Paidéia is affiliated with the Graduate Program in Psychology at the Universidade de São Paulo at Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. Issued since 1991, since 2018 adopts the rolling pass system. The journal Paidéia is research that addresses a problem clearly related to Psychology, specifically in the areas: Psychology of Health, Developmental Psychology, School and Educational Psychology, Social Psychology and Psychological Evaluation. Paidéia receives manuscripts based on different theoretical-methodological approaches acknowledged by Psychology. The authors are solely responsible for the papers published, whose opinions and judgments do not necessarily reflect the thoughts of the Editorial Board. Its abbreviated title is Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), which should be used in bibliographies and bibliographical references and strips.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto
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Patterns of Delinquent Behavior in the Brazilian Youth Justice System
Bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and professional practice remains challenging in studies on offending behavior. This research, grounded in the Social and Personal Control Theory of Deviant Behavior, aimed to identify different levels of severity of engagement in offending behavior to support the development of evaluation parameters for adolescent offenders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 158 male adolescents (aged 12 to 19) serving legal measures in two regions of Brazil. Severity indicators, descriptive statistics, latent class analysis, and qualitative exploration of the variables were employed. The results revealed three distinct groups with varying levels of severity of engagement in offending conduct, consistent with existing literature. The findings highlight the need for specific guidelines for professional care and suggest the possibility of a fourth class comprising abstinent adolescents or those with minimal offenses, characteristic of the school-aged adolescent population.
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COVID-19 and Children’s Mental Health: The Impact of Sociodemographic Variables, Educational Practices and Stressors
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on families in different countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic variables, parental educational practices, and stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional and behavioral problems of children aged 6 to 11 years. Mothers/fathers (N = 132) answered the Sociodemographic Data Questionnaire, the Inventory of Parenting Practices, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Response to Stress Questionnaire COVID-19. Regression analysis indicated that parental clinical diagnosis and being a boy had an effect on externalizing problems, as well as did parental age on hyperactivity. Marital status influenced children’s conduct difficulties, and educational level influenced emotional and internalizing difficulties. Coercive discipline was associated with all subscales of the emotional/behavioral problems. Finally, the stressors of the pandemic had an impact on conduct, emotional, peer-relationship externalizing and internalizing problems. It was shown that different factors accentuated children’s vulnerabilities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reading Fluency and its Relationship with Comprehension: A Systematic Literature Review
Research on reading fluency variably emphasizes accuracy, automaticity and prosody, without clarifying the direction of its relationship with comprehension. This systematic review aimed to examine the scientific production on the definition of fluency and its relationship with reading comprehension from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Following PRISMA guidelines, the phases of identification, selection, eligibility, inclusion and data extraction were conducted. A search in databases such as Web of Science, SciELO, American Psychological Association, among others, resulted in the inclusion of 57 studies. The synthesis revealed that 60% of the researches define fluency as accuracy, automaticity and prosody, identifying it as a predictor of comprehension (81%). In terms of evaluation, accuracy and speed measures are the most used (58%), while prosody remains neglected. It is concluded that advances in the definition of fluency are crucial. This review provides a better understanding of the construct, contributing to teaching and assessment practices.
Managerial Competencies in Basic Education: Construction and Validation of a Scale
A avaliação da efetividade de treinamentos é um tema relevante para as organizações. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a construção e verificar as evidências de validade psicométrica da Escala de Impacto do Treinamento no Trabalho em Profundidade para Gestores Escolares (ITPGE), voltada à mensuração de competências gerenciais no ensino básico. O instrumento foi desenvolvido a partir de objetivos instrucionais observáveis extraídos de um curso de formação de diretores escolares ofertado de forma hibrida. Participaram 248 diretores da rede pública de São Paulo. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e fatoriais confirmatórias que indicaram uma estrutura composta por três fatores: Gestão de Pessoas e Equipes (9 itens; α=,92), Gestão Pedagógica (10 itens; α=,89) e Gestão Administrativa (5 itens; α=,86). Os resultados demonstram validade estatística e consistência interna. A escala contribui para a avaliação de competências profissionais de gestores escolares, oferecendo subsídios para práticas de desenvolvimento e políticas de formação continuada.
