Marine animal forests in turbid environments are overlooked seascapes in urban areas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Tropical reefs, Sponges, Reef-building corals, Ascidians, TurbidityAbstract
Marginal reefs can provide meaningful information about the structure and dynamics of ecosystems under suboptimal environmental conditions. In addition to their different characteristics, these environments can also occur in urbanized areas. In this note, we characterize marine animal forests (MAFs) on turbid-zone reefs on an urban coast in the equatorial southwestern Atlantic. Overall, the sandstone ferruginous reefs (6-10 m depth) exhibited a flat topography and gentle slope (1-2 m above the seabed). Benthic cover is composed mainly of sponge gardens and ascidians. In addition, we found a low-relief coral carpet with only one massive reef-building coral (Siderastrea stellata) and Zoantharia. The ascidians and sponges had a higher diversity (at least 15 species) than the cnidarians (two species) in these forests. The main animals forming this seascape are weedy and stress-tolerant species adapted to challenging environmental conditions, such as swell waves, mesotidal regimes, moderate turbidity waters, and periodic burial. In this regard, these conditions and human impacts have shaped a unique MAF. Remarkably, the studied formations seem similar to high-latitude marginal reefs or low-latitude reefs under the influence of upwelling, which sustains soft corals and non-framework building coral communities along with sponges and ascidians. In particular, the shallow MAFs along the semi-arid coast of Brazil seem to lack some of the characteristics of low-latitude reefs under high sedimentation, whose structure was described as coral rubble within sedimentary matrices. This suggests that factors other than periodic burials and low light availability affected these MAFs. These overlooked forests are widespread in this area and have been neglected in studies, despite their richness (> 31 taxa) and valuable ecosystem goods and services. In the context of urbanized areas subject to climate change and pollution impacts, jetties, and dredging activities, it is necessary to consider these lush forests in impact assessments and conservation policies.
References
BAPTISTA, E. M. C. 2021. Caracterização e importância ecológica e econômica dos recifes da zona costeira do estado do Piauí. Geografia: Publicações Avulsas, 3(2), 225-250.
BARROS, M. M. L. & PIRES, D. O. 2006. Aspects of the life history of Siderastrea stellata in the tropical Western Atlantic, Brazil. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 49(4), 237-244, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2006.9652213
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2006.9652213
BARROS, Y., LUCAS, C. C. & SOARES, M. O. 2021. An urban intertidal reef is dominated by fleshy macroalgae, sediment, and bleaching of a resilient coral (Siderastrea stellata). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 173(Pt A), 112967, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112967
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112967
BELL, J. J., DAVY, S. K., JONES, T., TAYLOR, M. W. & WEBSTER, N. S. 2013. Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes? Global Change Biology, 19(9), 2613-2624, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12212
» https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12212
BURT, J. A., BARTHOLOMEW, A., BAUMAN, A., SAIF, A. & SALE, P. F. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 373(1), 72-78.
BURT, J., BARTHOLOMEW, A. & SALE, P. F. 2011. Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: a comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering, 37(2), 191-198.
