<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pusp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Psicologia USP</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Psicol. USP</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-6564</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1678-5177</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0103-6564e200003</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00218</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Teorias evolucionistas da depressão: panorama e perspectivas</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Teorías evolutivas de la depresión: visión general y perspectivas</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="fr">
					<trans-title>Théories évolutionnistes de la dépression: aperçu et perspectives</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6524-8782</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Andreza Conceição de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3143-4026</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Rebeca Fernandes Ferreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2859-4114</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tokumaru</surname>
						<given-names>Rosana Suemi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Psicologia Social e do Desenvolvimento, Vitória, ES, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Psicologia Social e do Desenvolvimento</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Vitória</city>
					<state>ES</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Niterói, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Niterói</city>
					<state>RJ</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Endereço para correspondência: <email>drezacsandreza@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>32</volume>
			<elocation-id>e200003</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A depressão tem alcançado níveis epidêmicos ao redor do mundo. Seria a depressão um distúrbio mental, como é consenso na saúde mental? Teóricos evolucionistas têm-se questionado quanto à função da depressão e proposto modelos específicos para explicá-la. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar teorias evolucionistas da depressão, discutir as relações de complementariedade e contraposição entre elas e as implicações sociais e práticas para o tratamento da depressão. Essas reflexões e questionamentos no domínio da saúde mental podem influenciar novos estudos a partir de uma perspectiva não patológica da depressão. No âmbito da psicologia essa perspectiva fornece subsídios para repensar a psicoterapia com o deprimido, enfocando a análise causal e a resolução de problemas. Sugere-se a realização de estudos empíricos com a finalidade de testar e sistematizar as teorias evolucionistas da depressão.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>Resumen</italic></title>
				<p>La depresión ha alcanzado niveles epidemiológicos alrededor del mundo. ¿Será la depresión un trastorno mental como se cree en el dominio de la salud mental? Teóricos evolucionistas se cuestionan sobre la depresión y han propuesto modelos específicos para explicarla. El objetivo de este artículo fue presentar teorías evolutivas de la depresión, discutir las relaciones de complementariedad y contraposición entre ellas, así como las implicaciones sociales y prácticas para su tratamiento. Estas reflexiones y cuestionamientos, en el dominio de la salud mental, pueden influir en nuevos estudios a partir de una perspectiva no patológica de la depresión. En el ámbito de la psicología, esta perspectiva provee subsidios para repensar la psicoterapia con el deprimido enfocándose en el análisis causal y la resolución de problemas. Se sugiere la realización de estudios empíricos con la finalidad de probar y sistematizar las teorías evolucionistas de la depresión.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="fr">
				<title><italic>Résumé</italic></title>
				<p>La dépression a atteint les proportions d’une épidémie mondiale. Les théoriciens évolutionnistes se sont interrogés sur la fonction de la dépression et ont proposé des modèles spécifiques pour l’expliquer. Cet article vise à présenter les différentes théories évolutionnistes de la dépression, discuter leurs relations de complémentarité et d’opposition, et débattre les possibles implications sociales et pratiques pour le traitement de la dépression. Ces réflexions dans le domaine de la santé mentale peuvent influencer de nouvelles études dans une perspective non pathologique de la dépression. Dans le domaine de la psychologie, cette perspective permet de repenser la psychothérapie avec les personnes déprimées, en se concentrant sur l’analyse causale et la résolution des problèmes. Des études empiriques sont proposées dans le but de tester et systématiser les théories évolutionnistes de la dépression.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chaves:</title>
				<kwd>psicologia evolucionista</kwd>
				<kwd>depressão</kwd>
				<kwd>adaptação</kwd>
				<kwd>desregulação</kwd>
				<kwd>saúde mental</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
				<kwd>psicología evolutiva</kwd>
				<kwd>depresión</kwd>
				<kwd>adaptación</kwd>
				<kwd>desregulación</kwd>
				<kwd>salud mental</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
				<title><italic>Mots-clés:</italic></title>
				<kwd>psychologie évolutionniste</kwd>
				<kwd>dépression</kwd>
				<kwd>adaptation</kwd>
				<kwd>déréglementation</kwd>
				<kwd>santé mentale</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="47"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>A depressão é uma alteração afetiva caracterizada pela presença de humor deprimido (disfórico) e anedonia (capacidade reduzida de ter prazer) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2014</xref>). Exerce forte impacto sobre a vida social dos indivíduos, tais como a piora nas relações interpessoais e no desenvolvimento de papéis sociais, bem como o declínio das funções neurocognitivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Sloman, Gilbert, &amp; Hasey, 2003</xref>). A depressão é uma das principais condições emocionais para a qual as pessoas procuram ajuda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews &amp; Thomson, 2009</xref>). A depressão também é o principal fator para mortes por suicídio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">World Health Organization [WHO], 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>Dados epidemiológicos da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) constatam prevalência da depressão na população mundial em torno de 4,4%, o equivalente a mais de 300 milhões de pessoas, indicando aumento de mais de 18% entre 2005 e 2015 (WHO, 2017). Os fatores causais da depressão incluem causas genéticas, ambientais e psicológicas, porém o risco de tornar-se deprimido é aumentado pela pobreza, desemprego, eventos de vida, como morte de alguém querido, rompimento de relacionamentos, doença física e uso de álcool e drogas (WHO, 2017). Dessa forma, tendo em vista a alta incidência da depressão ao redor do mundo e suas consequências biopsicossociais, a depressão continua a ser um tema de estudo de grande relevância.</p>
		<p>Na psicologia, observou-se o crescente interesse pela compreensão dos mecanismos evolutivos das emoções (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kennair, 2003</xref>). Nesse campo, a depressão tem recebido uma atenção especial pela psicologia evolucionista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>), que tem por base a teoria da evolução por seleção natural, proposta inicialmente por Charles Darwin. Essa abordagem sustenta três pressupostos fundamentais para a compreensão do ser humano: (1) existe uma natureza universal com preeminência dos mecanismos psicológicos sobre os comportamentos; (2) os mecanismos psicológicos são adaptações moldadas pela seleção natural; (3) “a estrutura evoluída da mente humana é adequada para o modo de vida de caçadores coletores” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cosmides, Tooby, &amp; Barkow, 1992</xref>, p. 5).</p>
		<p>A psicologia evolucionista interpreta o comportamento manifesto como produto de mecanismos psicológicos selecionados ao longo da evolução humana e, portanto, adaptado ao ambiente de adaptabilidade evolutiva (AAE). O AAE refere-se ao conjunto de condições que estiveram presentes ao longo do período de evolução humana e que atuaram como pressão seletiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yamamoto, 2018</xref>). Dado que essas condições foram predominantes ao longo da evolução humana e que as condições modernas são muito recentes para atuarem como pressão seletiva, pressupõe-se que o comportamento manifesto nem sempre é adaptativo nas condições modernas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yamamoto, 2018</xref>). Assim, ao tratar de determinada temática a partir da abordagem evolucionista do comportamento humano, busca-se compreender a função adaptativa e o processo de seleção dos mecanismos psicológicos que regulam o desenvolvimento de certas estratégias comportamentais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Izar, 2018</xref>). Por função adaptativa entende-se a contribuição do mecanismo psicológico para a resolução de problemas de sobrevivência e reprodução dos indivíduos que o exibiram no AAE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Varella &amp; Valentova, 2018</xref>).</p>
		<p>A psicologia evolucionista não é a única a estudar o comportamento humano a partir da teoria da evolução proposta por Darwin. Outras abordagens incluem a etologia, a ecologia comportamental humana e a coevolução gene-cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Laland &amp; Brown, 2002</xref>). Entretanto, as contribuições da psicologia evolucionista sobre os mecanismos psicológicos selecionados no AAE fornecem a base para elaborar novas perguntas sobre a natureza do transtorno mental e podem contribuir para a redução de epidemias, como a depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abed, Ayton, John-Smith, Swanepoel, &amp; Tracy, 2019</xref>). Tratar e prevenir a depressão requer o reconhecimento das necessidades e vulnerabilidades do ser humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gilbert, 2006</xref>).</p>
		<p>Diversos modelos evolucionistas explicativos vêm sendo apresentados em diferentes revisões (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). Essas revisões tendem a ser restritas no sentido de que apresentam e discutem os modelos que se referem às propostas teóricas dos autores, pois servem de contraponto ou suporte para a elaboração destas. No Brasil é escassa na literatura a discussão da depressão sob a perspectiva evolucionista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Resende, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Silva, 2008</xref>) e não encontramos nenhuma revisão específica sobre o tema nesta abordagem. Dessa forma, dentre os modelos evolucionistas discutiremos nesta revisão: (1) modelos adaptacionistas, para os quais a depressão é adaptativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews &amp; Thomson, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price, Sloman, Gardner, Gilbert, &amp; Rohde, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>); (2) modelos não adaptacionistas, para os quais a depressão não teria sido selecionada, mas seria um subproduto ou disfunção de outras características adaptativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). Destaca-se que essas abordagens são consideradas evolucionistas, ainda que não adaptacionistas, por enfatizarem a importância da compreensão evolutiva dos sistemas de afetos e do humor deprimido, os quais são a base da depressão. Dessa forma, nossos principais objetivos foram: (1) apresentar teorias evolucionistas da depressão; (2) discutir as relações de complementariedade e contraposição entre essas abordagens; e (3) refletir sobre as possíveis implicações sociais e práticas para o tratamento da depressão. Ao fazê-lo, pretendemos contribuir para a ampliação do debate sobre a depressão a partir de uma perspectiva não patológica, podendo fornecer subsídios para repensar a psicoterapia com o deprimido.</p>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Abordagens evolucionistas da depressão</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Abordagens adaptacionistas</title>
				<p>Uma hipótese adaptacionista propõe que um traço tenha sido selecionado por sua função adaptativa, proporcionando maior aptidão aos indivíduos que o possuíam em relação àqueles que não o possuíam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andrews, Gangestad, &amp; Mathew, 2002</xref>). Funções adaptativas foram atribuídas a sintomas depressivos, trabalhadas em variados modelos hipotéticos, dos quais destacamos os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al., (1994</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson e Andrews (2002</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews e Thomson (2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Teoria da competição social</title>
				<p>Partindo de uma visão etológica da espécie humana, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>) defendem a teoria da competição social. Postula-se nesta abordagem que o estado depressivo evoluiu em relação à competição social como uma estratégia perdedora involuntária e inconsciente, permitindo ao indivíduo aceitar a derrota. Isto é, a capacidade de apresentar estados depressivos teria evoluído como um mecanismo para inibir o conflito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>). Ao longo do processo evolutivo, aqueles que tinham a capacidade de se tornar depressivos, apresentaram maiores chances de sobrevivência em relação àqueles que não tinham essa capacidade, pois continuar insistindo no conflito poderia levar à morte ou trazer sérios prejuízos. Nesse sentido, o gatilho para a depressão seria a percepção da impossibilidade de vencer o conflito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>).</p>
				<p>Nessa perspectiva, a característica-chave funcional da depressão é a perda de interesse ou a redução do valor atribuído às atividades anteriormente consideradas significativas. Tal redução favoreceria a diminuição do conflito na medida em que diminuiria o valor atribuído ao recurso pelo qual se compete. Em outras palavras, quanto menor for o valor do recurso para um competidor, maior será a possibilidade de que ele desista da competição (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al., 1994</xref>). Tal redução ocorreria em função da percepção de diminuição do potencial de conservação de recursos (<italic>resource holding potential -</italic> RHP), que se refere a uma medida de autoconfiança ou autoestima. O valor do recurso é determinado pela atratividade daquilo que está sendo disputado. O RHP determina se um indivíduo entra em um confronto ou adota uma estratégia de subordinação involuntária. A diminuição do potencial de retenção de recursos seria percebida como redução da autoestima, levando à forma aguda da depressão, enquanto a manutenção do baixo potencial de conservação de recursos levaria à forma crônica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>).</p>
