Mare Nostrum es una revista sobre el Mediterráneo antiguo que desde 2010 publica el Laboratorio de Estudios en el Imperio Romano y el antiguo Mediterráneo (Universidad de San Paulo).
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
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Dying for a Drink on the Meroitic Frontier: Imported Objects in Funerary Assemblages at Faras, Sudanese Nubia
This paper examines the use of imported objects in funerary assemblages at the Meroitic cemetery of Faras in Sudanese Nubia (north Sudan). Excavated at the beginning of the 20th century by Francis Llewellyn Griffith (1862-1934), Faras was situated on the frontier between the Kingdom of Meroë (c.300 BCE – 350 CE) and Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt. Its location granted it access to wide-ranging commercial networks and imported objects were frequently utilised as grave goods. Drawing upon the author’s PhD research, this paper offers a nuanced assessment of how imports were selected and used in funerary practice at Faras. It disputes the traditional idea that the Meroitic frontier functioned as an acculturated buffer of the classical world and demonstrates that, despite centuries of material contact with Egypt, the people of Faras maintained a distinctly Meroitic identity expressed through local mortuary tradition.
Derechos de autor 2022 Henry Cosmo Bishop-Wright https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Uma Dádiva do Nilo? Mudanças climáticas, as origens da civilização egípcia e suas interações no Nordeste Africano
Os pesquisadores de hoje se deparam, basicamente, com a mesma paisagem que Heródoto testemunhou no Egito e no norte do Sudão, uma estreita faixa verde alimentada pelo Nilo e rodeada pelo absoluto deserto. Essa ecologia peculiar continua desempenhando um papel central em modelos interpretativos acerca das origens do Estado egípcio antigo que diminuem as conexões africanas daquela sociedade. Da década de 1930 até os dias de hoje, porém, um grupo de exploradores do deserto e arqueólogos vêm documentando que, desde o período neolítico, grande parte do Saara tratava-se vasta campina com lagos sazonais e, possivelmente, permanentes. Este artigo discute dados produzidos por pesquisas recentes, incluindo a UCSB Dongola Reach Expedition e o UCSB-ASU Fourth Cataract Project. Essas pesquisas apontam para a existência de relações entre as culturas nilóticas do Alto Egito, o Saara e a Núbia sudanesa, demonstrando como essas interações, em combinação com mudanças climáticas resultando na dessecação do Saara, contribuíram para o rápido aparecimento do Estado egípcio, que continuaria mantendo fortes conexões em todo o nordeste africano.
Derechos de autor 2022 Stuart Tyson Smith; Rennan Lemos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Derechos de autor 2022 Gustavo Junqueira Duarte Oliveira, Ana Paula Scarpa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introdução ao Dossiê A Antiguidade do Nordeste Africano
Derechos de autor 2022 Fábio Frizzo, Maria Thereza David João, Rennan Lemos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entre Egito e Azania: Conexões Afro-Asiáticas a partir do Périplo do Mar Eritreu
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os processos de contato e integração entre o nordeste africano e diferentes regiões da África e da Ásia, a partir, especificamente, de um texto anônimo do século I d.C. conhecido como Périplo do Mar Eritreu. Este documento, geralmente lido a partir de uma perspectiva romanocêntrica, será interpretado com base nos modelos analíticos da História Global. Com isso, espera-se mostrar que os portos egípcios do Mar Vermelho faziam parte de um ancestral sistema conectivo afro-asiático – do qual o Império Romano não foi o criador, mas sim um participante tardio.
Derechos de autor 2022 Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Egipto, Africa Nororiental y Oriente Medio durante la Edad del Bronce Temprano: Geopolítica e Intercambios
Egipto formaba parte de una tupida red de intercambios que conectaba Africa nororiental con Eurasia y el norte del Océano Índico durante la Edad del Bronce Temprano. Tradicionalmente se había supuesto que la monarquía egipcia había sido el motor fundamental de tales contactos mediante la organización de expediciones enviadas hacia los territorios vecinos, en busca de productos exóticos y preciosos. Sin embargo, las investigaciones más recientes revelan la importancia del tráfico de bienes modestos y la participación de actores privados, no institucionales. De ahí que tales intercambios no sólo no disminuyan tras la crisis de la monarquía a partir de 2160 antes de Cristo sino que incluso florezcan y fomenten tanto el aumento del tamaño de las ciudades como la intervención de poderes extranjeros en calidad de intermediarios y socios comerciales.
