Descriptive and spatial analysis of bycatch in tuna purse-seine fishery in the colombian Pacific Ocean, with an elasmobranch approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Tuna fishery, Colombian eastern pacific ocean, Fish aggregating device, Management alternatives, ColombiaAbstract
Bycatch species are as important as target species in the challenge of comprehensive fishery management. This is
especially the case for vulnerable species such as elasmobranchs in offshore areas of the Colombian Pacific Ocean
(CPO), for which information is scarce and long-term databases are used. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize
the bycatch in tuna purse-seine fishery with an elasmobranch species approach using fishery data from 2000 to
2019. A total of 59 bycatch species were identified, including 27 bony fishes, 22 elasmobranchs, two mollusks, four
sea turtles, and four dolphins. The total bycatch percentage was 20.8%, with elasmobranchs accounting for less than
5%. Fish aggregating devices (FADs) and class 6 vessels recorded the highest percentage of bycatch. Bony fish
bycatch was mainly obtained from the border of Ecuador until 4° N across the CPO. Elasmobranchs were captured
throughout the CPO, showing differences by vessel class and fishing method. The silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis
was the most caught species. Elasmobranch spatial abundance and capture hotspots showed the highest values
towards the northern coast, in offshore areas of Gorgona Island, southwards in offshore areas, and around Malpelo
Island. FADs captured the highest number of bycatch species compared with other fishing methods, such as Tuna
Associated with Dolphins (DEL), Natural Floating Objects (NAT), and Tuna not Associated (NoAs). Management
recommendations for bycatch species in this fishery are provided in the CPO.
References
Alverson, D. L., Freeberg, M. H., Pope, J. G. & Murawski, S,
A. 1994. A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and
discards. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (339).
Amandè, M. J., Chassot, E., Chavance, P., Murua, H.,
Delgado de Molina, A., Bez, N. 2012. Precision
in Bycatch Estimates: The Case of Tuna PurseSeine Fisheries in the Indian Ocean. ICES Journal
of Marine Science, 69(8), 1501–1510. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1093/icesjms/fss106
AUNAP (Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca). 2018.
Resolution 1970. Creates the National Committee for
Bycatch Management (NCBM). Available from: https://
www.redjurista.com/Documents/resolucion_1970_
de_2018_autoridad_nacional_de_acuicultura_y_
pesca. Access date: 2022 Jul. 22.
AUNAP (Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca). 2022.
Resolution 0076. Adopts conservation measures on Tuna
and related species in the Eastern Tropical Pacific -EPOfor purse-seine national flagged vessels and purse-seine
foreign-flagged vessels linked to fishing permits granted
to Colombian companies, for the period 2022 to 2024,
and establish other provisions. https://www.aunap.gov.
co/download/resolucion-numero-0-1-9-5-de-09-defebrero-de-2021/. Access date: 2022 Jul. 22.
Ballance, L. T., Pitman, R. L. & Fiedler, P. C. 2006.
Oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans
of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress
in Oceanography, 69(2–4), 360–390. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.013
Bivand, R., Keitt, T. & Rowlingson, B. 2022. rgdal: Bindings
for the ‘Geospatial’ Data Abstraction Library. R package
version 1.5-32. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.
org/package=rgdal. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Bonanomi, M., Brčić’, J., Colombelli, A., Notti, E., Pulcinella,
J. & Sala, A. 2017. Fisheries Bycatch of Chondrichthyes
– Multidisciplinary Approach. InTech.-DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.5772/intechopen.69334
Boubekraoui, H., Maouni, Y., Ghallab, A., Draoui, M.,
& Maouni, A. 2023. Spatio-Temporal Analysis and
Identification of Deforestation Hotspots in the Moroccan
Western Rif. Trees, Forests and People, 12, 100388.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100388
Cantera, J. R. and Contreras, R. 1993. Ecosistemas
Costeros. In: Colombia Pacífico Tomo I (pp. X–X).
Bogotá: Fondo para la Protección del Medio Ambiente
“José Celestino Mutis”, FEN.