				<p>Estudos com roedores fornecem suporte parcial a esse modelo. Apesar de alguns resultados parecerem indicar que um status social específico (dominância ou subordinação) seria o preditor adequado de vulnerabilidade para desenvolver depressão, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Larrieu e Sandi (2018</xref>) concluíram que a depressão parece ser induzida pela perda de posição social e de recursos. Ou seja, a questão parece residir na perda de um recurso-chave e não apenas na subordinação. No entanto, os autores não descartam a hipótese de que a retirada de recursos por longo prazo possa levar indivíduos subordinados e dominantes à depressão crônica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Larrieu &amp; Sandi, 2018</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hipótese da barganha social</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>) propôs a hipótese da barganha social como modelo explicativo da depressão. De acordo com esse modelo, a depressão teria sido selecionada como resposta às circunstâncias sociais que teriam ocorrido repetidamente no AAE. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>), circunstâncias sociais predominantemente perigosas ocasionaram pressão seletiva para a evolução de uma estratégia de barganha em humanos. A depressão clínica pode ser uma dessas estratégias com a função de barganha para obrigar que outros membros do grupo forneçam assistência ao deprimido. Dessa forma, na visão de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>), “a depressão não deve ser causada simplesmente por perdas, falhas e outros custos sociais, mas também por circunstâncias nas quais os indivíduos não poderiam aliviar unilateralmente esses custos” (p. 105).</p>
				<p>Partindo da depressão pós-parto como modelo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>) afirma que as mães que detectam a falta de apoio paterno ou social podem induzir maior investimento do parceiro por meio da depressão. A hipótese foi testada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hagen, 2002</xref>) com 240 mães e pais com um novo filho, utilizando instrumentos de autorrelato. Os resultados evidenciaram que os níveis de depressão pós-parto em um dos cônjuges correlacionaram-se significativamente com maior investimento em educação dos filhos, relatado pelo outro cônjuge. Da mesma forma, uma pesquisa longitudinal realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Silva (2008</xref>) demonstrou associação entre percepção de baixo suporte social pelas mães, especialmente por parte do pai do bebê, e intensidade elevada de sintomas depressivos no puerpério e aumento do apoio social do parceiro.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hipótese da navegação social</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson e Andrews (2002</xref>) propuseram a hipótese da navegação social” (<italic>social navigation hypothesis</italic> - SNH) como modelo explicativo da depressão. Segundo a SNH, a depressão tem duas principais funções: resolver problemas sociais complexos e angariar apoio social de parceiros próximos.</p>
				<p>A anedonia (redução do interesse pelo ambiente e prazer nas atividades em geral) é um dos critérios obrigatórios no diagnóstico da depressão, estabelecido pelo <italic>Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5</italic> (APA, 2014). Do ponto de vista adaptativo, na perspectiva de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson e Andrews (2002</xref>), a anedonia pode ser compreendida como uma estratégia adaptativa que leva o depressivo a desinvestir energia no ambiente para poupá-la. A energia seria redirecionada para os problemas relacionados à depressão, por duas vias: da ruminação e de apoio social. A ruminação “é um sintoma de depressão que se refere a pensamentos intensos e resistentes à distração” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>, p. 1).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson e Andrews (2002</xref>) usam dois fortes argumentos para sustentar que a depressão seja adaptativa: a alta prevalência da depressão e o aspecto transcultural da depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). Porém, estudos de cunho epidemiológico têm demonstrado alta correlação entre depressão e doenças infecciosas em indivíduos com doenças (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Davydow, Ribe, Pedersen, Vestergaard, &amp; Fenger-Grøn, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ivbijaro, Enum, Khan, Lam, &amp; Gabzdyl, 2014</xref>), proporcionando um argumento contrário à hipótese da depressão como traço adaptativo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ivbijaro et al. (2014</xref>) constataram que pessoas com asma, hipertensão, diabetes e coronariopatias sofrem mais internações e geram mais custos ao sistema de saúde quando portadoras de depressão. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Davydow et al. (2016</xref>) constataram correlação entre depressão unipolar e morte em trinta dias após internação por infecção. Os achados dos autores evidenciam o impacto negativo da depressão nas doenças crônicas. Na população em geral os transtornos depressivos são classificados como maior causa para perda de saúde não fatal (7,5%) (WHO, 2017).</p>
				<p>A partir da SNH, compreende-se a depressão como um mecanismo de defesa, selecionado ao longo da evolução humana e, portanto, relacionado ao contexto no qual apresentou função adaptativa. Dessa forma, a depressão seria evocada pelo contexto e resolvida, caso cumprisse sua função adaptativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>). Porém a depressão crônica e recorrente depõe contra essa suposta função. As taxas de recorrência podem atingir 50% entre 3 e 4 anos e 85% na década seguinte ao episódio depressivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Baldessarini, 2013</xref>). O risco de recaída é muito maior se o tratamento for descontinuado logo após seu início (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Baldessarini, Lau, Sim, Sum, &amp; Sim, 2015</xref>). Por outro lado, é preciso considerar que esses estudos se referem ao tratamento farmacológico.</p>
				<p>A hipótese de que a depressão é uma adaptação com função de solução de problemas complexos e obtenção de apoio social poderia ser testada a partir da investigação do conteúdo dos pensamentos ruminativos. Se a depressão for, de fato, uma adaptação, esperaríamos que tais estudos identificassem relação entre o conteúdo dos pensamentos ruminativos e os problemas sociais específicos que originaram a depressão.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hipótese da ruminação analítica</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews e Thomson (2009</xref>) propuseram a hipótese da ruminação analítica (<italic>analytical rumination hypothesis</italic> - ARH), que compreende a depressão como um mecanismo de resposta ao estresse, eliciada por problemas analiticamente difíceis cuja função de resolução ocorre por meio da ruminação.</p>
				<p>A partir da ARH, propõe-se que a ruminação ocorra primeiro sobre as causas dos problemas (<italic>causal analysis</italic>), o que por sua vez promoveria a ruminação para a solução de problemas (<italic>problem-solving analysis</italic>). A resolução do problema levaria à diminuição dos sintomas da depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>). Os sintomas da depressão forçam os indivíduos a reduzirem a busca de outras metas e realocarem energia e atenção para analisar e resolver o problema desencadeador da depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Durisko, Mulsant, &amp; Andrews, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Uma limitação dessa hipótese está na definição do que seria um problema analiticamente difícil. Há ainda ausência de evidências de que a ruminação que ocorre durante a depressão seja voltada para a busca de soluções para os problemas. Também não há evidências de que <italic>trade-offs</italic> seriam realmente necessários para a solução dos problemas, visto que geram altos custos ao deprimido. Ademais, a ARH é limitada, pois nem todos os deprimidos apresentam ruminação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>), apesar desta estar inclusa entre os critérios de diagnóstico para um episódio depressivo maior no DSM-V.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbic, Durisko e Andrews (2014</xref>) desenvolveram uma escala para testar a ARH, denominada Analytical Rumination Questionnaire (ARQ). A escala foi validada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al. (2018</xref>) em dois contextos culturais diferentes (Canadá e República Tcheca). Os resultados confirmaram correlação entre ruminação e a análise causal e de resolução de problemas durante a depressão, dando suporte à ARH como função da depressão.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Abordagens não adaptativas da depressão</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Depressão como desregulação</title>
				<p>Uma revisão de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>) discutiu a depressão como consequência mal adaptativa derivada da desregulação dos mecanismos de afetos selecionados - tristeza e humor deprimido. Assim, os mecanismos subjacentes à depressão são considerados adaptativos na abordagem da desregulação, no entanto a condição depressão não o é (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>) afirma que os organismos dispõem da capacidade de regulação do investimento de esforços e que a tristeza e o humor deprimido poderiam fazer parte desse mecanismo. Tal mecanismo seria ativado diante de situações desfavoráveis, nas quais o esforço para atingir uma meta resultaria em desperdício, perda ou perigo para o próprio indivíduo. Nessas situações, o pessimismo e a falta de motivação derivados do humor deprimido e da tristeza poderiam inibir a ação, evitando o desperdício de energia e as consequências negativas do esforço. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gilbert (2006</xref>) aponta que a revisão de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>) apresenta a existência de interações complexas entre a busca de objetivos e incentivos, o valor atribuído, a possibilidade de se obter sucesso e as consequências do fracasso.</p>
				<p>Apesar de Nesse considerar que as vantagens adaptativas do humor deprimido estão relacionadas à inibição de certos comportamentos sob condições desfavoráveis, para o autor a depressão não levaria às mesmas consequências. A depressão apresenta um pessimismo mais difundido, baixa autoestima e iniciativa reduzida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>). Essa hipótese de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>) foi discutida anos depois em um trabalho de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller e Nesse (2006</xref>). Os autores apresentam a hipótese da congruência situação-sintoma (<italic>situation-symptom congruence hypothesis</italic>) para explicar por que o humor deprimido teria sido selecionado como resposta a determinados desafios adaptativos. Essa hipótese explica que diferentes sintomas depressivos aparecem diante de situações diferentes para lidar com os desafios específicos de cada situação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). Por exemplo, a dor ou a tristeza emocional podem aparecer como resposta a perdas de recursos importantes para a aptidão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>). Para testar essa hipótese foi desenvolvida uma escala denominada Depressive Symptoms Scale (DSS). Os resultados evidenciaram que culpa, ruminação, fadiga e pessimismo eram resultantes de esforços fracassados, enquanto choro, tristeza e necessidade de apoio social ocorriam após perdas sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). Os autores concluem que esses resultados reforçam a hipótese da congruência situação-sintoma, indicando que essas respostas podem ser adaptativas. Admitem, inclusive, que “dependendo da situação, alguns ou mesmo vários episódios de depressão podem ser reações normais a situações fortemente adversas” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>, p. 328). No entanto, os autores reafirmam a necessidade de distinguir os sintomas depressivos adaptativos dos patológicos e realçam a ênfase da abordagem evolucionista no tratamento da causa da depressão em contraposição ao tratamento dos sintomas depressivos, enfatizado em tratamentos tradicionais.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Abordagem das diferenças individuais</title>
				<p>A abordagem das diferenças individuais, proposta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>), apresenta a depressão como não adaptativa e tenta responder por que alguns indivíduos se deprimem enquanto outros não. Em concordância com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>), nesse modelo os afetos são considerados adaptações comuns à espécie humana, enquanto a depressão é mal adaptativa. Pressupõe-se, a partir da abordagem evolucionista, que a função adaptativa do humor seja integrar informações sobre o estado recente do ambiente e a condição física atual do organismo, com fins de ajustar suas decisões sobre a alocação do esforço comportamental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nettle &amp; Bateson, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para explicar o porquê de algumas pessoas se deprimirem e outras não, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>) afirma que a evolução produziu uma distribuição populacional contínua de reatividade afetiva. Entende-se por reatividade afetiva a sensibilidade aos estímulos internos e externos aos indivíduos que modulam os estados de humor. As diferenças entre os indivíduos na reatividade afetiva teriam sido selecionadas, dada a diversidade do AAE. Essa variação teria sido adaptativa no AAE, possibilitando aos indivíduos perceberem e responderem de forma mais ajustada ao ambiente social humano, caracteristicamente complexo e dinâmico. Dessa forma, os indivíduos vulneráveis à depressão estariam no limite superior da distribuição populacional.</p>
				<p>Uma crítica que pode ser levantada a essa hipótese é que ela é tautológica: algumas pessoas se deprimem porque há diferenças individuais, portanto, sabe-se que há diferenças individuais porque algumas pessoas se deprimem e outras não. Isto é, atribui-se a causa da depressão às diferenças individuais e as diferenças individuais à sensibilidade à depressão.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Convergências e controvérsias entre as teorias evolucionistas da depressão</title>
			<p>As hipóteses evolucionistas sobre a depressão trabalhadas nesta revisão trazem leituras variadas da sintomatologia, causas e função da depressão. Contudo, há consenso sobre as emoções serem selecionadas e quanto à relevância do componente social para a depressão. No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref> apresentamos de forma resumida as principais características das teorias aqui revisadas.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Quadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Abordagens evolucionistas da depressão</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>Tipo/modelo</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Hipótese</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Causas/eliciadores da depressão</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Função da depressão</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Definição</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Autores (principais)</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">Adaptativas</td>
								<td align="left">Hipótese da competição social</td>
								<td align="left">Na forma crônica aparece em função do baixo &quot;potencial de conservação de recursos&quot;, e na forma aguda, em função da queda do &quot;potencial de conservação de recursos&quot;</td>
								<td align="left">Resolução de conflitos que envolvem competição social</td>
								<td align="left">Estratégia involuntária de subordinação.</td>
								<td align="left">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hipótese da barganha social</td>
								<td align="left">É acionada quando os indivíduos percebem que estão sofrendo custos que podem ser aliviados pelas ações dos membros do grupo</td>
								<td align="left">Sinaliza aos outros membros do grupo que alguém está sofrendo custos</td>
								<td align="left">É uma estratégia (inconsciente) de barganha (negociação) em humanos</td>
								<td align="left">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hipótese da navegação social</td>
								<td align="left">Conflito social</td>
								<td align="left">Angariar apoio social e resolver problemas sociais complexos</td>
								<td align="left">É um tipo de dor emocional</td>