Derechos de autor 2022 Juan Carlos Moreno García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
La diaspora tras la campaña de salvamento de la Unesco: Su impacto en las poblaciones nubias desplazadas
Este artículo pivota entre el análisis de la acción de la Unesco durante la Campaña de Salvamento en Nubia, la gestión del patrimonio cultural (arqueológico, monumental, inmaterial), y el impacto que produjo la construcción de la presa de Asuán y la evacuación forzosa de las poblaciones nubias asentadas en la región. La historia de los desalojados a causa de la construcción de la presa, no ocupó tantas páginas de la literatura como lo hizo el rescate del patrimonio cultural sudanés y egipcio (arqueológico, histórico, epigráfico, artístico, etnográfico, etc.). La población contemporánea que ocupaba el territorio anegado, y que era heredera directa de los pueblos que habían habitado la región desde tiempos prehistóricos, pronto fue olvidada. Ocuparnos de ellos es lo que pretendemos con esta breve contribución. Ofreciendo algunas reflexiones sobre el pasado colonial, las interpretaciones con tintes de superioridad sobre el pasado de Nubia, las teorías arqueológicas postcoloniales, las nuevas prácticas arqueológicas: indígena, colaborativa, más la antropología de rescate.
Derechos de autor 2022 Salomé Zurinaga Fernández-Toribio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond the Nile: Long term Patterns in Nomad-State Interactions across Northeast Africa
The fertility brought about by the Egyptian and Sudanese Nile Valley allowed for one of the densest urban populations in the African continent, creating a myriad of different dynasties, states, and cities that dominated trade and politics across Northeast Africa. Despite the Nile-centric axis of this world (and our study of it), almost every boundary of the Egyptian or Nubian states were bordered by desert and savannah ecologies, the abode of herders or more properly ‘pastoralist nomads’. From the Marmarica coastal steppe of the Mediterranean coast, to the Atbai Hills of the Red Sea, to the Sahel west of the Upper Nubian Nile in Kordofan, Northeast Africa was dominated by nomads. In this thinking, sedentary urban groups on the Nile are spatially the exception rather than the rule, with urban peoples occupying a thin ribbon of agricultural potential on the banks of the river and select oases. The rest of Northeast Africa was ‘nomad land’. The history of nomad-state interactions is one of constant transgression of each other’s realms, with nomadic peoples coming to the Nile for employment and grazing and Nile peoples journeying through the desert for resource exploitation and trade. This Nile-desert nexus is one of the longest documented case studies in nomad-urban interactions in world history.
Derechos de autor 2022 Julien Cooper https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Egypt and Egyptology in the pan-African discourse of Amy Jacques Garvey and Marcus Garvey
Amy Jacques Garvey and Marcus Garvey argued for the Africanity of ancient Nile Valley cultures, in direct opposition to some academics. In early 20th-century United States, incorrect narratives alleged that Africa had no history. The Garveys, and other Black intellectuals, looked to the Nile Valley to show the absurdity of that claim. The pan-Africanism of Garveyism instilled pride in African descended communities and united them against colonial structures. Pan-Africanism factored strongly in President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s conception of the modern nation-state of Egypt. Egyptian scholars from a variety of fields, including Nile Valley studies, continue to understand ancient Egypt as part of a network of African cultures. Keywords: Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey, Gamal Abdel Nasser, pan-Africanism, Egyptology, Egypt
Derechos de autor 2022 Vanessa Davies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resenha de Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo. The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East, 2020, 396 p.
Derechos de autor 2022 Henrique Modanez de Sant’Anna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resenha de Burton, Paul J. Roman Imperialism, 2019, 120 p.
Derechos de autor 2022 Rafael Scopacasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Escribir, Sellar y Administrar: Una abordaje del corpus documental de la Tercera Dinastía de Ur a partir de la Epigrafía del Paisaje
En el presente artículo, se propone un abordaje de los textos administrativos de la Tercera Dinastía de Ur en Mesopotamia (c. 2110-2003 a.e.c.) –en particular, de las tablillas pisaĝ-dub-ba– a partir de una perspectiva teórico-metodológica que denominaremos Epigrafía del Paisaje. Por un lado, la importancia de la misma radica en entender a los documentos en sus mismos contextos de producción, circulación y almacenamiento, considerando sus caracteres internos (semánticos) como externos (sintácticos). Por otro, posibilita la comprensión y el reconocimiento, a partir de un riguroso abordaje de la documentación administrativa, de los (i) agentes (humanos y no humanos) junto a sus prácticas, los (ii) objetos/cosas (cultura material) y los (iii) lugares involucrados en la conformación de un paisaje social. Dicho paisaje social, en el caso de la Baja Mesopotamia, se componía de diferentes archivos provinciales, los cuales se subdividían en oficinas menores y otras mayores en tanto reguladoras de los distintos ámbitos económicos y políticos de la época.