Cochrane, K. L. and Garcia, S. M. 2009. A Fishery
Manager’s Guide. Rome: FAO, Wiley-Blackwell.
CODECHOCO (Regional Environmental Authority).
Agreement 011. Declares the Integrated
Regional Management District “Golfo de TribugáCabo Corrientes”. Available from: https://runapadmin.
parquesnacionales.gov.co/default/general/de
scargardocumento?did=1336#:~:text=estable
ce%20el%20deber%20correlativo%20que,su%20
recuperaci%C3%B3n%20y%20asegure%20su. Access
date: 2023 Apr. 20.
CODECHOCO (Regional Environmental Authority). 2017.
Agreement 008. Declares the Integrated Regional
Management District “Encanto de los Manglares
del Bajo Baudó”. Available from: https://runap.
parquesnacionales.gov.co/area-protegida/1247.
Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Compagno, L. 1984. FAO Species catalogue Vol. 4. Sharks
of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of
sharks species known to date. Part 1 – Hexanchiformes
to Lamniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 125(4,
Part 1).
Clavareau, L., Sabarros, P. S., Escalle, L., Bach, P.,
Abascal, F. J., Lopez, J., Murua, H., Pascual Alayon,
P. J., Ramos, M. L., Ruiz, J. & Mérigot, B. 2020.
Elasmobranch bycatch distributions and mortality:
insights from the European tropical tuna purse-seine
fishery. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24, e01211.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01211
Díaz, J. M. 2002. Golfos y bahías de Colombia. Libros de la
colección ecológica del Banco de Occidente [online].
Available from: www.imeditores.com/banocc/golfos.
Access date: 2022 Jun. 9.
Duffy, L. M., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Olson, R.J., Minte-Vera, C.
V. & Griffiths, S. P. 2019. Assessing vulnerability, bycatch
species in the tuna purse-seine fisheries of the eastern
Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, 219, 105316. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105316
Dulvy, N. K., Fowler, S. L., Musick, J. A., Cavanagh, R. D.,
Kyne, P. K., Harrison, L. R., Carlson, J. K., Davidson.
Tuna purse-seine bycatch in the Colombian Pacific
Ocean and Coastal Research 2024, v72:e24038 17
Puentes et al.
L. N. K., Fordham, S. V., Francis, M. P., Pollock, C. M.,
Simpfendorfer, C. A., Burgess, G. H., Carpenter, K. E.,
Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A., Gibson, C., Heupel,
M. R., Livingstone, S. R., Sanciangco, J. C., Stevens, J.
D., Valenti, S., & White, W. T. 2014. Extinction risk and
conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. eLife, 3,
e00590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00590
Dunnington, D. 2021. _ggspatial: Spatial Data Framework
for ggplot2_. R package version 1.1.5. Available from:
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggspatial/index.
html. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Escalle, L., Phillips, J., Moreno, G., Lopez, J., Lynch, J.,
Murua, H., Aires-da-silva, A., Royer, S. J., Hampton,
J., Swimmer, Y., Wallace, B., Corniuk, R., Mcwhirter,
A., & Restrepo, V. 2022. Modeling Drifting Fish
Aggregating Devices (Fads) Trajectories Arriving
at Essential Habitats for Sea Turtles in the Pacific
Ocean. DOCUMENT BYC-11-05. 11th Meeting
of the Working Group on Bycatch. (Videoconference).
-11th May, 2022. In: Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission (online). Available from: https://www.
iattc.org/GetAttachment/be540fd5-6427-4115-a8c6-
c05f05199a45/BYC-11-05%20-%20Modelling%20
drifting%20Fish%20Aggregating%20Devices%20
(FADs)%20trajectories%20arriving%20at%20
essential%20habitats%20for%20sea%20turtles.
Access date: 2023 Aug. 23.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations). 1997. Fisheries bycatch and discards.
Committee on Fisheries. Twenty-second Session, Rome,
Italy, 17-20 March 1997. Available from: https://www.fao.
org/3/w3862e/w3862e.htm. Access date: 2022 May 2.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations). 2011. International guidelines on bycatch
management and reduction of discards. Rome: FAO.