								<td align="left">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson e Andrews (2002</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hipótese da ruminação analítica</td>
								<td align="left">Eliciada por problemas analiticamente difíceis</td>
								<td align="left">Resolução de problemas analiticamente difíceis por meio da análise causal e solução de problemas</td>
								<td align="left">Um mecanismo de resposta ao estresse</td>
								<td align="left">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews e Thomson (2009</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">Não adaptativas</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Diferenças individuais</td>
								<td align="left">Existe uma distribuição de reatividade ideal dos sistemas de afetos na população.</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">-</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">É uma desregulação que aparece em indivíduos vulneráveis</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estar no limite superior dessa distribuição leva à vulnerabilidade</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Desregulação</td>
								<td align="left">Eventos graves de vida</td>
								<td align="left">-</td>
								<td align="left">É uma desregulação dos afetos.</td>
								<td align="left">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A hipótese da barganha social e a da navegação social atribuem função semelhante à depressão: angariar apoio social dos membros dos grupos. No entanto, a segunda hipótese vai além e trabalha com o aspecto resolutivo da depressão relacionada aos problemas sociais. Este último aspecto é comum nas propostas da hipótese da navegação social e da hipótese da ruminação. Ambas apresentam um dos autores em comum e a segunda parece ser originada a partir da primeira, já que é posterior a ela. Mas divergem em um aspecto-base: na hipótese da navegação social, a função da depressão é dupla: angariar ajuda e resolver problemas socialmente complexos; na ruminação analítica a função da depressão é única: resolver problemas socialmente complexos a partir da análise causal e da análise de soluções para o problema. Muito embora os autores não descartem a possibilidade de que para chegar à solução desses problemas o deprimido possa precisar de apoio social.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>) demonstraram que a depressão costuma seguir-se a eventos de vida, tais como o luto. Isso aconteceria porque a classificação social é tão dependente do apoio de outros que a perda de pessoas significativas se torna o principal preditor de perda de classificação no ranking social. O provimento de ajuda por parte dos parceiros tem sido testado no caso da depressão pós-parto e há indícios, resultantes de pesquisas empíricas, de que os parceiros de mães com depressão pós-parto “compensem” a ausência materna “investindo” mais nos bebês (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bottino, Nadanovsky, Moraes, Reichenheim, &amp; Lobato, 2012</xref>). Mas faltam evidências científicas de que a depressão que ocorre em outras situações pode levar a angariar apoio social. Faltam evidências também de que a depressão induza mudanças cognitivas que levam à análise e à solução de problemas sociais. O desenvolvimento da escala de ruminação analítica (ARQ) é um passo que contribui para responder a essa questão, no entanto apresenta limitações por ser um estudo ainda recente e sem evidências de aplicação prática e em outras populações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>A depressão é adaptativa?</title>
				<p>As discussões acerca das abordagens evolucionistas da depressão pesam, sobretudo, quanto à possibilidade de apresentar função adaptativa, tendo em vista seu alto custo para os indivíduos. As adaptações, segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>), caracterizam-se por terem: (1) surgido em uma população ancestral; (2) melhorado a aptidão daqueles indivíduos que a apresentaram; e (3) assim se espalhado para alcançar a fixação genética. Porém, para o autor, a depressão não mostra nenhuma dessas marcas, pois é caracterizada pela hereditariedade, recorrência, comprometimento cognitivo e impacto negativo sobre as relações sociais. Entretanto, em contraposição a essa crítica, apontamos que nem todas as características adaptativas são positivas ou geram apenas efeitos positivos no ambiente moderno. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Werner (2018</xref>) aponta que “não devemos confundir adaptação biológica com felicidade ou com saúde mental ou física” (p. 19). A dor física e a náusea são exemplos de adaptações projetadas para proteger de danos, apesar de não serem experiências agradáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen, 2011</xref>). Outro exemplo é a seleção para preferência pelo sabor doce, que pode ter sido adaptativa ao fornecer uma “pista de que o alimento contém carboidrato e energia” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Lopes, Ferreira, &amp; Araújo, 2018</xref>, p. 533). Mas no ambiente moderno, com a disposição abundante de açúcares, a preferência pelo sabor doce pode contribuir para o aumento de comorbidades como diabetes, obesidade e outras doenças crônicas, que geram sérios prejuízos sociais e elevados gastos em saúde pública.</p>
				<p>Um argumento favorável à hipótese da depressão como característica adaptativa é apresentado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen (2011</xref>). O autor argumenta que as adaptações são universais para uma espécie, isto é, devem estar presentes no cotidiano e não apenas em populações clínicas. A depressão é um problema de saúde pública que atinge milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo e, mesmo em culturas mais tradicionais, tem havido relatos de sua ocorrência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>). Quanto à ausência de variabilidade genética, requerida para considerar-se um traço como adaptativo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>) afirma que os estudos sobre depressão devem ser conciliados com os correlatos em genética e bioquímica. Estudos com genoma humano têm evidenciado que existem dificuldades em determinar os genes associados ao transtorno de depressão maior (TDM) devido à heterogeneidade etiológica característica da depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sullivan, 2015</xref>). Um estudo elaborado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ripke et al. (2013</xref>) com genoma e TDM analisou mulheres com TDM recorrente. Os resultados levaram à hipótese de que as interações sociais e genes são particularmente importantes para TDM e que este só pode ser entendido se fatores de risco genéticos e ambientais forem modelados simultaneamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ripke et al., 2013</xref>). Em outro estudo realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Howard et al. (2018</xref>) os resultados mostraram que o fenótipo da depressão analisado tinha um componente genético significativo, indicando herdabilidade. Os resultados desses estudos indicaram uma provável variabilidade genética na depressão, sendo desfavorável à hipótese adaptativa da depressão.</p>
				<p>A abordagem da depressão enquanto desregulação afirma que a tristeza e o humor deprimido são adaptativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>), porém a depressão é uma desregulação. Se assim for, é preciso estabelecer maior compreensão sobre as funções adaptativas da tristeza e do humor deprimido para a saúde a fim de compreender-se como estes se tornam disfuncionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen, 2011</xref>). De toda sorte, a teoria da desregulação tem implicações clínicas para o tratamento do deprimido. A partir da teoria da desregulação, o objetivo principal da psicoterapia seria a restauração da tristeza e do humor deprimido ao “limiar” considerado saudável em vez da redução dos sintomas da depressão. Mas qual seria esse limite? É possível argumentar que esse “limite” faça referência à funcionalidade e ao bem-estar do paciente. No entanto, certamente, essa não é uma questão de fácil resolução.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Implicações sociais e práticas</title>
				<p>As teorias evolucionistas da depressão, se confirmadas, como alguns estudos empíricos citados ao longo desse texto vêm demonstrando, oferecem fortes implicações para os estudos de saúde mental. A depressão, até hoje, tem sido amplamente aceita e descrita pelo DSM-5 (APA, 2014) como uma desordem mental. Porém, se a hipótese da ruminação analítica, por exemplo, estiver correta, abre-se a possibilidade para novos estudos a partir de uma perspectiva não patológica da depressão. Algumas terapias na psicologia trabalham com a modificação dos pensamentos ruminativos de deprimidos. No entanto, partem do princípio de que a ruminação é um aspecto negativo que deve ser suprimido. Em contraposição, a hipótese da navegação social e a hipótese da ruminação analítica pressupõem que a ruminação seja um fator primordial na depressão, devendo ser explorado e não suprimido. Um teste da teoria da ruminação analítica poderia envolver a comparação entre dois grupos de deprimidos, recebendo um deles tratamento baseado na modificação dos pensamentos ruminativos e o outro enfocando a análise causal e resolução de problemas revelados a partir dos pensamentos ruminativos.</p>
				<p>No tocante ao trabalho psicoterapêutico de psicólogos evolucionistas com deprimidos, destaca-se os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan (2020</xref>), que recentemente publicou um manual sobre a <italic>evolutionary cognitive therapy</italic> (CET) para depressão (em uma tradução livre: terapia cognitiva evolucionista). A CET é resultado da junção de algumas técnicas da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) com a psicologia evolucionista como base da compreensão da depressão. A CET foi testada clinicamente em um estudo randomizado em comparação com a terapia cognitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>). Os resultados mostraram semelhanças entre a efetividade em ambas as terapias, no entanto, a CET foi estatisticamente superior à TCC, provocando maior envolvimento em atividades sociais e agradáveis, que se mantiveram no <italic>follow-up</italic>, e maior redução na inibição comportamental/evasão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>). A CET tem por foco identificar problemas relacionados à aptidão (<italic>fitness</italic>) e planejar intervenções apropriadas para esses problemas, com o objetivo de ajudar os indivíduos a atingirem seus objetivos biossociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan, 2020</xref>). Considera-se aqui o termo aptidão no sentido evolutivo, como o grau de conformidade entre um organismo e o meio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Giosan, Mureșan, Wyka, Cobeanu, &amp; Szentagotai, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Outro exemplo é o estudo de caso publicado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Krupnik (2015</xref>) sobre os resultados do uso da dessensibilização e reprocessamento do movimento ocular (EMDR) com uma terapia de base evolucionista para a depressão, denominada tratamento da depressão em declive (TDD). A TDD trabalha em três fases: exploração, aceitação e ativação comportamental. As duas primeiras fases consistem em facilitar a resposta depressiva por meio da experiência de aceitação e, no terceiro momento, a motivação é trabalhada por meio da experiência do prazer, incentivando o envolvimento em atividades prazerosas. Krupnik realizou dezesseis sessões de terapia com um paciente com histórico prévio de depressão e outros transtornos. Ao final da intervenção, o paciente apresentou melhoras que se mantiveram estáveis no <italic>follow-up.</italic></p>
				<p>A perspectiva evolucionista também aponta para as mudanças que podem ser feitas no ambiente, de forma a diminuir o sofrimento e a vulnerabilidade à depressão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nettle &amp; Bateson, 2012</xref>). Como citado no início desta revisão, o risco de tornar-se deprimido é aumentado pela pobreza, desemprego, eventos de vida, doença física e problemas causados por uso de álcool e drogas (WHO, 2017). Trabalhar questões humanitárias, diminuição da desigualdade social, políticas mais igualitárias e alocação de mais recursos nas políticas de álcool e drogas pode ter efeito protetivo para as pessoas que estão em maior risco.</p>
				<p>É importante mencionar que as aplicações da psicologia evolucionista em expansão evidenciam a superação do modelo de “duas culturas” para o modelo biossocial, argumentando contra o pensamento dicotômico que enfatiza os aspectos biológicos ou o ambiente social. Por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Shakespeare e Erickson (2001</xref>) criticam modelos ultradarwinistas que levam consigo a legitimidade das ciências naturais ao defender a predominância do imperativo biológico, bem como o outro extremo, com modelos limitados ao construcionismo social. Teóricos evolucionistas atuais propõem uma abordagem interdisciplinar que inclui estudos do cérebro deprimido com pesquisas psicológicas sobre seus correlatos ecológicos, desenvolvimentais e biocomportamentais para explicar o humor deprimido e suas manifestações clínicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Badcock, Davey, Whittle, Allen, &amp; Friston, 2017</xref>). Nesta síntese teórica de sistemas dinâmicos a depressão só pode ser entendida considerando os mecanismos neurais em interação bidirecional com o contexto mais amplo da evolução humana em processos de enculturação, desenvolvimento, corporeamento e comportamento. Destaca-se que a explicação da depressão a partir do funcionamento biológico integrado ao ambiente não invalida as demais áreas da saúde mental, que têm, ao longo de décadas, avançado em tratamentos que beneficiam a qualidade de vida das pessoas com depressão. Contudo, uma visão sinérgica sobre a depressão pode informar como melhor lidar com essa condição ao passo que busca capturar interações complexas em múltiplos níveis causais - proximais e distais.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Considerações finais</title>
			<p>A depressão não é uma doença única, pois existem diferentes tipos de transtornos depressivos - transtorno disruptivo da desregulação do humor, transtorno depressivo maior, transtorno depressivo persistente (distimia), transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual, transtorno depressivo induzido por substância/medicamento, transtorno depressivo devido a outra condição médica, outro transtorno depressivo especificado e transtorno depressivo não especificado (APA, 2014) e, por conseguinte, diferentes situações que evocam um quadro depressivo. A psicologia evolucionista possui uma literatura considerável sobre os mecanismos evoluídos da depressão, os quais fornecem indícios para se repensar a perspectiva psicopatológica da depressão. As teorias evolucionistas adaptativas, em especial, oferecem um referencial teórico que busca explicar a depressão a partir de sua função adaptativa e, portanto, não necessariamente como um traço patológico.</p>