BURT, J. A., CAMP, E. F., ENOCHS, I. C., JOHANSEN, J. L., MORGAN, K. M., RIEGL, B. & HOEY, A. S. 2020. Insights from extreme coral reefs in a changing world. Coral Reefs, 39, 495-507, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01966-y
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01966-y
CAMP, E. F., SCHOEPF, V., MUMBY, P. J., HARDTKE, L. A., RODOLFO-METALPA, R., SMITH, D. J. & SUGGETT, D. J. 2018. The future of coral reefs subject to rapid climate change: lessons from natural extreme environments. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5(4), 1-15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00004
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00004
CARNEIRO, P. B. M., XIMENES NETO, A. R., JUCÁ-QUEIROZ, B., TEIXEIRA, C. E. P., FEITOSA, C. V., BARROSO, C. X., MATTHEWS-CASCON, H., MORAIS, J. O., FREITAS, J. E. P., SANTANDER-NETO, J., ARAÚJO, J. T., MONTEIRO, L. H. U., PINHEIRO, L. S., BRAGA, M. D. A., CORDEIRO, R. T. S., ROSSI, S., BEJARANO, S., SALANI, S., GARCIA, T. M., LOTUFO, T. M. C., SMITH, T. B., FARIA, V. V. & SOARES, M. O. 2022. Interconnected marine habitats form a single continental-scale reef system in South America. Scientific Reports, 12, 17359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21341-x
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21341-x
CARNEIRO, P. B. M., XIMENES NETO, A. R., FEITOSA, C. V., BARROSO, C. X., MATTHEWS-CASCON, H., SOARES, M. O. & LOTUFO, T. M. C. 2022. Marine hardbottom environments in the beaches of Ceará State, Equatorial Coast of Brazil. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 54(2), 120-153, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v54i2.61440
» https://doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v54i2.61440
CRUZ, I. C. S., WATERS, L. G., KIKUCHI, R. K. P., LEÃO, Z. M. A. N. & TURRA, A. 2018. Marginal coral reefs show high susceptibility to phase shift. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 551-561, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.043
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.043
COSTA, C. F., SASSI, R. & GORLACH-LIRA, K. 2008. Zooxanthellae genotypes in the coral Siderastrea stellata from coastal reefs in northeastern Brazil. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 367(2), 149-152, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.012
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.012
DARLING, E. S., ALVAREZ-FILIP, L., OLIVER, T. A., MCCLANAHAN, T. R. & CÔTÉ, I. M. 2012. Evaluating life-history strategies of reef corals from species traits. Ecology Letters, 15(12), 1378-1386, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01861.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01861.x
DE VOOGD, N. J., ALVAREZ, B., BOURY-ESNAULT, N., CARBALLO, J. L., CÁRDENAS, P., DÍAZ, M. C., DOHRMANN, M., DOWNEY, R., HAJDU, E., HOOPER, J. N. A., KELLY, M., KLAUTAU, M., MANCONI, R., MORROW, C. C. PISERA, A. B., RÍOS, P., RÜTZLER, K., SCHÖNBERG, C., VACELET, J. & VAN SOEST, R. W. M. 2022. Home - The World Porifera Database Available at: https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera [Accessed: 26 May 2022].
» https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera
DIAS, F. J. S., CASTRO, B. M. & LACERDA, L. D. 2013. Continental shelf water masses off the Jaguaribe River (4S), northeastern Brazil. Continental Shelf Research, 66(1), 123-135, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.06.005
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.06.005
ELLIFF, C. I. & KIKUCHI, R. K. P. 2017. Ecosystem services provided by coral reefs in a Southwestern Atlantic Archipelago. Ocean & Coastal Management, 136, 49-55, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.021
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.021
ENDO, C. A. K., GHERARDI, D. F. M., PEZZI, L. P. & LIMA, L. N. 2019. Low connectivity compromises the conservation of reef fishes by marine protected areas in the tropical South Atlantic. Scientific Reports, 9, 8634, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45042-0
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45042-0
FISHER, R., BESSELL-BROWNE, P. & JONES, R. 2019. Synergistic and antagonistic impacts of suspended sediments and thermal stress on corals. Nature Communications, 10, 2346, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10288-9
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10288-9
FONG, J. & TODD, P. A. 2021. Spatio-temporal dynamics of coral-macroalgal interactions and their impacts on coral growth on urbanised reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 172, 112849, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112849
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112849
FRANCINI-FILHO, R., ASP, N. E., SIEGLE, E., HOCEVAR, J., LOWYCK, K., D’AVILA, N. & THOMPSON, F. L. 2018. Perspectives on the great Amazon reef: extension, biodiversity, and threats. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00142
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00142
FREITAS, J. E. P., ARAÚJO, M. E. & LOTUFO, T. M. C. 2019. Composition and structure of the icthyofauna in a marine protected area in the western equatorial Atlantic: a baseline to support conservation management. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 25, 100488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2018.100488
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2018.100488
FREITAS, L. M., OLIVEIRA, M. D. M., LEÃO, Z. M. A. N. & KIKUCHI, R. K. P. 2019. Effects of turbidity and depth on the bioconstruction of the Abrolhos reefs. Coral Reefs, 38(2), 241-253, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01770-3
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01770-3
GATWAZA, O. C. & WANG, X. 2021. Mapping of biodiversity hubs and key ecosystem services as tool for shaping optimal areas for conservation. PLoS One, 16(8), e0253151, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253151
» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253151
HALPERN, B. S., FRAZIER, M., AFFLERBACH, J., LOWNDES, J. S., MICHELI, F., O’HARA, C., SCARBOROUGH, C. & SELKOE, K. A. 2019. Recent pace of change in human impact on the world’s ocean. Scientific Reports, 9, 11609, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9
HADJU, E., PEIXINHO, S. & FERNANDEZ, J. C. C. 2011. Esponjas marinhas da Bahia. Guia de campo e laboratório Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
HOPPE, W. F. 1988. Growth, regeneration and predation in three species of large coral reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 50, 117-125.