Getis, A. and Ord, J. K. 1992. The analysis of spatial
association by use of Distance Statistics. Geographical
Analysis, 24(3), 189–206. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
Gillman, E. L. 2011. Bycatch governance and best practice
mitigation technology in global tuna fisheries. Marine
Policy, 35(5), 590–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpol.2011.01.021
Gómez, S., Caicedo, J. A. & Zapata, L. A. 2014. Captura de
peces no comerciales con espinel experimental de fondo
en Isla Gorgona, Colombia, y su área de influencia. Revista
de Biología Tropical, 62(supl1), 391_405. Available from:
https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid
=S0034-77442014000500029. Access date: 2024 Mar. 20.
Grande, M., Murua, J., Ruiz, J., Ferarios, J. M., Murua, H.,
Krug, I., Arregui, I., Zudaire, I., Goñi, N., Santiago, J.
Bycatch mitigation actions on tropical tuna purse
seiners: best practices program and bycatch releasing
tools. IAvailable from: https://fisheryprogress.org/sites/
default/files/documents_actions/Grande%20et%20
al%202019IATTC%20Bycatch_Best%20Practices%20
and%20fauna%20releasing%20tools_11_2019_v2_4.
pdf. Access date: 2022 Apr. 9.
Griffiths, S. P., Lezama-Ochoa, N., & Román, M. H.
Moving Towards Quantitative Ecological Risk
Assessment for Data-Limited Tuna Fishery Bycatch:
Application of “Easi-Fish” to The Spinetail Devil Ray
(Mobula mobular) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
DOCUMENT BYC-09-01. In: Meeting of the Working
Group on Bycatch (9th ed).,. Available from: https://
www.iattc.org/getattachment/8299c328-3177-4285-
b81d-d15c142c1bf9/BYC-09-01_Ecological-riskassessment-of-Mobulid-rays-in-the-eastern-PacificOcean.pdf. Access date: 2023 Aug. 23.
Grove, J. S. and Lavenberg, R. J. 1997. The fishes of the
Galápagos Islands. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hall, M. and Roman, M. 2013. Bycatch and non-tuna catch in
the tropical tuna purse fisheries of the world. FAO Fisheries
and Aquaculture Technical Paper. Rome: FAO, 568.
Hazen, E. L., Scales, K. L., Maxwell, S. M., Briscoe, D.
K., Welch, H., Bograd, S. J., Bailey, H., Benson, S. R.,
Eguchi, T., Dewar, H., Kohin, S., Costa, D. P., Crowder,
L. B., & Lewison, R. L.. 2018. A Dynamic Ocean
Management Tool to Reduce Bycatch and Support
Sustainable Fisheries. Science Advances. 4(5),
eaar3001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar3001
Hijmans, R. J. (Org.). 2022. _raster: Geographic Data Analysis
and Modeling. R package version 3.5-15. Available from:
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster. Access
date: 2022 Apr. 22.
INCODER (Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural).
Resolution 1856. Determines geographic areas
in jurisdictional waters aiming to regulate, manage and
surveillance marine fisheries resources to guarantee
its integral and sustainable management. Not available
on line.
IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Comission). 2021a.
Resolution C-21-04. Conservation measures for tropical
tunas in the Eastern Pacific Ocean during 2022-2024.
th Meeting, 18-22 October 2021. Available from: https://
www.iattc.org/GetAttachment/e3dc0a7e-e73c-4b8e-889ea4cd2cdd7b8b/C-21-04-Active_Tuna-conservation-in-theEPO-2022-2024.pdf. Access date: 2023 Apr. 24.
IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Comission). 2021b.
Resolution C-21-06. Amendment to Resolution C-19-
Conservation Measures for Shark Species, with
Special Emphasis on the Silky Shark (Carcharhinus
falciformis), for the years 2022 And 2023. 98th Meeting,
-22 October 2021. Available from: https://www.
iattc.org/getattachment/1a67519e-f11c-44d5-ab05-
b0b67418068/C-21-06-Active_Silky-sharks.pdf.
Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Isaza-Toro, I., Selvaraj, J. J., Giraldo-Lopez, A. & OrtízFerrín, O. O. 2020. Fish aggregating devices in the
eastern tropical Pacific marine corridor, according to the
Colombian Fisheries Observer. Aquatic Conservation:
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2021, 31, 3311–
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3687
Jiménez, S. I., Guagua, W., Maldonado, L. F. & Puentes,
V. 2012. Capítulo VI: Caracterización preliminar de
la captura incidental de la flota atunera mediana
y pequeña que opera en aguas jurisdiccionales
colombianas. In: Puentes, V., Moncaleano, A. (eds.).
Sistema de Gestión Regional para el Uso Sostenible
de los Recursos Pesqueros del Corredor Marino del
Pacífico Este Tropical (CMAR). Resultados de Gestión
en Colombia (pp. 133–152). Bogotá: CMAR.
Kassambara, A. 2020. _ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ Based Publication
Ready Plots_. R package version 0.4.0. Available from:
Tuna purse-seine bycatch in the Colombian Pacific
Ocean and Coastal Research 2024, v72:e24038 18
Puentes et al.
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr. Access
date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Kondel, J. and Rusin, J. 2007. Report of the 2nd Workshop
on Bycatch Reduction in the ETP Purse-Seine Fishery:
Administrative Report LJ-07-04. La Jolla: NOAA.
Lara-Lizardi, F., Hoyos-Padilla, M., Hearn, A., Klimley, P.,
Galván-Magaña, F., Arauz, R., Bessudo, S., Castro, E.,
Clua, E., Espinoza, E., Fischer, C., Peñaherrera-Palma,
C., Steiner, T. & Ketchum, J. T. 2020. Shark movements
in the Revillagigedo Archipelago 2 and connectivity
with the Eastern Tropical Pacific. bioRxiv, preprint.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.972844Leza
ma-Ochoa, N., Murua, H., Hall, M., Román, M., Ruiz,
J., Vogel, N., Caballero, A. & Sancristobal, I.. 2017.
Biodiversity and habitat characteristics of the bycatch
assemblages in Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and
school sets in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in
Marine Science, 4, 265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmars.2017.00265
Li, Y., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Wang, P., Hu, N., Cheng, W.,
& Fu, B. 2017. Mapping the hotspots and coldspots
of ecosystem services in conservation priority setting.
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27, 681–696. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1400-x
Manepalli, U. R., Bham, G. H., & Kandada, S. 2011.
Evaluation of hotspots identification using kernel
density estimation (K) and Getis-Ord (Gi*) on I-630. In:
International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation
(3rd ed.). Available from: https://onlinepubs.trb.org/
onlinepubs/conferences/2011/RSS/2/Manepalli,UR.pdf.
Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Minambiente ( Ministry Of Environment And Sustainable
Development ). 2022a. Resolución nº 0669, del 28
de junio de 2022. Declares a new area of the Fauna
and Flora Sanctuary Malpelo in the Colombian Pacific
Ocean. Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.
co/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Resolucion-0669-
de-2022.pdf. Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Minambiente ( Ministry Of Environment And Sustainable
Development ). 2022b. Resolución nº 0670, del 28 de
junio de 2022. Declares a new area of the Integrated
National Management District Yuruparí-Malpelo in the
Colombian Pacific Ocean. Available from: https://www.
minambiente.gov.co/documento-normativa/resolucion0670-de-2022/. Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Minambiente ( Ministry Of Environment And Sustainable
Development ). 2022c. Resolución º 0671, del 28 de
junio de 2022. Declares a new area of the Integrated
National Management District Colinas y Lomas
del Pacifico Norte in the Colombian Pacific Ocean.
Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/wpcontent/uploads/2022/07/Resolucion-0671-de-2022.
pdf. Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Nalesso, E., Hearn, A., Sosa-Nishizaki, O., Steiner, T.,
Antoniou, A., Reid, A., Bessudo, S., Soler, G., Klimley,
A. P., Lara, F., Ketchum, J. T., & Arauz R. 2019.
Movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna
lewini) at Cocos Island, Costa Rica and between
oceanic islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. PLoS
ONE, 14(3), e0213741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0213741
National Natural Parks. 2017. Resolution 2299. Declares
the Integrated National Management District “Cabo
Manglares, Bajo Mira y Frontera”. https://www.
parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/es/normatividad/
marco-normativo-areas-protegidas/distrito-nacionalde-manejo-integrado-cabo-manglares-bajo-mira-yfrontera/. Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Ortuño-Crespo, G., Griffiths, S., Murua, H., Österblom,
H., Lopez, J. 2022. Reducing Shark Bycatch in Tuna
Fisheries: Adaptive Spatio-Temporal Management
Options for the Eastern Pacific Ocean. DOCUMENT
BYC-11-04. In: Meeting of the Working Group on
Bycatch. (Videoconference). 10-11th May, 2022 (11th
ed.). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission.
Available from: https://www.iattc.org/GetAttachment/
cf83cb12-adee-4927-bf35-643e73e37148/BYC-11-
_Reducing-shark-bycatch-in-tuna-fisheries-adaptivespatio-temporal-management-for-the-EPO.pdf. Access
date: 2023 Aug. 23.
Orue, B., Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Santiago, J., Soto, M. &
Murua, H. 2019. Aggregation process of drifting fish
aggregating devices (DFADs) in the Western Indian
Ocean: Who arrives first, tuna or non-tuna species?
PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210435. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210435
Peatman, T., Allain, V., Caillot, S., Park, T., Williams, P.,
Tuiloma, I., Panizza, A., Fukofuka, S. & Smith, N. 2018.
Summary of purse seine fishery bycatch at a regional
scale, 2003-2017. WCPFC-SC14-2018/ST-IP-04. In:
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission.
Scientific Committee Fourteenth regular session.
Busan, 8-16 August, 2018.
Pebesma, E. 2018. Simple Features for R: Standardized
Support for Spatial Vector Data. The R Journal, 10(1),
–446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-009
Pineda Devia, A. R. 1995. Condiciones hidrológicas en
la cuenca del Pacífico colombiano. Boletín Científico
Centro de Control de Contaminación del Pacifico CCCP,
, 73–97. Ailable from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org
/7989/593d588aee039f16bd51901949386bf54497.pdf.
Access date: 2024 Mar. 20.
Pons, M., Watson, J. T., Ovando, D., Andraka, S., Brodie,
S., Domingo, A., Fitchett, M., Forselledo, R., Hall, M.,
Hazen, E. L., Jannot, J. E., Herrera, M., Jiménez, S.,
Kaplan, D. M., Kerwath, S., Lopez, J., McVeigh, J.,
Pacheco, L., Rendon, L., Richerson, K., Sant’Ana, R.,
Sharma, R., Smith, J. A., Somers, K., & Hilborn, R..
Trade-Offs Between Bycatch and Target Catches
in Static Versus Dynamic Fishery Closures. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. 119(4), e2114508119. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.2114508119
Puentes, V., Rubio, E. A., & Zapata, L. A. 2001. Primer
registro del género Tarectes (Pisces: Bramidae) en el
Océano Pacifico colombiano. Boletín de Investigaciones
Marinas y Costeras, 30, 207–212. Available from: http://
hdl.handle.net/1834/3192. Access date: 2024 Mar. 20.
Puentes, V. 2011. Revisión y análisis de la fauna y flora
silvestre afectada por las capturas incidentales: Hacia
la aplicación del enfoque ecosistémico para el manejo
sostenible de las pesquerías de Colombia. Bogotá:
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible.
Tuna purse-seine bycatch in the Colombian Pacific
Ocean and Coastal Research 2024, v72:e24038 19
Puentes et al.
Puentes, V., Polo, C. J., Roldán, A. M. & Zuluaga, P. A.
(Eds.). 2014. Artes y métodos de pesca en Colombia.
Serie Recursos Pesqueros de Colombia – AUNAP.
Bogotá: Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca –
AUNAP & Conservación Internacional Colombia.