Effects of an Intervention in Shared Reading in Early Childhood Education
Shared reading can be defined as an umbrella term that encompasses various forms of reading done by a more proficient reader, usually an adult, and a child. The present study aimed to investigate if an intervention in Early Childhood Education could help in developing emergent literacy skills: phonological awareness, vocabulary and letter knowledge. Thirty children from a public Early Childhood Education school in Niterói, RJ, participated in this research. Children were divided into control and experimental groups, assessed before and after the intervention using Phonological Awareness and Vocabulary tests and a Letter Knowledge task. The results showed significant effects of the intervention for phonological awareness and letter name knowledge. We hope to broaden the scope of research in this field and to help the development of strategies that will be used to contribute to the development of literacy precursor skills.
The Relationship Between Status Anxiety and Loneliness With Well-Being in a Neoliberal Society: Analysis of a Spanish Sample
Social psychology has recently shown increasing interest in analysing the influence of neoliberalism on individual psychology. In this study, we examine in a Spanish sample whether levels of status anxiety and loneliness are negatively associated with well-being as individuals perceive their country’s economic policies to be increasingly neoliberal in nature. A total of 343 participants (205 women, 138 men) took part in the study. Results indicated that status anxiety and loneliness sequentially mediate the relationship between neoliberalism and well-being. Perceived neoliberalism was found to be positively related to both status anxiety and loneliness. Additionally, loneliness was negatively associated with well-being. The findings highlight that one of the ways in which status anxiety is negatively related to well-being in individuals who perceive high levels of neoliberalism is through increased loneliness.
Personality, Co-parenting, and Psychological Symptoms in Adolescent Children
Co-parenting is the relationship between two adults who are responsible for the care of a child or adolescent. It can be influenced by personality characteristics of each member of the dyad. These constructs can be associated with psychological symptoms in adolescent children. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between personality, co-parenting, and psychological symptoms in adolescents, examining the co-parenting’s mediating role. This was a quantitative, explanatory, and cross-sectional study conducted with one member of the co-parenting dyad, responsible for an adolescent aged 12-16 years. 217 participants responded to the Reduced Markers of the Big Five Personality Factors, The Coparenting Inventory for Parents and Adolescents, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was used for data analysis. Co-parental cooperation acted as a partial mediator between parents’ personality factors and psychological symptoms in children, highlighting the importance of working with parents in a clinical setting.
Building Bonds in Mental Health Care within Primary Health Care
Building bonds is a strategic relational technology for mental health care in Primary Health Care, which remains a challenge when dealing with severe psychological distress patients. We analyzed how bonds are and how they are formed between users with severe mental suffering, their families, and Family Health Teams in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Through qualitative research, thirteen open interviews with Primary Health Care workers, users with severe psychological distress, and their families were conducted and analyzed inductively by dialectical hermeneutic method. We identified some elements that permeate these bonds, such as precarious resources in the health network, the preponderance of the use of psychotropic drugs, the primacy of biomedical logic, and the stigma related to madness. Strengthening bonds between patients, their family members, and Primary Health Care workers can advance Psychiatric Reform. As a limitation of this research, there is a need to expand dialogue with patients and family members on this topic.
Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Male Adolescents in the Western Amazon
Males dominate suicide death rates across all age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate suicidal ideation and its associated factors in male adolescents. We assessed a total of 424 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years, from primary and secondary schools. The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Conceptions of Masculinity Scale/CMS, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Adolescents/EDAE-A, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale/BSSI. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 26.4%, which is considered to be high. The factors associated with the adjusted model were single-parent family structure and shared custody, symptoms of mild and moderate, severe, and extremely severe depression and anxiety. It is recommended that parents and schools be made aware of the need to work on the subject in order to promote prevention in identifying signs of suicidal behavior among adolescents.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Psychosomatic Symptoms Scale into Brazilian Portuguese (PSS-BRA)
The psychosomatic approach requires valid instruments to assess physical symptoms influenced by psychological factors. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and examine the validity evidence of the Brazilian version of the Psychosomatic Symptoms Scale (PSS-BRA). A total of 546 Brazilian adults participated (age range: 18-76 years, M = 38.7; SD = 13.5). Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that a seven-factor oblique structure provided the best fit for both frequency and severity scales, with satisfactory internal consistency (α and ω = .52-.93). The scale demonstrated sex invariance and positive correlations with anxiety symptoms, clinical diagnoses, and self-reported pain levels. These findings provide evidence of factorial validity, convergent validity, and reliability of the PSS-BRA. Overall, the instrument is psychometrically robust and suitable for clinical screening and preventive health interventions in Brazil.