			<p>Trabalhos psicoterapêuticos com deprimidos a partir de uma perspectiva evolucionista têm sido realizados (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Krupnik, 2015</xref>) e escalas que testam as previsões das hipóteses evolucionistas têm sido desenvolvidas, a exemplo daquelas citadas ao longo desta revisão (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbic, Durisko, &amp; Andrews, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). No entanto, ainda não existem relatos no Brasil da validação dessas escalas e nem da implementação de trabalhos psicoterapêuticos nessa abordagem com a depressão. Espera-se que esta revisão possa fomentar essa discussão e pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Esta revisão apresenta limitações, já que não foram discutidas todas as hipóteses evolucionistas sobre a depressão e não houve um levantamento exaustivo de evidências científicas delas. De qualquer forma, não foi nosso objetivo responder definitivamente as questões que envolvem as teorias evolucionistas sobre a depressão ou propor uma nova teoria. Ao contrário, sugerimos que mais estudos empíricos sejam realizados no sentido de submeter as teorias evolucionistas a teste, considerando as implicações e os benefícios que podem resultar delas. Assim, reafirmamos a relevância dos estudos teóricos da depressão sob abordagens evolucionistas e a eminente necessidade de estudos empíricos que as submetam a testagem.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Referências</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Abed, R., Ayton, A., John-Smith, P., Swanepoel, A., &amp; Tracy, D. K. (2019). Evolutionary biology: An essential basic science for the training of the next generation of psychiatrists. <italic>British Journal of Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>215</italic>(6), 699-701. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.123</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abed</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ayton</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>John-Smith</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Swanepoel</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tracy</surname>
							<given-names>D. K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Evolutionary biology: An essential basic science for the training of the next generation of psychiatrists</article-title>
					<source>British Journal of Psychiatry</source>
					<volume>215</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>699</fpage>
					<lpage>701</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1192/bjp.2019.123</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>American Psychiatric Association. (2014). <italic>Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5</italic> (5a ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>American Psychiatric Association</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<source>Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5</source>
					<edition>5a</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Porto Alegre, RS</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Artmed</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Andrews, P. W., Gangestad, S. W., &amp; Mathew, D. (2002). Adaptationism: How to carry out an exaptationist program. <italic>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(4), 489-504. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X02000092</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gangestad</surname>
							<given-names>S. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mathew</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Adaptationism: How to carry out an exaptationist program</article-title>
					<source>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</source>
					<volume>25</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>489</fpage>
					<lpage>504</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0140525X02000092</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Andrews, P. W., &amp; Thomson, J. A., Jr. (2009). The bright side of being blue: Depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems. <italic>Psychological Review</italic>. doi: 10.1037/a0016242</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thomson</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr.</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>The bright side of being blue: Depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems</article-title>
					<source>Psychological Review</source>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0016242</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Badcock, P. B., Davey, C. G., Whittle, S., Allen, N. B., &amp; Friston, K. J. (2017). The depressed brain: An evolutionary systems theory. <italic>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</italic>, <italic>21</italic>(3), 182-194. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Badcock</surname>
							<given-names>P. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davey</surname>
							<given-names>C. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whittle</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Allen</surname>
							<given-names>N. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Friston</surname>
							<given-names>K. J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>The depressed brain: An evolutionary systems theory</article-title>
					<source>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>182</fpage>
					<lpage>194</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Baldessarini, R. J. (2013). <italic>Chemotherapy in psychiatry: pharmacologic basis of treatments for major mental illness</italic>. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3710-9</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baldessarini</surname>
							<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<source>Chemotherapy in psychiatry: pharmacologic basis of treatments for major mental illness</source>
					<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-1-4614-3710-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Baldessarini, R. J., Lau, W. K., Sim, J., Sum, M. Y., &amp; Sim, K. (2015). Duration of initial antidepressant treatment and subsequent relapse of major depression. <italic>Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology</italic>, <italic>35</italic>(1), 75-76. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000263</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baldessarini</surname>
							<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lau</surname>
							<given-names>W. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sim</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sum</surname>
							<given-names>M. Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sim</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Duration of initial antidepressant treatment and subsequent relapse of major depression</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>75</fpage>
					<lpage>76</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/JCP.0000000000000263</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Barbic, S. P., Durisko, Z., &amp; Andrews, P. W. (2014). Measuring the bright side of being blue: A new tool for assessing analytical rumination in depression. <italic>PLoS ONE</italic>, 9(11), 1-9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112077</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barbic</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Durisko</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Measuring the bright side of being blue: A new tool for assessing analytical rumination in depression</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>9</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0112077</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Bartoskova, M., Sevcikova, M., Durisko, Z., Maslej, M. M., Barbic, S. P., Preiss, M., &amp; Andrews, P. W. (2018). The form and function of depressive rumination. <italic>Evolution and Human Behavior</italic>, <italic>39</italic>(3), 277-289. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bartoskova</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sevcikova</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Durisko</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maslej</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barbic</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Preiss</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The form and function of depressive rumination</article-title>
					<source>Evolution and Human Behavior</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>277</fpage>
					<lpage>289</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Bottino, M. N., Nadanovsky, P., Moraes, C. L., Reichenheim, M. E., &amp; Lobato, G. (2012). Reappraising the relationship between maternal age and postpartum depression according to the evolutionary theory: Empirical evidence from a survey in primary health services. <italic>Journal of Affective Disorders</italic>, <italic>142</italic>(1-3), 219-224. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.030</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bottino</surname>
							<given-names>M. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nadanovsky</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moraes</surname>
							<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reichenheim</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobato</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Reappraising the relationship between maternal age and postpartum depression according to the evolutionary theory: Empirical evidence from a survey in primary health services</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Affective Disorders</source>
					<volume>142</volume>
					<issue>1-3</issue>
					<fpage>219</fpage>
					<lpage>224</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.030</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., &amp; Barkow, J. H. (1992). Introduction: Evolutionary psychology and conceptual integration. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, &amp; J. Tooby (Eds.), <italic>The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture</italic> (pp. 3-15). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cosmides</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tooby</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barkow</surname>
							<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1992</year>
					<chapter-title>Introduction: Evolutionary psychology and conceptual integration</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Barkow</surname>
							<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cosmides</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tooby</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture</source>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Davydow, D. S., Ribe, A. R., Pedersen, H. S., Vestergaard, M., &amp; Fenger-Grøn, M. (2016). The association of unipolar depression with thirty-day mortality after hospitalization for infection: A population-based cohort study in Denmark. <italic>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</italic>, <italic>89</italic>, 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.08.006</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Davydow</surname>
							<given-names>D. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribe</surname>
							<given-names>A. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pedersen</surname>
							<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vestergaard</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fenger-Grøn</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>The association of unipolar depression with thirty-day mortality after hospitalization for infection: A population-based cohort study in Denmark</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</source>
					<volume>89</volume>
					<fpage>32</fpage>
					<lpage>38</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.08.006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Durisko, Z., Mulsant, B. H., &amp; Andrews, P. W. (2015). An adaptationist perspective on the etiology of depression. <italic>Journal of Affective Disorders</italic>, <italic>172</italic>, 315-323. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.032</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Durisko</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulsant</surname>
							<given-names>B. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>An adaptationist perspective on the etiology of depression</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Affective Disorders</source>
					<volume>172</volume>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>323</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.032</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Gilbert, P. (2006). Evolution and depression: Issues and implications. <italic>Psychological Medicine</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(3), 287-297. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006112</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gilbert</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Evolution and depression: Issues and implications</article-title>
					<source>Psychological Medicine</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>287</fpage>
					<lpage>297</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0033291705006112</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Giosan, C. (2020). <italic>Cognitive evolutionary therapy for depression: therapy manual</italic>. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-38874-4_5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Giosan</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<source>Cognitive evolutionary therapy for depression: therapy manual</source>
					<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-3-030-38874-4_5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Giosan, C., Cobeanu, O., Wyka, K., Muresan, V., Mogoase, C., Szentagotai, A., Malta, L. S., &amp; Moldovan, R. (2020). Cognitive evolutionary therapy versus standard cognitive therapy for depression: a single-blinded randomized clinical trial. <italic>Journal of Clinical Psychology</italic>, <italic>76</italic>(10), 1818-1831. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22991</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Giosan</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cobeanu</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wyka</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muresan</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mogoase</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Szentagotai</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Malta</surname>
							<given-names>L. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moldovan</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Cognitive evolutionary therapy versus standard cognitive therapy for depression: a single-blinded randomized clinical trial</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Clinical Psychology</source>
					<volume>76</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1818</fpage>
					<lpage>1831</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jclp.22991</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Giosan, C, Mureșan, V., Wyka, K., Cobeanu, O., &amp; Szentagotai, A. (2018). The evolutionary fitness scale: A measure of the independent criterion of fitness. <italic>EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium</italic>, 8(1), 181-205.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Giosan</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mureșan</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wyka</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cobeanu</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Szentagotai</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The evolutionary fitness scale: A measure of the independent criterion of fitness</article-title>
					<source>EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>181</fpage>
					<lpage>205</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Hagen, E. H. (1999). The functions of postpartum depression. <italic>Evolution and Human Behavior</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(5), 325-359. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00016-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hagen</surname>
							<given-names>E. H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1999</year>
					<article-title>The functions of postpartum depression</article-title>
					<source>Evolution and Human Behavior</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>325</fpage>