Puentes, V., Hernández, H., Ardila, N., Muñoz, S. E.,
Bustamante, C. C., Zambrano, E., Jiménez, S. I.,
Hernández, S., Altamar, J., Murillo, J., Barreto, C. G.,
Rueda, M., & Benavides, I. F. 2022a. Descriptive and
Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Tuna Purse Seine
Fishery in the Colombian Pacific Ocean. International
Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 2(5), 1–21.
doi: 10.22533/at.ed.813252220075
Puentes, V., Mejia-Falla, P. A., Ramirez, J. G., ManjarresMartinez, L. M., Rguez-Baron, J. M., Zapata, L. A., Tavera,
J., Gomez-Delgado, F., Barreto, C. G., Zambrano, E.,
Villa, A. A., & Navia, A. F. 2022b. Sharks and marine
batoids management in Colombia: Policy instruments,
management duty and implications for their populations
and stakeholders. Marine Policy, 145, 105264. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105264
Quintanilla, S., Gómez, A., Mariño-Ramírez, C., Sorzano,
C., Bessudo, S., Soler, G., Bernal, J. E., & Caballero,
S. 2015. Conservation Genetics of the Scalloped
Hammerhead Shark in the Pacific Coast of Colombia.
Journal of Heredity, 106(1), 448–458. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1093/jhered/esv050
R Core Team. 2022. R: A language and environment for
statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical
Computing. Vienna, Austria. Available from: https://
www.R-project.org/. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Ramirez-Gallego, C. and Barrientos-Muñoz, K. 2015. Caná
(Dermochelys coriacea). In: Morales-Betancourt, M.
Lasso, C. A., Paez, V. & Bock, B. (Eds.) Libro Rojo de
Reptiles de Colombia (pp. 122-126). Bogotá: Instituto
de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos – IAVH,
Universidad de Antioquia.
Restrepo, V., Dagorn, L., Itano, D., Justel-Rubio, A., Forget,
F. & Moreno, G. 2017. A Summary of bycatch issues
and ISSF mitigation initiatives to-date in purse seine
fisheries, with emphasis on FADs. ISSF Technical
Report 2017-06. Washington, D.C.: International
Seafood Sustainability Foundation.
Restrepo, V., Dagorn, L., Moreno, G., Murua, J., Forget, F.
& Justel, A. 2019. Report of the International Workshop
on Mitigating Environmental Impacts of Tropical Tuna
Purse Seine Fisheries. ISSF Technical Report 201
-08, Rome, Italy, 12-13 March 2019. Washington,
D.C.: International Seafood Sustainability Foundation.
Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G.R. 2015. Shore fishes of
the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system.
Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Balboa, Panamá. Available from: https://biogeodb.stri.
si.edu/sftep/en/pages. Access date: 2024 Mar. 20.
Rivera-Gómez, M., Calle-Bonilla, I. C., Cuéllar-Chacón, A.,
Paredes-Mina, F., & Giraldo-López, A. 2016.Registro de
la tortuga caná (Dermochelys coriácea) en el Parque
Nacional Natural Gorgona, Pacífico Colombiano. Biota
Colombiana, 17(2), 163–166. DOI: https://doi.org/
https://dx.doi.org/10.21068/c2016.%20v17n02a11
RUNAP (Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas)).
Agreement 062, del 26 de noviembre de 1983.
Por el cual se reserva, alinda y declara como parque
Nacional Natural, un área ubicada en jurisdicción del
Departamento del Cauca. Available from: https://
runap.parquesnacionales.gov.co/area-protegida/93.
Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
RUNAP (Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas))..
Agreement 052, del 17 octubre 1987. Por el cual
se reserva, alinda y declara como Parque Nacional
Natural un área unbicada en el Departamento del
Chocó. Available from: https://www.parquesnacionales.
gov.co/portal/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ACUERDO052-DE-1986-UTRIA.pdf. Access date: 2023 Apr. 20.
