarities of Egyptology at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by Wiliam E. Carruthers, 50-63. New York: Routledge.
Munzi, M. (2006). Italian Archaeology in Libya: From Colonial Romanità to Decolonization of the Past. In Archaeology Under Dictatorship, edited by Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 73-107. New York: Springer.
Negri, A. & Hardt, M. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Omar, H. (2015). The State of the Archive: Manipulating Memory in Modern Egypt and the Writing of Egyptological Histories. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 174-184. New York: Routledge.
Osterhammel, J. & Jansen, J. C. (2012). Kolonialismus: Geschichte, Formen, Folgen. Beck’sche Reihe Wissen. München: C. H. Beck. Seventh revised edition.
Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla. Views from the South 1(3):533-580.
Quijano, A. (2007). Coloniality and Modernity / Rationality. Cultural Studies 21(2-3):168-178.
Quirke, S. (2010). Hidden Hands: Egyptian Workforces in Petrie Excavation Archives, 1880-1924. London: Duckworth.
Quirke, S. (2013). Exclusion of Egyptians in English-directed Archaeology 1882-1922 under British Occupation of Egypt. In Ägyptologen und Ägyptologien zwischen Kaiserreich und Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten: Reflexionen zur Geschichte und Episteme eines altertumswissenschaftlichen Fachs im 150. Jahr der Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, edited by Susanne Bickel, Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert, Antonio Loprieno and Sebastian Richter, 379-405. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde Beihefte 1. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Reid, D. M. (1985). Indigenous Egyptology: The Decolonization of a Profession?. Journal of the American Oriental Society 105(2):233-246.
Reid, D. M. (2002). Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reid, D. M. (2015). Contesting Antiquity in Egypt: Archaeologies, Museums & the Struggle for Identities from World War I to Nasser. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
Riggs, C. (2013). Colonial Visions: Egyptian Antiquities and Contested Histories in the Cairo Museum. Museum Worlds: Advances in Research 1:65-84.
Roussillon, A. (1998). Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond. In The Cambridge History of Egypt 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, edited by Martin W. Daly, 343-393. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rowland, J. (2014). Documenting the Qufti archaeological workforce. Egyptian Archaeology 44:10-12.
Schneider, T. (2013). Ägyptologen im Dritten Reich: Biographische Notizen anhand der sogenannten Steindorff-Liste. In Egyptology from the First World War to the Third Reich, edited by Thomas Schneider and Peter Raulwing, 120-247. Leiden: Brill.
Selak, C. B. (1955). The Suez Canal Base Agreement of 1954. The American Journal of International Law 49(4):487-505.
Sharp, J. M. (2016). Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service RL33003. February 25. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf.
Shenker, J. (2016). The Egyptians: A Radical Story. London: Allen Lane.
Sheppard, K. L. (2010). Flinders Petrie and Eugenics at UCL. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 20(1):16-29.
Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
Said, E. W. (2003). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. Twenty-fifth anniversary edition.
The Cairo Post. (2015). Economic Conference Chooses ‘Key of Life’ as Symbol Last access May 25 2017.
http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/140850/culture/economic-conference-chooses-key-of-life-as-symbol.
Tyerman, C. (2006). God’s War: A New History of the Crusades. London: Penguin Books.
Walker, A. (2012). Indigenous Egyptology: How the Egyptian People Reclaimed Their Cultural Heritage. Last access March 22 2015.
Weizman, E. (2011). The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. London: Verso Books. EPUB edition.
Wente, E. F. (2003). The Contendings of Horus and Seth. In The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, edited by William K. Simpson, 91-103. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Winter, M. (1992). Egyptian Society under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798, New York: Routledge.
Woons, M. & Weier, S. (2014) (in print). Borders, Borderthinking, Borderlands: Developing a Critical Epistemology of Global Politics, Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.
Wynn, L. L. (2007). Pyramids & Nightclubs: A Travel Ethnography of Arab and Western Imaginations of Egypt, from King Tut and a Colony of Atlantis to Rumors of Sex Orgies, Urban Legends about a Marauding Prince, and Blonde Belly Dancers. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Wynn, L. L. (2008). Shape Shifting Lizard People, Israelite Slaves, and Other theories of Pyramid Building: Notes on Labor, Nationalism, and Archaeology in Egypt. Journal of Social Archaeology 8(2):272-295.
Žižek, S. (2009). First as Tragedy, Then as Farce. London: Verso Books.
Žižek, S. (2011). Living in the End Times. London: Verso Books. Revised paperback edition.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Christian Langer
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os conteúdos expressos nos textos publicados pela Mare Nostrum são de exclusiva responsabilidade de seus respectivos autores.
A reprodução dos textos editados pela Mare Nostrum é permitida sob licença Creative Commons, Atribuição-NãoComercial (CC BY-NC).
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