					<lpage>359</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00016-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Hagen, E. H. (2002). Depression as bargaining: the case postpartum. <italic>Evolution and Human Behavior</italic>, <italic>23</italic>(5), 323-336. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00102-7</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hagen</surname>
							<given-names>E. H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Depression as bargaining: the case postpartum</article-title>
					<source>Evolution and Human Behavior</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>323</fpage>
					<lpage>336</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00102-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Hagen, E. H. (2003). The bargaining model of depression. In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), <italic>Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation</italic> (pp. 95-123). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hagen</surname>
							<given-names>E. H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<chapter-title>The bargaining model of depression</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Hammerstein</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation</source>
					<fpage>95</fpage>
					<lpage>123</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Hagen, E. H. (2011). Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review. <italic>Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>56</italic>(12), 716-726. doi: 10.1177/070674371105601203</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hagen</surname>
							<given-names>E. H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review</article-title>
					<source>Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>716</fpage>
					<lpage>726</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/070674371105601203</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Howard, D. M., Adams, M. J., Shirali, M., Clarke, T. K., Marioni, R. E., Davies, G., … McIntosh, A. M. (2018). Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways. <italic>Nature Communications</italic>, 9(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03819-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Howard</surname>
							<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adams</surname>
							<given-names>M. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shirali</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clarke</surname>
							<given-names>T. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marioni</surname>
							<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davies</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McIntosh</surname>
							<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways</article-title>
					<source>Nature Communications</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-018-03819-3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Ivbijaro, G. O., Enum, Y., Khan, A. A., Lam, S. S. K., &amp; Gabzdyl, A. (2014). Collaborative care: Models for treatment of patients with complex medical-psychiatric conditions. <italic>Current Psychiatry Reports</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(11) 1-12. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0506-4</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ivbijaro</surname>
							<given-names>G. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Enum</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>A. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lam</surname>
							<given-names>S. S. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabzdyl</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Collaborative care: Models for treatment of patients with complex medical-psychiatric conditions</article-title>
					<source>Current Psychiatry Reports</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>12</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11920-014-0506-4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Izar, P. (2018). Fundamentos da evolução do comportamento. In M. E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> (pp. 56-74). Natal, RN: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Izar</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Fundamentos da evolução do comportamento</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>56</fpage>
					<lpage>74</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal, RN</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Keller, M. C., &amp; Nesse, R. M. (2006). The evolutionary significance of depressive symptoms: different adverse situations lead to different depressive symptom patterns. <italic>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</italic>, <italic>91</italic>(2), 316-330. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.316</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Keller</surname>
							<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nesse</surname>
							<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>The evolutionary significance of depressive symptoms: different adverse situations lead to different depressive symptom patterns</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source>
					<volume>91</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>316</fpage>
					<lpage>330</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.316</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Kennair, L. E. O. (2003). Evolutionary psychology and psychopathology. <italic>Current Opinion in Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(6), 691-699. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200311000-00015</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kennair</surname>
							<given-names>L. E. O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Evolutionary psychology and psychopathology</article-title>
					<source>Current Opinion in Psychiatry</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>691</fpage>
					<lpage>699</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001504-200311000-00015</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Kennair, L. E. O. (2018). Psicopatologia evolucionista. In M. E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> (pp. 255-270). Natal, RN: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kennair</surname>
							<given-names>L. E. O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Psicopatologia evolucionista</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>255</fpage>
					<lpage>270</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal, RN</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Krupnik, V. (2015). Integrating EMDR into an evolutionary-based therapy for depression: A case study. <italic>Clinical Case Reports</italic>, 3(5), 301-307. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.228</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Krupnik</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Integrating EMDR into an evolutionary-based therapy for depression: A case study</article-title>
					<source>Clinical Case Reports</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>301</fpage>
					<lpage>307</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccr3.228</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Laland, K. N., &amp; Brown, G. R. (2002). <italic>Sense and nonsense</italic>. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Laland</surname>
							<given-names>K. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brown</surname>
							<given-names>G. R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<source>Sense and nonsense</source>
					<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Larrieu, T., &amp; Sandi, C. (2018). Stress-induced depression: Is social rank a predictive risk factor? <italic>BioEssays</italic>, <italic>40</italic>(7): 1800012. doi: 10.1002/bies.201800012</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Larrieu</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sandi</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Stress-induced depression: Is social rank a predictive risk factor?</article-title>
					<source>BioEssays</source>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1800012</fpage>
					<lpage>1800012</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/bies.201800012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Lopes, F. de A., Ferreira, D. Q. C., &amp; Araújo, A. (2018). Comportamento alimentar. In M. E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> (pp. 523-547). Natal, RN: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>F. de A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>D. Q. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Araújo</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Comportamento alimentar</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>523</fpage>
					<lpage>547</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal, RN</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Nesse, R. M. (2000). Is depression an adaptation? <italic>Archives of general psychiatry</italic>, <italic>57</italic>(1), 14-20. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nesse</surname>
							<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<article-title>Is depression an adaptation?</article-title>
					<source>Archives of general psychiatry</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>14</fpage>
					<lpage>20</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Nettle, D. (2004). Evolutionary origins of depression: A review and reformulation. <italic>Journal of Affective Disorders</italic>, <italic>81</italic>(2), 91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.009</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nettle</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Evolutionary origins of depression: A review and reformulation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Affective Disorders</source>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>91</fpage>
					<lpage>102</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.009</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Nettle, D., &amp; Bateson, M. (2012). The evolutionary origins of mood and its disorders. <italic>Current Biology</italic>, <italic>22</italic>(17), R712-R721. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.020</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nettle</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bateson</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>The evolutionary origins of mood and its disorders</article-title>
					<source>Current Biology</source>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>R712</fpage>
					<lpage>R721</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.020</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Price, J., &amp; Gardner, R. (1995). The paradoxical power of the depressed patient: A problem for the ranking theory of depression. <italic>British Journal of Medical Psychology</italic>, <italic>68</italic>(3), 193-206. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1995.tb01827.x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Price</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gardner</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1995</year>
					<article-title>The paradoxical power of the depressed patient: A problem for the ranking theory of depression</article-title>
					<source>British Journal of Medical Psychology</source>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>193</fpage>
					<lpage>206</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.2044-8341.1995.tb01827.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Price, J., Sloman, L., Gardner, R., Gilbert, P., &amp; Rohde, P. (1994). The social competition hypothesis of depression. <italic>British Journal of Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>164</italic>(3), 309-315. doi: 10.1192/bjp.164.3.309</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Price</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sloman</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gardner</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gilbert</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1994</year>
					<article-title>The social competition hypothesis of depression</article-title>
					<source>British Journal of Psychiatry</source>
					<volume>164</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>309</fpage>
					<lpage>315</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1192/bjp.164.3.309</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Resende, B. D. de. (2011). Contribuições da perspectiva evolucionista para a gerontologia. <italic>Revista Kairós</italic>, <italic>14</italic>(1), 99-107. doi: 10.23925/2176-901X.2011v14i1p99-107</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Resende</surname>
							<given-names>B. D. de</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Contribuições da perspectiva evolucionista para a gerontologia</article-title>
					<source>Revista Kairós</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>99</fpage>
					<lpage>107</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23925/2176-901X.2011v14i1p99-107</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Ripke, S., Wray, N. R., Lewis, C. M., Hamilton, S. P., Weissman, M. M., Breen, G., … McIntosh, A. (2013). A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. <italic>Molecular Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>18</italic>(4), 497-511. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.21</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ripke</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wray</surname>
							<given-names>N. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lewis</surname>
							<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamilton</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weissman</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Breen</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McIntosh</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Psychiatry</source>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>497</fpage>
					<lpage>511</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/mp.2012.21</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>Shakespeare, T., &amp; Erickson, M. (2001). Different strokes: Beyond biological determinism and social constructionism. In H. Rose &amp; S. Rose (Eds.), <italic>Alas poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology</italic> (pp. 190-205). London: Vintage.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shakespeare</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Erickson</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<chapter-title>Different strokes: Beyond biological determinism and social constructionism</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Rose</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rose</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Alas poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology</source>
					<fpage>190</fpage>
					<lpage>205</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Vintage</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>Silva, G. A. da. (2008). <italic>Estudo longitudinal sobre prevalência e fatores de risco para depressão pós-parto em mães de baixa renda</italic> (Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo). Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11606/D.47.2008.tde-29072009-162342">https://doi.org/10.11606/D.47.2008.tde-29072009-162342</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>G. A. da</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<source>Estudo longitudinal sobre prevalência e fatores de risco para depressão pós-parto em mães de baixa renda</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Mestrado</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidade de São Paulo</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11606/D.47.2008.tde-29072009-162342">https://doi.org/10.11606/D.47.2008.tde-29072009-162342</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Sloman, L., Gilbert, P., &amp; Hasey, G. (2003). Evolved mechanisms in depression: the role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression. <italic>Journal of Affective Disorders</italic>, <italic>74</italic>(2), 107-121. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00116-7</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sloman</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gilbert</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hasey</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Evolved mechanisms in depression: the role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Affective Disorders</source>