Derechos de autor 2022 Rodrigo Cabrera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of A. Kouremenos & J. M. Gordon. Mediterranean Archaeologies of Insularity in an Age of Globalization. Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2020, 284 p.
Derechos de autor 2021 Jesper Tae Jensen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interview with Prof. Jonathan Pugh.
Derechos de autor 2021 Jonathan Pugh, Lilian de Angelo Laky, Erika Angliker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mare Nostrum Entrevista: Gilberto da Silva Francisco
Entrevista com o Prof. Dr. Gilberto da Silva Francisco.
Derechos de autor 2021 Gilberto da Silva Francisco, Lilian de Angelo Laky, Erika Angliker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insularity and Imperial Politics: Hadrian on the Greek Islands
Since its conquest by Rome in the 2nd century BCE, Roman notables were a constant presence in Greece. While various sites on the mainland served as battlegrounds for Roman civil wars during the 1st century BCE (e.g., Pharsalus, Actium, Philippi), the early imperial period was characterized by the use of various Greek islands as places of – often self-imposed – exile and/or isolation for such notables as M. Vipsanius Agrippa (Lesbos) and Tiberius (Rhodes). Other imperial Romans sojourned in the Aegean islands for different reasons. Augustus spent a winter on Samos after his victory at Actium, using it as a temporary powerbase for the refinement of his imperial plans, and he visited it and other islands again as emperor. While the first two Julio-Claudian emperors maintained close contacts with the Greek world, in the 2nd century CE Hadrian took this connection a step further and promoted Hellenism as a major part of his imperial policy. Naturally, the Greek islands played an important role in imperial politics during his reign, but only as components of the wider Hellenic world and not as isolated entities. Hadrian visited Rhodes and Paros to restore and venerate older Hellenic monuments – the Colossus and the tomb of the poet Archilochus respectively – and possibly Samothrace in order to be initiated into the Mysteries of the Great Gods. He also visited other islands in Greece, but his exact travel itinerary can only be speculative given our fragmentary literary and epigraphic evidence. In this paper, I focus on Hadrian’s presence on the Aegean islands and argue that during his reign they served mainly as sites that allowed for the implementation of his imperial plans by virtue of their easy access from the mainland Greek and Asian provinces. Accordingly, by promoting certain aspects of older Hellenic culture on specific islands, Hadrian conferred renewed prestige to these islands in the Roman Empire.
Derechos de autor 2021 Anna Kouremenos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stone Artifacts from Agathonisi, Dodecanese, Greece: Evidence of Insularity
The systematic excavation at Kastraki of Agathonisi island revealed the remnants of a fortified harbor, which developed commercial and political contacts with Miletos, the Ionic metropolis, and other cities of Asia Minor, as well as its neighboring or remote islands. These conclusions were provided by the well-studied findings of the excavation and can be also confirmed by the unpublished stone artifacts, such as vases, querns, and tools, which will be presented here. They were carved in local or imported rocks. The investigation of their origin elucidates the question of insularity, that is isolation and connectivity.
Derechos de autor 2021 Eirene Poupaki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Travelers in the Mediterranean: The Case for Ancient Parians
The island of Paros located in the centre of the Aegean Sea, emerged as an organized polis/state already in mid-8th century BC. Its geographical position favored early sea communications and foundation of colonies along the Mediterranean. In the article, I discuss the impressive phenomenon of itinerant Parians in the Mediterranean in relation to (a) the colonies founded by Paros in the Propontis, the North Aegean and the Adriatic Sea, (b) certain activities of travelling groups of artists in Greece proper and the periphery of the Greek world, and (c) two exceptional cases of itinerant Parians, Archilochos the poet (7th century BC) and Skopas the sculptor and architect (4th century BC). Finally, a short mention is made of another type of mobilization of fighters, under state control.
Derechos de autor 2021 Dora Katsonopoulou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insularity and the Unique Position of Aeolic Song in Archaic Greek Poetry
Archaic Greek poetry was a multiple phenomenon: different areas developed diverse, though interrelated genres. This article comments on the unique position Aeolic mélos had in the archaic Greek song tradition. Firstly, it points to Sappho and Alcaeus’ somewhat ambivalent reception by ancient authors. Secondly, it shows how different aspects of their corpus exhibit a pattern of communication with other Greek poetry, while maintaining its own particularities. This unique status is demonstrated by an analysis of Aeolic poetic formulae. Finally, the article proposes the insular geography of Lesbos as one of the reasons for the singularity of this poetry.