HUGHES, T. P., ANDERSON, K. D., CONNOLLY, S. R., HERON, S. F., KERRY, J. T., LOUGH, J. M., BAIRD, A. H., BAUM, J. K., BERUMEN, M. L., BRIDGE, T. C., CLAAR, D. C., EAKIN, C. M., GILMOUR, J. P., GRAHAM, N. A. J., HARRISON, H., HOBBS, J. P. A., HOEY, A. S., HOOGENBOOM, M., LOWE, R. J., MCCULLOCH, M. T., PANDOLFI, J. M., PRATCHETT, M., SCHOEPF, V., TORDA, G. & WILSON, S. K. 2018. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science, 80(359), 80-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8048
» https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8048
HUGHES, T. P., BARNES, M. L., BELLWOOD, D. R., CINNER, J. E., CUMMING, G. S., JACKSON, J. B. C., KLEYPAS, J., VAN DE LEEMPUT, I. A., LOUGH, J. M., MORRISON, T. H., PALUMBI, S. R., VAN NES, E. H. & SCHEFFER, M. 2017. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature, 546, 82-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901
» https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901
KNOPPERS, B., EKAU, W. & FIGUEIREDO, A. G. 1999. The coast and shelf of east and northeast Brazil and material transport. Geo-Marine Letters, 19, 171-178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050106
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050106
LEAL, C. V., AVELINO-ALVES, D., SALAZAR, V., OMACHI, C., THOMPSON, C., BERLINCK, R. G. S., HADJU, E. & THOMPSON, F. 2022. Sponges present a core prokaryotic community stable across Tropical Western Atlantic. Science of Total Environment, 835, 155145, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155145
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155145
LEAL, C. V., PAULA, T. O. S., LÔBO-HAJDU, G., SCHÖNBERG, C. H. L. & ESTEVES, E. L. 2016. Morphological and molecular systematics of the ‘Cliona viridis complex’ from south-eastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96(2), 313-322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001642
» https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001642
LEÃO, Z. M. A. N., KIKUCHI, R. K. P., FERREIRA, B. P., NEVES, E. G., SOVIERZOSKI, H. H., OLIVEIRA, M. D. M., MAIDA, M., CORREIA, M. D. & JOHNSSON, R. 2016. Brazilian coral reefs in a period of global change: a synthesis. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 64(spe2), 97-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-875920160916064sp2
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-875920160916064sp2
LEÃO, Z. M. A. N., KIKUCHI, R. K. P. & TESTA, V. 2003. Corals and coral reefs of Brazil. Latin American Coral Reefs, 1, 9-52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451388-5/50003-5
» https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451388-5/50003-5
LOTUFO, T. M. C. & SILVA, A. M. B. 2006. Ascidiacea do litoral cearense. In: MATTHEWS-CASCON, H. & LOTUFO, T. M. C. (eds.). Biota marinha da costa oeste do Ceará Brasília (DF): MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente), pp. 221-247.
MATTHEWS-CASCON, H. & LOTUFO, T. M. C. 2006. Biota marinha da costa oeste do Ceará. Brasília (DF): MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente).
McCLANAHAN, T. R. 2020. Wilderness and conservation policies needed to avoid a coral reef fisheries crisis. Marine Policy, 119, 104022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104022
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104022
McLEAN, E. L. & YOSHIOKA, P. M. 2008. Substratum effects on the growth and survivorship of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata. Caribbean Journal of Science, 44(1), 83-89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v44i1.a9
» https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v44i1.a9
MORAES, F. C. 2011. Esponjas das ilhas oceânicas brasileiras. Série Livros 44. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. Available from: https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=162782 [Accessed: 01/August/2022].