					<volume>74</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>107</fpage>
					<lpage>121</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00116-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Sullivan, P. F. (2015). Associations with depression. <italic>Nature</italic>, <italic>523</italic>(7562), 539-540. doi: 10.1038/nature14635</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sullivan</surname>
							<given-names>P. F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Associations with depression</article-title>
					<source>Nature</source>
					<volume>523</volume>
					<issue>7562</issue>
					<fpage>539</fpage>
					<lpage>540</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature14635</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Varella, M. A. C., &amp; Valentova, J. V. (2018). Glossário. In E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> (pp. 596-573). Natal, RN: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Varella</surname>
							<given-names>M. A. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Glossário</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>596</fpage>
					<lpage>573</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal, RN</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Watson, P. J., &amp; Andrews, P. W. (2002). Toward a revised evolutionary adaptationist analysis of depression: the social navigation hypothesis. <italic>Journal of Affective Disorders</italic>, <italic>72</italic>(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00459-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Watson</surname>
							<given-names>P. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrews</surname>
							<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Toward a revised evolutionary adaptationist analysis of depression: the social navigation hypothesis</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Affective Disorders</source>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>14</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00459-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>Werner, D. (2018). Prefácio. In M. E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> (pp. 7-25). Natal: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Werner</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Prefácio</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>7</fpage>
					<lpage>25</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders - Global health estimates. Geneva: Autor.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Depression and other common mental disorders - Global health estimates</source>
					<publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Autor</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<mixed-citation>Yamamoto, M. E. (2018). <italic>Histórico e plano do livro</italic>. In M. E. Yamamoto &amp; J. V. Valentova (Eds.), <italic>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</italic> pp. 29-54). Natal, RN: EDUFRN.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>Histórico e plano do livro</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valentova</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Manual de psicologia evolucionista</source>
					<fpage>29</fpage>
					<lpage>54</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Natal, RN</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>EDUFRN</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evolutionary theories of depression: overview and perspectives</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6524-8782</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Andreza Conceição de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3143-4026</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Rebeca Fernandes Ferreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2859-4114</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tokumaru</surname>
						<given-names>Rosana Suemi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Vitória, ES, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Niterói, RJ, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Corresponding address: <email>drezacsandreza@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title><italic>Abstract</italic></title>
				<p>Depression has reached epidemic levels worldwide. Would that be a mental disorder, as claimed by consensus on mental health? Evolutionary theorists have questioned the function of depression and proposed specific models to explain it. The aim of this paper is to present the evolutionary theories of depression, to discuss the complementarity and contradictions between these theories, and to present the social and practical implications for the treatment of depression. Those reflections and issues in the field of mental health may influence further studies from a non-pathological perspective of depression. In the field of psychology, this perspective provides insights to reevaluate psychotherapy to treat depression by focusing on causal analysis and problem solving. The study suggests that new empirical studies should be conducted to test and systematize evolutionary theories of depression.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
				<kwd>evolutionary psychology</kwd>
				<kwd>depression</kwd>
				<kwd>adaptation</kwd>
				<kwd>deregulation</kwd>
				<kwd>mental health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Depression is an affective disorder characterized by the presence of depressed mood (dysphoric) and anhedonia (reduced ability to have pleasure) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2014</xref>). It has a substantial impact on the social life of individuals, such as the worsening of interpersonal relationships and the development of social roles, as well as the decline in neurocognitive functions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Sloman, Gilbert, &amp; Hasey, 2003</xref>). Depression is one of the main emotional conditions people seek help (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews &amp; Thomson, 2009</xref>). Depression is also the main factor for suicide deaths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">World Health Organization [WHO], 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Epidemiological data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show a prevalence of depression in the world population of around 4.4%, equivalent to more than 300 million people, indicating an increase of more than 18% between 2005 and 2015 (WHO, 2017). The causal factors of depression include genetic, environmental, and psychological causes. However, the risk of becoming depressed is increased by poverty, unemployment, life events, such as the death of a loved person, broken relationships, physical illness, and alcohol and drug use (WHO, 2017). Thus, given the high incidence of depression worldwide and its biopsychosocial consequences, depression continues to be a topic of study of great relevance.</p>
			<p>In psychology, there has been a growing interest in understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of emotions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kennair, 2003</xref>). In this field, depression has received special attention from evolutionary psychology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>), which is based on the theory of evolution by natural selection, initially proposed by Charles Darwin. This approach supports three fundamental assumptions for understanding human beings: (1) there is a universal nature with the preeminence of psychological mechanisms over behaviors; (2) psychological mechanisms are adaptations shaped by natural selection; (3) “the evolved structure of the human mind is suitable for the hunter-gatherer way of life” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cosmides, Tooby, &amp; Barkow, 1992</xref>, p. 5).</p>
			<p>Evolutionary psychology interprets overt behavior as a product of selected psychological mechanisms throughout human evolution and, therefore, adapted to the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). EEA refers to the set of conditions present throughout human evolution that acted as selective pressure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yamamoto, 2018</xref>). Given that these conditions have been prevalent throughout human evolution and that current conditions are too recent to act as a selective pressure, the overt behavior is assumed as not always being adaptive in modern conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yamamoto, 2018</xref>). Thus, when dealing with a specific theme based on the evolutionary approach to human behavior, we seek to understand the adaptive function and the selection process of the psychological mechanisms that regulate the development of certain behavioral strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Izar, 2018</xref>). The adaptive function is understood as the contribution of the psychological mechanism to the resolution of survival and reproduction problems of individuals who exhibited it in the EEA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Varella &amp; Valentova, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Evolutionary psychology is not the only one to study human behavior based on the theory of evolution proposed by Darwin. Other approaches include ethology, human behavioral ecology, and gene-culture coevolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Laland &amp; Brown, 2002</xref>). However, the contributions of evolutionary psychology to the psychological mechanisms selected in the EEA provide the basis for asking new questions about the nature of the mental disorder and can contribute to the reduction of epidemics, such as depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abed, Ayton, John-Smith, Swanepoel, &amp; Tracy, 2019</xref>). Treating and preventing depression requires recognizing the needs and vulnerabilities of the human being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gilbert, 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Several explanatory evolutionary models have been presented in different reviews (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). These reviews tend to be restricted as they present and discuss the models that refer to the authors’ theoretical proposals. They serve as a counterpoint or support for their elaboration. In Brazil, the discussion of depression from an evolutionary perspective is scarce in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Resende, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Silva, 2008</xref>), and we found no specific review on the subject in this approach. Thus, among the evolutionary models, we will discuss the following in this review: (1) adaptationist models: depression is adaptive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews &amp; Thomson, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price, Sloman, Gardner, Gilbert, &amp; Rohde, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>); (2) non-adaptationist models: depression would not have been selected, but would be a by-product or dysfunction of other adaptive characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). It is noteworthy that these approaches are considered evolutionary, although not adaptationist because they emphasize the importance of the evolutionary understanding of the systems of affections and depressed mood, which are the basis of depression. Thus, our main objectives were: (1) present evolutionary theories of depression; (2) discuss the relations of complementarity and opposition between these approaches; and (3) reflect on the possible social and practical implications for the treatment of depression. In doing so, we intend to contribute to expanding the debate on depression from a non-pathological perspective, which may provide subsidies for rethinking psychotherapy with the depressed person.</p>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Evolutionary approaches to depression</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Adaptationist approaches</title>
					<p>An adaptationist hypothesis proposes that a trait has been selected for its adaptive function, providing greater aptitude to individuals who owned it than those who did not (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andrews, Gangestad, &amp; Mathew, 2002</xref>). Adaptive functions were attributed to depressive symptoms, worked on various hypothetical models, of which we highlight the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson and Andrews (2002</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews and Thomson (2009</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Theory of social competition</title>
					<p>Starting from an ethological view of the human species, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>) advocate social competition theory. This approach postulates that the depressive state evolved concerning the social competition as an involuntary and unconscious losing strategy, allowing the individual to accept defeat. Thus, the ability to present depressive states would have evolved as a mechanism to inhibit conflict (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>). Throughout the evolutionary process, those who could become depressed had greater chances of survival than those who did not have this ability, as continuing to insist on conflict could lead to death or serious harm. In this sense, the trigger for depression would be the perception of the impossibility of winning the conflict (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>).</p>
					<p>In this perspective, the key functional characteristic of depression is the loss of interest or the reduction in the value attributed to activities previously considered significant. Such a reduction would favor reducing the conflict as it would decrease the value attributed to the disputed resource. In other words, the lower the value of the resource for a competitor, the greater the chance that he will give up on the competition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al., 1994</xref>). Such a reduction would occur due to the perceived decrease in the resource holding potential (RHP), which refers to a measure of self-confidence or self-esteem. The resource value is determined by the attractiveness of what is being disputed. RHP determines whether an individual enters a confrontation or adopts an involuntary subordination strategy. Decreased resource retention potential would be perceived as reduced self-esteem, leading to the acute form of depression, while maintaining the low resource conservation potential would lead to the chronic form (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Price &amp; Gardner, 1995</xref>).</p>