Derechos de autor 2021 Tadeu Andrade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Island on a Pendulum: Naxos Between Isolation and Connectivity
Naxos, the largest island of the Cyclades, in the center of the Archipelago, swayed over time between the two ends of the pendulum of insularity, namely between isolation and connectivity, in almost every aspect of human life (society, politics, economy, art, worship etc.). The article examines the position and importance of the island in the Archipelago but also its interaction with the neighboring mainland. It seeks the identity of its inhabitants and whether it differed from that of neighboring islands. It is a diachronic study based on the methods of Historical Archaeology, extending from the Early Iron Age to the end of the Roman period. In this respect, the limitations imposed by the material remains of the past can be overcome by the exploitation of textual evidence in conjunction with evidence found in the landscape and the natural resources. The starting point is the image of Naxos in myth and literature as a place chosen for the upbringing of gods (i.e., Zeus’ and Dionysus’) or as a deserted landscape of abandonment and pain (in the case of Ariadne). The article specifies which of these traditions are of local origin and which are panhellenic. Subsequently, local history issues related to the aspect of insularity are examined, such as: the trade of Naxian goods, the spread of Naxian coins, the mobility of Naxians as individuals (artists, professionals, pilgrims, etc.), products imports, the participation in alliances (i.e. Delian League, Second Athenian League, Nesiotic League), issues of colonization and mobility of Naxians in general etc.
Derechos de autor 2021 Alexandra S. Sfyroera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Iron Age Cyclades and Crete: Different Approaches to Connectivity Speculatively Related to Food Security
This paper offers a case study of some of the Cycladic Islands examining connectivity and insularity between 1000 – 500 BCE. In the Cyclades, evidence of interaction with areas outside of the archipelago and of intra-island connectivity is observable on many of the islands. It will be argued that environmental factors, predominantly low rainfall, may be at least part of the explanation for the adoption of a strategy of reaching out beyond an island’s shores. Cycladic islanders plausibly sought to develop strong networks of affiliation with trading partners from other regions perhaps to serve as buffer zones to rely on during periods of poor food productivity. Compared to Cycladic material, the archaeological evidence of Cretan items found outside Crete is not as robust. This paper speculatively suggests that Cretans, living in a more fertile environment, did not feel the same need as Cycladic islanders to establish networks of affiliation for purposes of food security.
Derechos de autor 2021 Doug Forsyth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Field Notes from the Odyssey: The Fabulous Ethnography of Aiolie, Aiaie, and Ogygie
Odysseus’ ethnographic digressions in books 9-12 of the Odyssey—the so-called Apologue—have served as the premier paradigm for mythic and actual ethnography from Herodotus through Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, and more particularly, for the ‘I-witnessing approach’ of ethnography. Among the peoples and lands and styles of thinking he encountered (Odyssey 1.3), the hero also became acquainted with several islands. As microcosms of larger societies, islands furnish ‘master metaphors’ and models with which to think about culture. In this article I discuss three islands from the Apologue in the chronological order of Odysseus’ travels. They are inseparable from their geography and the personality and ‘life style’ of their inhabitants, as will be seen; these islands adumbrate the moral and gendered mythic cartography of Archaic Greece.
Derechos de autor 2021 Ioannis Petropoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Derechos de autor 2021 Lilian de Angelo Laky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mithridates, Helianax and Late Hellenistic Delos as Global City: Urban Insularity and Integration Fields
This paper discusses the theoretical problem of the mediation between macro and micro scales of analysis in Global History, centered on the analysis of the temple of Mithridates dedicated by a certain Helianax in 102/1 BC in the Samothrakeion of Delos. After describing the available archaeological and epigraphical evidence, the paper discusses the concepts of (urban) insularity, world/global city, and integration fields, in order to explore their explanatory power for the analysis of the integration fields and modes of integration visible in Helianax’s dedication.