Salazar, J. E., Benavides, I. F., Cabrera, C. V. P., Guzmán,
A. I., & Selvaraj, J. J. 2021. Generalized additive
models with delayed effects and spatial autocorrelation
patterns to improve the spatiotemporal prediction
of the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) distribution in the
Colombian Pacific Ocean. Regional Studies in Marine
Science, 45, 101829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rsma.2021.101829
Schröter, M. and Remme, R.P. 2016. Spatial prioritisation
for conserving ecosystem services: comparing hotspots
with heuristic optimisation. Landscape Ecology, 31,
–450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-
-5
Scott, M. D., Chivers, S. J., Olson, R. J., Fiedler, P. C., &
Holland, K. 2012. Pelagic predator associations: tuna
and dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 458, 283–302.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09740
Slowikowski, K. 2021. _ggrepel: Automatically Position
Non-Overlapping Text Labels with ‘ggplot2’_. R package
version 0.9.1. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.
org/package=ggrepel. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Taquet, M., Sancho, G., Dagorn, L., Gaertner, J. C., Itano,
D., Aumerruddy, R., Wendling, B., & Peignon, C.
Characterizing fish communities associated with
drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Western
Indian Ocean using underwater visual surveys. Aquatic
Living Resources, 20(4), 331–341. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1051/alr:2008007
Tavera, J. J, Acero, A., Balart, E. F., & Bernardi, G.
Molecular phylogeny of grunts (Teleostei,
Haemulidae), with an emphasis on the ecology,
evolution, and speciation history of New World species.
BMC evolutionary biology, 12, 57. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-57
Tennekes, M. 2021. _tmaptools: Thematic Map Tools_. R
package version 3.1-1. Available from: https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=tmaptools. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
Torres-Irineo, E., Amandèe, M. J., Gaertner, D., de Molina, A.
D., Murua, H., Chavance, P., Ariz, J., Ruiz, J. & LezamaOchoa, N. 2014. Bycatch species composition over time
by tuna purse seine fishery in the eastern tropical Atlantic
Ocean. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23, 1157–1173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0655-0
TUNACONES, CIAT, PROBECUADOR, ISSF, WWF.
IATTC - TUNACONS Workshop on Analysis
and Improvement of the Use and Function of Sorting
Grids for Juvenile Tunas and Bycatch Species in the
Purse-Seine Fishery for Tunas in the Eastern Pacific
Ocean. DOCUMENT INF-A. In: Meeting of the Working
Tuna purse-seine bycatch in the Colombian Pacific
Ocean and Coastal Research 2024, v72:e24038 20
Puentes et al.
Group on Bycatch. San Diego, California, 11th May,
Workshop Report. Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission (9th ed.). Available from: https://www.
iattc.org/GetAttachment/5e38e672-1cca-434b-8b1b837928af6a23/BYC-09-INF-A_Report-on-the-1stWorkshop-on-analysis-and-improvement-of-the-use-andfunction-of-sorting-grids.pdf. Access date: 2023 Aug. 23.
Vélez, N., Bessudo, S., Barragán-Barrera, D. C., Ladino,
F., Bustamante, P. & Luna-Acosta, A. 2021. Mercury
concentrations and trophic relations in sharks of the Colombian
Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 173(Pt B), 113109. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113109
Villegas Bolaños, N. L. 1997a. Estudio del movimiento
de las aguas en la región este de la cuenca del
Pacífico colombiano. Boletín Científico Centro de
Control de Contaminación del Pacifico CCCP, 6,
–80. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26640/
6.71_80
Villegas Bolaños, N. L. 1997b. Movimiento vertical de las
aguas en el Pacífico colombiano durante junio y octubre
de 1996. Boletín Científico del Centro de Control de
Contaminación del Pacífico – CCCP 6, 81–93. Available
from: https://ojs.dimar.mil.co/index.php/CCCP/article/
view/327. Access date: 2024 Mar. 21.
Villegas Bolaños, N. L. 2003. Evolución mensual de las
corrientes verticales y zonas de surgencia en la cuenca
del Pacífico colombiano – CPC. Boletín Científico del
Centro de Control de Contaminación del Pacífico –
CCCP, 9, 34–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.
org/10.26640/01213423.9.29_36
Wickham, H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data
analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Wilke, C. 2020. _cowplot: Streamlined Plot Theme and
Plot Annotations for ‘ggplot2’_. R package version
1.1. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/
package=cowplot. Access date: 2022 Apr. 22.