Sexism in University Teaching: Differences in the Evaluations of Male and Female Professors
this research’s objective was to investigate whether the evaluation of the professional performance of university professors (variable operationalized as perceived fairness of the grade received) is influenced by the independent variables: (a) participant’s gender, (b) professor’s gender, (c) type of major that they teach, and (d) and the grade given to the students by professors. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 384), with a predictive-correlational design, and Study 2 (N = 376), with an experimental design. Both studies had university students as participants. Taken together, the results indicate that gender is related to perceived fairness of grades given by professors, and this effect varies depending on the type of professional context. These results point to gender inequality in university teaching and indicate that women are still perceived as different from men, especially in contexts considered “male.”
Self-Generated Stress Scale: Adaptation and validity evidence for the Brazilian context
Self-generated stress has been defined as stress generated by an individual on themselves, adding tension to an already existing situation. This research comprised two studies: the first one aimed at adapting the instrument to the Brazilian context, and the second one sought to investigate validity evidence for the Self-Generated Stress Scale (SGSS), based on its internal structure and its relationship with external variables. A total of 205 graduate students (Stricto Sensu) from Brazilian educational institutions took part in the study. The results obtained through Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed a structure identical to the original one-factor, seven-item model. The reliability coefficients were satisfactory (alpha and omega = .90) and the SGSS model fit indices were adequate (χ2/114, df = 14, p < .001; CFI=.95; TLI=.92; RMSEA = .09). Therefore, it can be concluded that the scale possesses sufficient psychometric properties to assess self-generated stress.
Environmental Psychology Alignments to SDG in Brazil: Towards Healthy Societies?
Considering that Brazilian research in Environmental Psychology is largely concentrated within the 50º Working Group of the National Association for Research and Post-Graduate Studies in Psychology (GT-50), the current study analysed materials and practices produced by its members which were aligned with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in order to understand their contribution towards healthy societies in Brazil. The authors organized the practices and materials into five thematic sections, analyzed them through a healthy society framework and discussed current and potential contributions towards the framework components: people, places, products, planet. The main findings indicate progress in equity, community spaces, eco-behaviours, and nature-based solutions. Gaps include targeting commercial determinants of environment and health, macro-scaling urban governance barriers, explicit ties to global targets, and scaling individual-level outcomes to systemic policy changes. Methodological limitations are presented towards the choice to focus on GT-50 and theoretical critiques on SDG principles and practices are produced.
Parenting and Coparenting: Intervention Program for Families of Adolescents
Promoting functional family relationships during adolescence is an important need, underscoring the relevance of programs designed to foster positive parenting for this population. This study aimed to describe parenting and coparenting among parents of adolescents before and after participation in an intervention program. The sample consisted of 22 participants (20 mothers and 2 fathers) who completed the Brazilian version of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS), the Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP; Parenting Styles Inventory) at both pretest and posttest, as well as a sociodemographic questionnaire at baseline. Following the eight-session online group intervention and subsequent quantitative analysis, most participants obtained parenting style scores classified as excellent or good. In addition, mean scores in the positive dimensions of coparenting increased after the intervention. These findings highlight the importance of providing parents and caregivers with information on the specific characteristics of adolescence to strengthen family bonds and promote healthy parent-child relationships.