» https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=162782
MORAIS, J. O., IRION, G. F. & PINHEIRO, L. S. 2009. Preliminary results on holocene sea-level changes on Ceará Coast/Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 56, Lisbon, 56, 646-649.
MURICY, G., ESTEVES, E. L., MONTEIRO, L. C., RODRIGUES, B. R. & ALBANO, R. M. 2015. A new species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from southeastern Brazil and the first record of Haliclona vansoesti from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa, 3925(4), 536-550, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.3
» https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.3
MURICY, G., ESTEVES, E. L., MORAES, F., SANTOS, J. P., SILVA, S. M., ALMEIDA, E. V. R., KLAUTAU, M. & LANNA, E. 2008. Biodiversidade Marinha da Bacia Potiguar: Porifera Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
MURICY, G., LOPES, D. A., HAJDU, E., CARVALHO, M. S., MORAES, F., KLAUTAU, M., MENEGOLA, C. & PINHEIRO, U. 2011. Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Série Livros 46. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
NEGRÃO, F., LACERDA, C. H. F., MELO, T. H., BIANCHINI, A., CALDERON, E. N., CASTRO, C. B., CORDEIRO, R. T. S., DIAS, R. J. S., FRANCINI-FILHO, R. B., GUEBERT, F. M., GÜTH, A. Z., HETZEL, B., HORTA, P. A., LOTUFO, T. M. C., MAHIQUES, M. M., MIES, M., PIRES, D. O., SALVI, K. P. & SUMIDA, P. Y. G. 2021. The first biological survey of the Royal Charlotte Bank (SW Atlantic) reveals a large and diverse ecosystem complex. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 255, 107363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107363
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107363
OLIVEIRA-FILHO, R. R. 2010. Caracterização das ascídias em regiões portuárias do Ceará MSc. Fortaleza: UFC (Universidade Federal do Ceará).
PAULA, D. P., DIAS, J. M. A., FERREIRA, O. & MORAIS, J. O. 2013. High-rise development of the sea-front at Fortaleza (Brazil): Perspectives on its valuation and consequences. Ocean & Coastal Management, 77, 14-23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.03.004
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.03.004
PEREIRA-FILHO, G., SHINYAYE, G. S., KITAHARA, M. V., MOURA, R. L., AMADO-FILHO, G. M., BAHIA, R., MORAES, F. G., NEVES, L. M., FRANCINI, C. L. B., GIBRAN, F. Z. & MOTTA, F. S. 2019. The southernmost Atlantic coral reef is off the subtropical island of Queimada Grande. Bulletin of Marine Science, 95(2), 1-12, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0056
» https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0056
PEREIRA, P. H. C., LIMA, G. V., PONTES, A. V. F., CÔRTES, L. G. F., GOMES, E., SAMPAIO, C. L. S., PINTO, T. K., MIRANDA, R. J., CARDOSO, A. T. C., ARAUJO, J. C. & SEOANE, J. C. S. 2022. Unprecedented coral mortality on Southwestern atlantic coral reefs following major thermal stress. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 725778, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.725778
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.725778
PERRY, C. T. & LARCOMBE, P. 2003. Marginal and non-reef-building coral environments. Coral Reefs, 22(4), 427-432.
PINHEIRO, L. S., GASTÃO, F. G., JÚNIOR, W. F. & BRANCO, M. P. D. N. C. 2019. Mapeamento de habitats marinhos da plataforma continental interna da praia de Iracema-Fortaleza-Ceará. Geociências, 38(3), 813-825.
