Exploring ecoacoustic indices in response to soundscapes in a marine protected area exposed to coastal upwelling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Soundscape ecology, Passive acoustic monitoring, Biophony, Geophony, AnthropophonyAbstract
Ecoacoustic indices may become an important tool to monitor marine ecosystems because they take passive and
non-invasive measurements over wide spatial and temporal ranges. However, the performance and limitations
of marine ecoacoustic indices are yet to be fully understood. This study evaluated the Acoustic Complexity
Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Bioacoustic Index (H), and Normalized Difference Sound Index
(NDSI) in a marine protected area (MPA) named Resex mar Arraial do Cabo in a coastal upwelling in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. All considered variables, such as water temperature, wind direction, solar radiation, and vessel
traffic were monitored from September to December 2018. Principal component analysis showed that the ACI
index was negatively correlated with the number of vessels, whereas the ADI and H indices were correlated with
water temperature. After categorizing specific moments, the ACI configured the best index for differentiating
specific times of day, whereas the ADI was ideal for distinguishing between moments with and without vessel
presence. Thus, the ACI and ADI showed the best performance overall. This study identified the main variables
influencing the soundscape of a productive upwelling region and intensely used MPA. Furthermore, this
research has laid the foundation for further exploration and the development of a robust, non-invasive tool for
monitoring marine environments.
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