Psychoanalysis, Adolescence and the Social Bond: Notes on the Current Malaise in Education
This article examines aspects of the current grammar of unease among school-age adolescents and university students, a problem evident in increasing rates of psychological distress, suicide attempts, and school and university dropout in Brazil and Argentina. This work stems from the articulation of psychoanalysis, education, and social bond, aiming to explore intersections with sociopolitical dynamics and their implications for the educational field in these two Latin Americans countries. We seek to identify the ways in which educational discontent and the psychological suffering of adolescents and young people are linked to the dissolution of ties with the Other and to the absence of political imagination. We discuss concepts related to psychological constitution during adolescence and reflect on the effects of the current acceleration of time in producing unease among students. Our analysis contributes to develop potential strategies for teacher training in both schools and universities.
Post-Pandemic Adolescence: Evaluation of Training for Protection Network Professionals
The study evaluated the effectiveness of a training program for professionals in the protection network, focusing on adolescence and the promotion of resilience processes, aiming to increase familiarity with the addressed topics and indirectly contribute to workers’ engagement and mental health. A sample of 366 professionals underwent a six-week intervention, and pre- and post-test analyses (repeated measures t-test and JT method) showed significant increases in familiarity and engagement but no changes in mental health scores. Challenges such as job precariousness, lack of resources, and cultural pressure on caregiving roles may have limited the results. The study highlights the need for continued training programs to promote deeper changes, while contributing to the understanding of the challenges faced by professionals in complex contexts, particularly in the post-pandemic period, and emphasizing the importance of individual and organizational factors in training programs.
Scientific Outputs of Brazilian Postgraduate Research Groups
Vulnerabilities and Resilience Processes in Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
Antiretroviral Therapy has reduced HIV morbidity and mortality. However, its benefits depend on adherence to treatment. The objective was to investigate the factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral medications by people living with HIV. The study was conducted with 237 adults, including adults and the elderly, using: Characterization questionnaire; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; Resilience Assessment Scale; Duke Religiosity Index; Spirituality Self Rating Scale, and Questionnaire to assess adherence to antiretroviral treatment. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Of the participants, 72.6% were considered adherent. Symptoms of anxiety, increased frequency of alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use increased the odds of non-adherence, while resilience had a positive impact on adherence. The findings highlighted the impact of mental health on adherence and can guide the design of interventions that more effectively consider this dimension in the care of this group. Keywords: HIV; treatment adherence; antiretroviral therapy; health vulnerability; resilience
The Impact of Concussion on Processing Speed and Attention in Athletes: A Systematic Review
The present study investigated if concussions would be associated with decreases in cognitive performance, especially attention and processing speed. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, PsycInfo and ScienceDirect databases. The aim of this review is to ascertain the quality of the evidence in parallel with seeking a convergent answer to the guiding research question. The results showed that attention and processing speed are compromised at least one week after the concussion occurs. However, two problems were indicated by the judges: the heterogeneity of the instruments used in the studies, and the bias of the results, given that most of them did not use blind data collection or blind compilation of the results of the evaluations. Although solid evidence was found, further meta-analyses will be needed to increase homogeneity and validity, and ensure the size of the effect of concussion on the cognitive functions of athletes. Keywords: brain concussion; attention; processing speed; review; sports
Effects of R-Optimized Administration on Form Quality in the Zulliger-SC Test
The Zulliger test, inspired by the Rorschach method, is widely used in Brazil to assess personality, cognition, and emotional aspects, particularly in contexts requiring quick evaluations. Recent adaptations, such as the R-Optimized administration based on the (Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), aim to enhance its validity and psychometric properties. We examined whether controlling the number of responses (3-5 per card) in the Zulliger test leads to an increase in distorted form responses (FQ-). A total of 64 adults participated (Mage = 32.9 years, SD= 10.8; 57.8 % women), with analyses conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-tests. The result (F(1, 63) = 3.60, p= .015, ηp²= .07) showed no clinically significant increase in FQ-, indicating that the R-Optimized administration does not pathologize results. These findings reinforce the effectiveness of controlling the number of responses, highlight the need for updated normative data, and support adopting R-Optimized instructions which strengthen the reliability of the Zulliger test in psychological assessments. Keywords: psychological assessment; validity; projective techniques; performance tests