PRINCIPE, S. C., ACOSTA, A. L., ANDRADE, J. E. & LOTUFO, T. M. C. 2021. Predicted shifts in the Distributions of Atlantic Reef-Building Corals in the Face of Climate Change. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 673086, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.673086
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.673086
PORTUGAL, A. B., CARVALHO, F. L., CARNEIRO, P. B. M., ROSSI, S. & SOARES, M. O. 2016. Increased anthropogenic pressure decreases species richness in tropical intertidal reefs. Marine Environmental Research, 120, 44-54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.005
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.005
PREVIERO, M. & GASALLA, M. A. 2018. Mapping fishing grounds, resource and fleet patterns to enhance management units in data-poor fisheries: The case of snappers and groupers in the Abrolhos Bank coral-reefs (South Atlantic). Ocean & Coastal Management, 154, 83-95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.007
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.007
RABELO, E. F., SOARES, M. O. & MATTHEWS-CASCON, H. 2013. Competitive interactions among zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoanthidae) in an intertidal zone of northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 61(1), 35-42. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjoce/v61n1/a04v61n1.pdf [Accessed: 13/August/2022].
» https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjoce/v61n1/a04v61n1.pdf
RABELO, E. F., SOARES, M. O., BEZERRA, L. E. A. & MATTHEWS-CASCON, H. 2015. Distribution pattern of zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) on a tropical reef. Marine Biology Research, 11(6), 584-592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2014.962542
» https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2014.962542
ROSSI, S. 2013. The destruction of the “animal forests” in the oceans: towards an over-simplification of the benthic ecosystems. Ocean & Coastal Management, 84, 77-85.
ROSSI, S., BRAMANTI, L., GORI, A. & OREJAS, C. 2017. Animal forests of the world: an overview. In: ROSSI, S., BRAMANTI, L., GORI, A. & OREJAS, C. (eds.). Marine animal forests Cham: Springer, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_1
» https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_1
ROSSI, S., BRAMANTI, L., HORTA, P., ALLCOCK, L., CARREIRO-SILVA, M., COPPARI, M., DENIS, V., HADJIOANNOU, L., ISLA, E., JIMENEZ, C., JOHNSON, M., MOHN, C., OREJAS, C., RAMSAK, A., REIMER, J., RINKEVICH, B., RIZZO, L., SALOMIDI, M., SAMAAI, T., SCHUBERT, N., SOARES, M., THURSTAN, R., VASSALLO, P., ZIVERI, P. & ZORRILLA-PUJANA, J. 2022. Protecting global marine animal forests. Science, 376(6596), 929.
ROSSI, S., ISLA, E., BOSCH-BELMAR, M., GALLI, G., GORI, A., GRISTINA, M., INGROSSO, G., MILISENDA, G., PIRAINO, S., RIZZO, L., SCHUBERT, N., SOARES, M., SOLIDORO, C., THURSTAN, R. H., VILADRICH, N., WILLIS, T. J. & ZIVERI, P. 2019. Changes of energy fluxes in marine animal forests of the Anthropocene: factors shaping the future seascape. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76(7), 2008-2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz147
» https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz147
RÜTZLER, K., DIAZ, M. C., VAN SOEST, R. W. M., ZEA, S., SMITH, K. P., ALVAREZ, B. & WULFF, J. 2020. Diversity of Sponge Fauna in Mangrove Ponds, Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin, 476, 231-248.