Derechos de autor 2021 Fábio Augusto Morales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plutarch and the Lagids: Representation and Imperial Advertising
This article seeks to analyze the representations of the Lagids and the Orient forged by Plutarch in Parallel Lives. Speaking from the point of view of a citizen of a Greek polis (Queroneia), who lived under Roman rule, Plutarch reconfigures facts, data and history itself, with his biographical writing that is simultaneously strategically dramatic, theatrical, emotional and moralizing. This article intends to show that Plutarch, forging the representation of the Ptolemaic dynasty, does so from an imperialist and orientalist perspective, following Roman ideology. The main analytical categories used to produce this text are imperialism, orientalism, and representation/identity. The methodology used in the analysis is based on the traditional form of the historian's work, that is, the internal and external criticism of the sources, combined with content analysis. We see that Plutarch, based on stereotyped oppositional dichotomies supported by Hellenic precepts, subordinates the Lagids and the Orient in favor of a supposed superiority based on a cultural and moral hierarchy, like in the Roman propaganda.
Derechos de autor 2021 Felipe Aiala de Mello Mello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seria lícito se ocupar da espada, quando o senhor proclamou que quem usa a espada perecerá por ela? Tertuliano e a polêmica do serviço militar (século III)
O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o pensamento do escritor norte-africano Tertuliano quanto à polêmica do serviço militar cristão. Para tanto, selecionamos duas de suas obras, a saber: De Idololatria e De Corona. A questão levantada por Tertuliano nesses tratados evidencia um cristianismo preocupado não somente com a manutenção do status quo de uma ética cristã, considerando todas as polêmicas que envolviam o serviço militar em si (sacrifícios aos deuses e ao imperador e a obrigação em se torturar e assassinar os inimigos), mas, principalmente, expoe uma necessidade urgente de diferenciação identitária com o seu culto rival, o mitraísmo, o qual arrebanhava grande parte de seus seguidores nas fileiras militares romanas.
Derechos de autor 2021 Ludimila Caliman Campos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of Brosius, M. A History of Ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire: Hoboken, Nwe Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2021, 288 p.
Derechos de autor 2021 Matheus Treuk Medeiros de Araujo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arqueologia de uma Procissão Antiga: a Prática da πομπή entre Atenas e Elêusis no Período Romano (II - III d.C.)
O presente artigo tem como objetivo identificar as particularidades da procissão celebrada entre Atenas e Elêusis durante os Mistérios Eleusinos no Período Romano (Séc. II - III d.C.) a partir de evidências constatadas em fontes de diferentes naturezas (textual, topográfica/arquitetônica e epigráfica). Procura-se compreender os aspectos relativos à permanência da tradição ancestral eleusina e identificar inovações próprias dos estratos históricos romanos, cujas evidências podem ser observadas tanto na organização da procissão quanto nas intervenções construtivas dos santuários (Elêusis e o Eleusinion de Atenas) e da via sacra (hierá hodós).
Derechos de autor 2021 Felipe Perissato https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Derechos de autor 2021 Ana Paula Scarpa, Pedro Luís de Toledo Piza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
O colonialismo informal da Egiptologia: da missão francesa ao Estado de segurança
Esta contribuição é uma revisão crítica da história colonial da Egiptologia. Ele traça o desenvolvimento do campo desde seus primeiros dias sob o colonialismo europeu e a competição geopolítica intraeuropeia até o advento do controle egípcio nos tempos atuais. A exploração do passado do Egito antigo foi enquadrada como parte de uma missão civilizadora por meio da qual a Europa arrancaria o Egito das garras da dominação otomana e restauraria a terra à sua antiga grandeza, e também como um veículo para os interesses ocidentais no Nordeste da África. Por meio da Bíblia cristã e do antigo domínio grego e romano, o Egito foi posicionado como uma forma inicial de civilização ocidental, portanto, reforçando as reivindicações europeias sobre a área e possibilitando a apropriação da história egípcia. Estudiosos europeus, ao promoverem a ideia do antigo Egito como um paraíso perdido e paternalista, criaram uma estrutura ocidentalizada e um enquadramento e centro-ocidental para seu estudo, que ainda hoje inspira os padrões de produção do conhecimento, o qual pode ser identificado na produção acadêmica dos centros geográficos e nas línguas primárias em que são produzidos. Os egípcios, cada vez mais autônomos desde a descolonização formal na década de 1950, posteriormente adotaram e mantiveram as práticas estabelecidas quando o controle formal sobre o passado egípcio passou para suas mãos. As narrativas coloniais da antiguidade foram usadas para apoiar o turismo como uma economia vital e passaram a servir ao nacionalismo egípcio e à legitimação das relações de poder existentes, enquadrando a história egípcia como um contínuo do governo do homem forte. O artigo traça essa transição do colonialismo formal para o informal ao discuti-la a partir de conceitos descoloniais, tal como a matriz colonial de poder.
Derechos de autor 2021 Christian Langer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0