Extension of Brazilian Silhouette Scale for the Context of Super Obesity
Body image assessment in the pre- and postoperative periods of bariatric surgery is essential to identify weight loss expectations and potential disorders associated with mental health outcomes. Silhouette scales are widely used to measure body dissatisfaction and body size estimation. This study aimed to expand the Brazilian Silhouette Scale for Adults to make it suitable for use in contexts of super obesity (BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2). The sample consisted of 61 adults (52 women and 9 men) with an average BMI of 48.55 kg/m² (SD = 7.64), all candidates for bariatric surgery. Validity and test-retest reliability procedures were conducted. Results showed moderate correlations (Pearson’s r between .46 and .63; p < .05), indicating the scale’s adequacy for this population. The new version includes figures representing BMIs up to 72.5 kg/m², enhancing the clinical and scientific assessment of body image in a more inclusive manner. Keywords: body image; body dissatisfaction; statistical validity; bariatric surgery; morbid obesity
Competencies of the Clinical Supervisor in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Scoping Review
The clinical supervision mode based on therapeutic competencies has gained prominence and empirical support. This review article aimed to map and synthesize the relevant literature available on the competencies of the clinical supervisor in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. The review was conducted following the scoping methodology recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute and in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Twenty-five articles were selected, identifying multiple categories for the analysis of therapeutic competencies: (a) basic; (b) transcultural; and (c) metacompetencies, in addition to studies that subdivided competencies into those related to individual, group, and online supervision. The findings highlight the importance of the supervisor’s prior training and the prior and explicit definition of the competencies and/or domains to be observed and developed throughout the clinical supervision assessment cycles. Keywords: clinical supervisory competencies; competence-based supervision; skills; supervision; cognitive-behavioral therapy
Battery of Intellectual and Creative Assessment for Children: Validity Evidence
The literature emphasizes the need for psychological instruments that assess intelligence and creativity simultaneously. This study examined two sources of validity evidence of the Children’s Intellectual and Creative Assessment Battery (BAICI), which consists of five intelligence and three creativity tests. A total of 132 children between the ages of 9 and 12 were included in the study. The Children’s Figural Creativity Test (TCFI) was used as an external criterion for evaluation. A positive and significant correlation was found between the TCFI and the BAICI creativity measures (r = 0.419; p ≤ 001), supporting evidence of convergent validity. Correlations between the TCFI and intelligence measures (r = 0.198; p ≤ 0.023) were low or not significant thus indicating these are independent constructs.
Between Political Tones: Investigating the Impact of Political Orientation on Racial Perception
Political polarization is a growing phenomenon that intensifies social divisions, potentially influencing how individuals perceive and categorize others. This study aimed to investigate the impact of information about an individual’s political orientation on the racialized social group categorization attributed to them. The hypothesis tested was that political statements (left vs. right) could alter racial perceptions of mixed-race candidates. In Study 1, 576 participants evaluated a male photo, and in Study 2, 400 evaluated a female photo. Participants were exposed to political scenarios and answered questions about political position, racialized categorization, and political identification. The results indicated that mixed-race candidates with left-wing statements are perceived as Blacker. Gender (Study 1) and age (Study 2) influenced this categorization. It is concluded that political orientation impacts racial categorization and warrants further investigation, especially regarding these interactions.
Predictive Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
Suicidal ideation in adolescents is a global public health issue, but few studies explore this phenomenon in middle school. This study tested a predictive model for suicidal ideation, considering victimization by bullying and cyberbullying, social skills, school climate, and gender as variables in students in the final years of middle school. A total of 659 students, aged 10-18 years, of both sexes, from 6th to 9th grade in public schools participated. The instruments used included the Global School-based Student Health Survey, Delaware School Climate, and the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents. The results of logistic regression indicated that increased verbal bullying and cyberbullying raised the likelihood of suicidal ideation by 5% and 9%, respectively, while better self-control and school climate reduced the likelihood by 6% and 2%. The study concludes that interventions should focus on promoting positive school environments and preventing violence.