SANTANA, E. F. C., MIES, M., LONGO, G. O., MENEZES, R., AUED, A. W., LUZA, A. L., BENDER, M. G., SEGAL, B. & FLOETER, S. R. 2023. Turbidity shapes shallow Southwestern Atlantic benthic reef communities. Marine Environmental Research, 183, 105807, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105807
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105807
SANTOS, G. G., DOCIO, L. & PINHEIRO, U. 2014. Two new species of the family Niphatidae van Soest, 1980 from Northeastern Brazil (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Zootaxa, 3774(3), 265-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.3
» https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.3
SANTOS, M. E. A., KITAHARA, M. V., LINDNER, A. & REIMER, J. D. 2016. Overview of the order Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) in Brazil. Marine Biodiversity, 46, 547-559, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0396-7
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0396-7
SOARES, M. O. 2020. Marginal reef paradox: a possible refuge from environmental changes? Ocean & Coastal Management, 185, 105063, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105063
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105063
SOARES, M. O., CRUZ, I. C. S., SANTOS, B. A., TAVARES, T. C. L., GARCIA, T. M., MENEZES, N., LOPES, B. D., ARAÚJO, J. T., GURGEL, A. & ROSSI. S. 2021. Marginal reefs in the Anthropocene: they are not Noah’s ark. In: ROSSI, S. & BRAMANTI, L. (eds.). Perspectives on the marine animal forests of the world Switzerland: Springer Nature, pp. 87-128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57054-5_4
» https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57054-5_4
SOARES, M. O., DAVIS, M., PAIVA, C. C. & CARNEIRO, P. B. M. 2018. Mesophotic ecosystems: Coral and fish assemblages in a tropical marginal reef (Northeastern Brazil). Marine Biodiversity, 48, 1631-1636, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0615-x
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0615-x
SOARES, M. O., MARTINS, F. A. S., CARNEIRO, P. B. M. & ROSSI, S. 2017. The forgotten reefs: benthic assemblage coverage on a sandstone reef (Tropical Southwestern Atlantic). Journal of Marine Biological Association of UK, 97(8), 1585-1592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315416000965
» https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315416000965
SOARES, M. O., MONTEIRO, T., VIEIRA, M., SALANI, S., HADJU, E., MATTHEWS, H., MARGARIDA, Z., NERY, D. A. & KENJI, R. 2017. Brazilian marine animal forests: a new world to discover in Southwestern Atlantic. In: ROSSI, S., BRAMANTI, L., GORI A. & OREJAS, C. (eds.). Marine Animal Forests Cham: Springer, pp. 1-38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17001-5
» https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17001-5
SOARES, M. O., TEIXEIRA, C. E. P., FERREIRA, S. M. C., GURGEL, A. L. A. R., PAIVA, B. P., MENEZES, M. O. B., DAVIS, M. & TAVARES, T. C. L. 2019. Thermal stress and tropical reefs: mass coral bleaching in a stable temperature environment?. Marine Biodiversity, 49(6), 2921-2929, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00994-4
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00994-4
TABOSA, W. F., AMARO, V. E. & VITAL, H. 2007. Análise do ambiente costeiro e marinho, a partir de produtos de sensoriamento remoto na região de São Bento do Norte, NE Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geofísica, 25, 37-48.
TEIXEIRA, C. E. P. & MACHADO, G. T. 2013. On the temporal variability of the Sea Surface Temperature on the Tropical Southwest Atlantic Continental Shelf. Journal of Coastal Research, 65(spe2), 2071-2076, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-350.1
» https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-350.1
TUNALA, L. P., TÂMEGA, F. T. S., DUARTE, H. M. & COUTINHO, R. 2019. Stress factors in the photobiology of the reef coral Siderastrea stellata. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 519, 151188, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151188
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151188
XIMENES NETO, A. R. X., MORAIS, J. O. & PINHEIRO, L. S. 2018. Modificações na geomorfologia marinha a partir de estruturas portuárias: o caso do Mucuripe, Fortaleza/CE. Geociências, 37(4), 793-805.
WULFF, J. L. 2007. Disease prevalence and population density over time in three common Caribbean coral reef sponge species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdow, 87(6), 1715-1720, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540705881X
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Ocean and Coastal Research is an open-access journal available through SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online).
Ocean and Coastal Research journal title abbreviation is Ocean Coast. Res. and should be used in footnotes, references, and bibliographic entries.
All Ocean and Coastal Research scientific articles are freely available without charge to the user or institution. In accordance with the BOAI definition of open access, all contents are available to readers free of charge. Users may read, download, copy, and link to the full texts of the articles. They may be used for any lawful purpose without prior authorization from the publisher or the author, as long as proper credit is given to the original publication.
All Ocean and Coastal Research published scientific articles receive an individual Digital Object Identifier (DOI) persistent digital document identification.
All the content of the journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License type BY. Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights without restrictions.
More information on intellectual property can be found here and on Scielo's Open Acess Statement.
Ocean and Coastal Research is listed in Publons and reviewers and editors can add their verified peer review and editing history to their Publons profile.
Ocean and Coastal Research is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and complies with principles of transparency and best practice for scholarly publications.
Ocean and Coastal Research is committed to the best standards in open-access publishing by adopting ethical and quality standards throughout the publishing process - from initial manuscript submission to the final article publication. This ensures authors that their work will have visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage, and impact in a sustainable model of scholarly publishing.