					<p>Rodent studies provide partial support for this model. Although some results seem to indicate that a specific social status (dominance or subordination) would be an adequate predictor of vulnerability to develop depression, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Larrieu and Sandi (2018</xref>) concluded that depression seems to be induced by the loss of social position and resources. In other words, the issue seems to lie in the loss of a key resource and not just subordination. However, the authors do not rule out the hypothesis that long-term withdrawal of resources may lead subordinate and dominant individuals to chronic depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Larrieu &amp; Sandi, 2018</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Social bargaining hypothesis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>) proposed the social bargaining hypothesis as an explanatory model of depression. According to this model, depression would have been selected in response to social circumstances that would have occurred repeatedly in the EEA. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>), predominantly dangerous social circumstances caused selective pressure to evolve a bargaining strategy in humans. Clinical depression can be one of those strategies with the bargaining function to compel other group members to assist the depressed. Thus, in the view of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>), “depression should not be caused simply by losses, failures, and other social costs, but also by circumstances in which individuals could not unilaterally alleviate these costs” (p. 105).</p>
					<p>Starting from postpartum depression as a model, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>) states that mothers who detect a lack of paternal or social support can induce more significant partner investment through depression. The hypothesis was tested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hagen, 2002</xref>) with 240 mothers and fathers with a new child, using self-report instruments. The results showed that the levels of postpartum depression in one spouse correlated significantly with more significant investment in children’s education, reported by the other spouse. Likewise, longitudinal research carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Silva (2008</xref>) demonstrated an association between the mothers’ perception of low social support, especially by the baby’s father, and high intensity of depressive symptoms in the puerperium and increased partner’s social support.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Social navigation hypothesis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson and Andrews (2002</xref>) proposed the social navigation hypothesis (SNH) as an explanatory model for depression. According to SNH, depression has two main functions: solving complex social problems and garnering social support from close partners.</p>
					<p>Anhedonia (reduced interest in the environment and pleasure in activities in general) is one of the mandatory criteria in diagnosing depression, established by the <italic>Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5</italic> (APA, 2014). From the adaptive point of view, in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson and Andrews’s (2002</xref>) perspective, anhedonia can be understood as an adaptive strategy that leads the depressive to divest energy in the environment to save it. The energy would be redirected to problems related to depression in two ways: rumination and social support. Rumination “is a symptom of depression that refers to intense, distraction-resistant thinking” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>, p. 1).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson and Andrews (2002</xref>) use two strong arguments to support that depression is adaptive: the high prevalence of depression and the cross-cultural aspect of depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>). However, epidemiological studies have shown a high correlation between depression and infectious diseases in individuals with diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Davydow, Ribe, Pedersen, Vestergaard, &amp; Fenger-Grøn, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ivbijaro, Enum, Khan, Lam, &amp; Gabzdyl, 2014</xref>). Thus, they provided an argument against the hypothesis of depression as an adaptive trait. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ivbijaro et al. (2014</xref>) found that people with asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary diseases suffer more hospitalizations and generate more costs to the health system when they have depression. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Davydow et al. (2016</xref>) found a correlation between unipolar depression and death thirty days after hospitalization for infection. The authors’ findings highlight the negative impact of depression on chronic diseases. In the general population, depressive disorders are classified as the primary cause of non-fatal health loss (7.5%) (WHO, 2017).</p>
					<p>From the SNH, depression is understood as a defense mechanism selected throughout human evolution and, therefore, related to the context in which it presented an adaptive function. In this way, depression would be evoked by the context and resolved if it fulfilled its adaptive function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>). However, chronic and recurrent depression testifies against this supposed function. Recurrence rates can reach 50% between 3 and 4 years and 85% in the decade after the depressive episode (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Baldessarini, 2013</xref>). The risk of relapse is much greater if treatment is discontinued soon after it starts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Baldessarini, Lau, Sim, Sum, &amp; Sim, 2015</xref>). On the other hand, considering that these studies refer to pharmacological treatment is required.</p>
					<p>The hypothesis that depression is an adaptation to solving complex problems and obtaining social support could be tested by investigating the content of ruminative thoughts. If depression is, in fact, an adaptation, we would expect such studies to identify a relationship between the content of ruminative thoughts and the specific social problems that gave rise to depression.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analytical rumination hypothesis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews and Thomson (2009</xref>) proposed the analytical rumination hypothesis (ARH), which understands depression as a stress response mechanism elicited by analytically complex problems whose resolution function occurs through rumination.</p>
					<p>From the ARH, rumination is proposed to occur first on the causes of problems (causal analysis), promoting rumination for problem-solving (problem-solving analysis). Solving the problem would lead to a decrease in depression symptoms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>). Depression symptoms force individuals to reduce the pursuit of other goals and reallocate energy and attention to analyze and solve the problem that triggers depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Durisko, Mulsant, &amp; Andrews, 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>A limitation of this hypothesis is in the definition of what would be an analytically complex problem. There is still a lack of evidence that rumination during depression is aimed at finding solutions to problems. There is also no evidence that trade-offs are necessary to solve the problems since they generate high costs for the depressed. Furthermore, ARH is limited, as not all depressed people have rumination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>), despite being included among the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode in the DSM-V.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbic, Durisko, and Andrews (2014</xref>) developed a scale for testing ARH, called Analytical Rumination Questionnaire (ARQ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al. (2018</xref>) validated the scale in two different cultural contexts (Canada and Czech Republic). The results confirmed a correlation between rumination and causal and problem-solving analyses during the depression, supporting ARH as a function of depression.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Non-adaptive approaches to depression</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Depression as deregulation</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse’s (2000</xref>) reviews discussed depression as a maladaptive consequence derived from the dysregulation of selected affection mechanisms - sadness and depressed mood. Thus, although the depression-underlying mechanisms are considered adaptive in approaching deregulation, the condition of depression is not (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kennair, 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>) states that the organisms can regulate the investment of efforts and that sadness and depressed mood could be part of this mechanism. Such a mechanism would be activated in the face of unfavorable situations, whose effort to reach a goal would result in waste, loss, or danger for the individual himself. In these situations, the pessimism and lack of motivation derived from depressed mood and sadness could inhibit the action, avoiding the waste of energy and the negative consequences of the effort. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gilbert (2006</xref>) points out that Nesse’s review (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">2000</xref>) presents complex interactions between the pursuit of objectives and incentives, the value attributed, the possibility of obtaining success, and the consequences of failure.</p>
					<p>Although Nesse considers that the adaptive advantages of depressed mood are related to the inhibition of certain behaviors under unfavorable conditions, for the author, depression would not lead to the same consequences. Depression has more widespread pessimism, low self-esteem, and reduced initiative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>). This Nesse’s hypothesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">2000</xref>) was discussed years later by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller and Nesse (2006</xref>). The authors present the situation-symptom congruence hypothesis to explain why depressed mood would have been selected to respond to particular adaptive challenges. This hypothesis explains that different depressive symptoms appear before different situations to deal with the specific challenges of each situation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). For example, pain or emotional sadness may appear to respond to the loss of essential fitness resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>). A scale called Depressive Symptoms Scale (DSS) was developed to test this hypothesis. The results showed that guilt, rumination, fatigue, and pessimism resulted from failed efforts, while crying, sadness, and the need for social support occurred after social losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). The authors conclude that these results reinforce the hypothesis of situation-symptom congruence, indicating that these responses may be adaptive. They even admit that “depending on the situation, some or even several episodes of depression may be normal reactions to strongly adverse situations” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>, p. 328). However, the authors reaffirm the need to distinguish between adaptive and pathological depressive symptoms and highlight the emphasis of the evolutionary approach on treating the cause of depression as opposed to treating depressive symptoms, emphasized in traditional treatments.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Approaching individual differences</title>
					<p>The approach of individual differences, proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>), presents depression as non-adaptive and tries to answer why some individuals become depressed while others do not. In agreement with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>), in this model, affections are considered adaptations common to the human species, while depression is poorly adaptive. Based on the evolutionary approach, the adaptive function of mood is assumed to integrate information about the current state of the environment and the current physical condition of the organism to adjust its decisions about the allocation of behavioral effort (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nettle &amp; Bateson, 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>To explain why some people are depressed, and others are not, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>) states that evolution produced a continuous population distribution of affective reactivity. Affective reactivity is understood as the sensitivity to internal and external stimuli to individuals who modulate mood states. Differences between individuals in affective reactivity would have been selected, given the diversity of the EEA. This variation would have been adaptive in the EEA, enabling individuals to perceive and respond in a way that is more adjusted to the characteristically complex and dynamic human social environment. Thus, individuals vulnerable to depression would be at the upper limit of the population distribution.</p>
					<p>A criticism raised to this hypothesis is its tautological feature: some people get depressed because of individual differences. Therefore, individual differences are known to occur because some people get depressed and others do not, i.e., the cause of depression is attributed to individual differences and individual differences to sensitivity to depression.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Convergences and controversies between evolutionary theories of depression</title>
				<p>The evolutionary hypotheses about depression in this review bring varied readings of the symptoms, causes, and function of depression. However, there is consensus on the emotions to be selected and the relevance of the social component to depression. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 1</xref> summarizes the main characteristics of the theories reviewed here.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Chart 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Evolutionary approaches to depression</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>Type/model</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Hypothesis</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Causes/elicitors of depression</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Function of depression</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Definition</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Authors (main)</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">Adaptive</td>
									<td align="left">Social competition hypothesis</td>
									<td align="left">In the chronic form, it appears due to the low &quot;potential for resource conservation&quot;; in the acute form, due to the drop in the &quot;potential for resource conservation&quot;</td>
									<td align="left">Conflict resolution involving social competition</td>
									<td align="left">Involuntary subordination strategy.</td>
									<td align="left">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Social bargaining hypothesis</td>
									<td align="left">It is triggered when individuals realize that they are suffering costs that the actions of the group members can alleviate</td>
									<td align="left">Signals to other group members that someone is suffering costs</td>
									<td align="left">It is a strategy (unconscious) of bargaining (negotiation) in humans</td>
									<td align="left">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hagen (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2003</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Social navigation hypothesis</td>
									<td align="left">Social conflict</td>
									<td align="left">Garner social support and solve complex social problems</td>
									<td align="left">It is a type of emotional pain</td>
									<td align="left">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson and Andrews (2002</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Analytical rumination hypothesis</td>
									<td align="left">Elicited by analytically complex problems</td>