Maternal-Fetal Attachment Among Pregnant Women in Primary Health Care and Associated Variables
Along with the rapid transition into motherhood, signs of Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) begin to appear. This study aimed to identify the socioeconomic, gestational, social support, and psychological factors associated with MFA among pregnant women receiving primary health care. The sample included 151 pregnant women recruited from the Brazilian Basic Health Units (BHUs) in a city in Rio Grande do Sul, who completed a general questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the short version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. The data, analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics, showed that maternal age over 35, lack of social support, lower gestational age, and stress symptomatology were connected to reduced MFA. Early detection may help promote healthy infant development and improve maternal adjustment in the postnatal period.
“Dangerous Games” and Adolescents’ Psychological Functioning: A Multimethod Assessment
“Dangerous games” are a complex social phenomenon which demands in-depth investigation. This study aimed to compare adolescent groups with and without a history of practicing “aggression games” and/or “non-oxygenation games” regarding impulsivity, depressive symptoms, the big five personality traits and emotional dynamics. Thus, a total of 239 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years initially and asynchronously answered five self-report measures. Then, 70 participants from the previous stage answered the Pfister Online in remote synchronous mode at a second moment. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used. Different patterns were found between groups in relation to neuroticism, conscientiousness, impulsive and depressive symptom traits. Regarding emotional dynamics, a tendency to behave in an aggressive way and to be attracted to intense stimuli was observed among “aggression game” participants. Furthermore, “non-oxygenation game” participants showed greater insecurity and search for emotional balance.
Racist humour and Hypocrisy: “Do as I Say, not as I Do”
In Brazil, a supposed cordiality in social relations has led to a specific expression of racism in which laughter is often used as a mediator. This work analyses the relations between humour and racism in two studies. The first study involved 150 participants (63.8% female, M = 23.93 years, SD = 8.08), and the second, 35 people (67.6% female, M = 25.20 years, SD = 8.55). The results suggest that while participants predicted they would be very upset and defend the victim if they were present in the situation depicted (Study 1), they showed little emotional concern and no reaction when actually present at the scene (Study 2). These findings demonstrate the discrepancy between what people say they would do and what they actually do, contributing to a better understanding of the expressions and perpetuation of racism through humour.
Access Policies for Quilombolas in Graduate Psychology Programs at Federal Universities
Access policies for Quilombolas in graduate programs in Psychology through ethnic-racial quotas are a little studied topic and central to inclusion and equity in this area of ​​knowledge. This study aimed to analyze the access policies for Quilombola students in the selection processes for graduate programs in Psychology at Brazilian federal universities. Documentary research was carried out on the announcements published, adopting 2023 as a reference. The documentary corpus consisted of 18 public announcements published by the 15 Graduate Programs in Psychology at federal universities with quotas for Quilombola students. The analysis sought to identify regional differences, the number of places reserved, admission methods, documentary evidence of ethnic-racial belonging and the effects of the limitations of the policies adopted. The results indicated inter-regional and intra-regional differences in policies for reserving places and criteria for proving ethnic belonging, as well as weaknesses in the distribution of reserved places considering census data on the Quilombola population.
Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Family Hardiness Index for the Brazilian Population
Despite the importance of family hardiness for the adaptation of families to adverse situations, there are gaps in the Brazilian literature regarding this construct. The objective of this study was to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Family Hardiness Index (FHI) for the Brazilian population. The process was developed in two phases: (1) cross-cultural adaptation, conducted in five stages - translation, synthesis, back translation, expert analysis and pre-testing; and (2) validation with 210 caregivers (mothers, fathers, and grandmothers) of children with disabilities. An Item Comprehension Assessment Questionnaire was also administered. The FHI demonstrated good semantic and cultural agreement, with a Kappa coefficient of 80%. Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the model with two factors (Commitment/Challenge and Confidence/Control) and 11 items was the most appropriate. This study presents indicators of the validity of the FHI for the Brazilian context.