									<td align="left">Resolution of analytically complex problems through causal analysis and problem-solving</td>
									<td align="left">A stress response mechanism</td>
									<td align="left">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Andrews and Thomson (2009</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Non-adaptive</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Individual differences</td>
									<td align="left">There is an ideal reactivity distribution of the affection systems in the population.</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">-</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">It is deregulation that appears in vulnerable individuals</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Being at the upper limit of this distribution leads to vulnerability</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Deregulation</td>
									<td align="left">Serious life events</td>
									<td align="left">-</td>
									<td align="left">It is affection deregulation.</td>
									<td align="left">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse (2000</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The social bargain hypothesis and the social navigation hypothesis attribute a similar function to depression, i.e., garnering social support from group members. However, the second hypothesis further works with the resolutive aspect of depression related to social problems. This last aspect is common in the proposals of the social navigation hypothesis and the rumination hypothesis. Both have one of the authors in common and the second seems to originate from the first since it is after it. However, they differ in one fundamental aspect. In the social navigation hypothesis, the function of depression is twofold: to obtain help and solve socially complex problems; in analytical rumination, the function of depression is unique: to solve socially complex problems from the causal analysis and the analysis of solutions to the problem. However, the authors do not rule out the possibility that the depressed person may need social support to solve these problems.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Price et al. (1994</xref>) demonstrated that depression usually follows life events, such as mourning. This would happen because the social classification is so dependent on the support of others that the loss of significant people becomes the main predictor of loss of classification in the social ranking. Provision of help by partners has been tested in the case of postpartum depression, and there is evidence, as a result of empirical research, that partners of mothers with postpartum depression “compensate” for maternal absence by “investing” more in babies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bottino, Nadanovsky, Moraes, Reichenheim, &amp; Lobato, 2012</xref>). However, depression lacks scientific evidence that occurs in other situations can lead to garnering social support. Also, there is no evidence that depression induces cognitive changes that lead to the analysis and solution of social problems. The development of the analytical rumination scale (ARQ) is a step that contributes to answering this question. However, it has limitations as it is a still recent study with no evidence of practical application and in other populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Is depression adaptive?</title>
					<p>The discussions about evolutionary approaches to depression weigh, above all, regarding the possibility of presenting an adaptive function given its high cost for individuals. Adaptations, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nettle (2004</xref>), are characterized by having: (1) appeared in an ancestral population; (2) improved the fitness of those individuals who presented it; and (3) thus spread to achieve genetic fixation. However, depression does not show any of these marks for the author, as it is characterized by heredity, recurrence, cognitive impairment, and a negative impact on social relationships. However, in contrast to this criticism, we point out that not all adaptive characteristics are positive or generate only positive effects in the modern environment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Werner (2018</xref>) points out that “we must not confuse biological adaptation with happiness or with mental or physical health” (p. 19). Physical pain and nausea are examples of adaptations designed to protect from harm, although they are not pleasant experiences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen, 2011</xref>). Another example is the selection for preference for the sweet taste, which may have been adaptive in providing a “clue that the food contains carbohydrates and energy” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Lopes, Ferreira, &amp; Araújo, 2018</xref>, p. 533). However, in the modern environment, with an abundant supply of sugars, the preference for sweet taste can contribute to the increase of comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and other chronic diseases, which generate serious social losses and high public health expenses.</p>
					<p>A favorable argument for the hypothesis of depression as an adaptive characteristic is presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen (2011</xref>). The author argues that adaptations are universal for a species, i.e., they must be present in everyday life and not just in clinical populations. Depression is a public health problem that affects millions of people around the world and, even in more traditional cultures, there have been reports of its occurrence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Watson &amp; Andrews, 2002</xref>). As for the absence of genetic variability, required to consider a trait as adaptive, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hagen (2003</xref>) states that studies on depression should be reconciled with those related to genetics and biochemistry. Studies with the human genome have shown difficulties in determining the genes associated with major depression disorder (MDD) due to the etiological heterogeneity characteristic of depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sullivan, 2015</xref>). A study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ripke et al. (2013</xref>) with genome and MDD analyzed women with recurrent MDD. The results led to the hypothesis that social interactions and genes are significant for MDD and can only be understood if genetic and environmental risk factors are modeled simultaneously (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ripke et al., 2013</xref>). In another study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Howard et al. (2018</xref>), the results showed that the analyzed depression phenotype had a significant genetic component, indicating heritability. These studies indicated a probable genetic variability in depression, being unfavorable to the adaptive hypothesis of depression.</p>
					<p>While the approach to depression as deregulation states that sadness and depressed mood are adaptive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nesse, 2000</xref>), depression is deregulation. If so, it requires establishing a greater understanding of the adaptive functions of sadness and depressed mood for health to understand how they become dysfunctional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hagen, 2011</xref>). In any case, the theory of deregulation has clinical implications for the treatment of the depressed. Based on the theory of deregulation, the main objective of psychotherapy would be to restore sadness and depressed mood to the “threshold” considered healthy instead of reducing the symptoms of depression. However, what would be that limit? It is possible to argue that this “limit” refers to the patient’s functionality and well-being. However, this is certainly not an easy issue to resolve.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Social and practical implications</title>
					<p>Evolutionary theories of depression, if confirmed, as some empirical studies cited throughout this text have shown, offer substantial implications for mental health studies. Depression, to date, has been widely accepted and described by the DSM-5 (APA, 2014) as a mental disorder. However, if the analytical rumination hypothesis, for example, is correct, the possibility for further studies opens up from a non-pathological perspective of depression. Some psychology therapies work with the modification of the ruminative thoughts of depressed people. However, they assume that rumination is a negative aspect that must be suppressed.</p>
					<p>In contrast, the social navigation hypothesis and the analytical rumination hypothesis assume that rumination is a significant factor in depression and should be explored and not suppressed. A test of analytical rumination theory could involve comparing two groups of depressed people. One would receive treatment based on the modification of ruminative thoughts. The other would focus on causal analysis and problem solving revealed from ruminative thoughts.</p>
					<p>Regarding the psychotherapeutic work of evolutionary psychologists with depression, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan (2020</xref>) stands out. He recently published a manual on cognitive evolutionary therapy (CET) for depression. CET results from combining some cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques with evolutionary psychology as a basis for understanding depression. CET was clinically tested in a randomized study compared to cognitive therapy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>). The results showed similarities between the effectiveness of both therapies. However, CET was statistically superior to the CBT, causing greater involvement in social and pleasant activities maintained in the follow-up and a more significant reduction in behavioral inhibition/avoidance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>). CET focuses on identifying problems related to fitness and planning appropriate interventions for these problems, intending to help individuals achieve their biosocial objectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan, 2020</xref>). The term fitness in the evolutionary sense is considered the degree of conformity between an organism and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Giosan, Mureșan, Wyka, Cobeanu, &amp; Szentagotai, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Another example is the case study published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Krupnik (2015</xref>) on the results of using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with an evolutionary-based therapy for depression, called treating depression downhill (TDD). TDD works in three phases: exploration, acceptance, and behavioral activation. The first two phases consist of facilitating the depressive response through the experience of acceptance. In the third moment, motivation is worked through the experience of pleasure, encouraging the involvement in pleasurable activities. Krupnik conducted sixteen therapy sessions with a patient with a previous history of depression and other disorders. At the end of the intervention, the patient showed improvements that remained stable at follow-up<italic>.</italic></p>
					<p>The evolutionary perspective also points to the changes made in the environment to reduce suffering and vulnerability to depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nettle &amp; Bateson, 2012</xref>). As mentioned at the beginning of this review, the risk of becoming depressed is increased by poverty, unemployment, life events, physical illness, and problems caused by alcohol and drugs (WHO, 2017). Working on humanitarian issues, reducing social inequality, more egalitarian policies, and allocating more resources to alcohol and drug policies can positively affect people most at risk.</p>
					<p>It is essential to mention that the applications of expanding evolutionary psychology show overcoming the “two cultures” model for the biosocial model, arguing against dichotomous thinking that emphasizes biological aspects or the social environment. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Shakespeare and Erickson (2001</xref>) criticize ultra-Darwinian models that take with them the legitimacy of the natural sciences by defending the predominance of the biological imperative. They also criticize the other extreme, with models limited to social constructionism. Current evolutionary theorists propose an interdisciplinary approach that includes studies of the depressed brain with psychological research on its ecological, developmental, and bio-behavioral correlates to explain the depressed mood and its clinical manifestations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Badcock, Davey, Whittle, Allen, &amp; Friston, 2017</xref>). In this theoretical synthesis of dynamic systems, depression can only be understood considering the neural mechanisms in bidirectional interaction with the broader context of human evolution in processes of enculturation, development, embodiment, and behavior. It is noteworthy that the explanation of depression from the biological functioning integrated into the environment does not invalidate the other areas of mental health, which, over the decades, have advanced in treatments that benefit the quality of life of people with depression. However, a synergistic view of depression can inform how to best deal with this condition while seeking to capture complex interactions at multiple causal levels - proximal and distal.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Final considerations</title>
				<p>Depression is not a single disease, as there are different types of depressive disorders - disruptive mood disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/drug-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, another specified depressive disorder and unspecified depressive disorder (APA, 2014). Therefore, different situations evoke a depressive condition. Evolutionary psychology has considerable literature on the evolved mechanisms of depression, which provide evidence to rethink the psychopathological perspective of depression. Adaptive evolutionary theories, in particular, offer a theoretical framework that seeks to explain depression from its adaptive function and, therefore, not necessarily as a pathological feature.</p>
				<p>Psychotherapeutic work with depressed people from an evolutionary perspective has been carried out (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Giosan, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Giosan et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Krupnik, 2015</xref>). Also, scales that test the predictions of evolutionary hypotheses have been developed, like those cited throughout this review (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbic, Durisko, &amp; Andrews, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bartoskova et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Keller &amp; Nesse, 2006</xref>). However, there are still no reports in Brazil about validating these scales or implementing psychotherapeutic work in this approach to depression. This review is hoped to foster this discussion and research.</p>
				<p>This review has limitations, as not all evolutionary hypotheses about depression have been discussed, and there has not been an exhaustive survey of scientific evidence of them. In any case, it was not our goal to definitively answer the questions surrounding evolutionary theories about depression or to propose a new theory. On the contrary, we suggest that more empirical studies be carried out to subject evolutionary theories to test, considering the implications and their resulting benefits. Thus, we reaffirm the relevance of theoretical studies of depression under evolutionary approaches and the eminent need for empirical studies that subject them to testing.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>