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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pusp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Psicologia USP</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Psicol. USP</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-6564</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1678-5177</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0103-6564e200149</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00219</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sentido de vida: compreendendo este desafiador campo de estudo</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="fr">
					<trans-title>Sens de la vie : comprendre ce domaine d’étude difficile</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Sentido de la vida: comprender este desafiante campo de estudio</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6463-2443</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Grazielli Padilha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2312-3911</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina Garcia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Porto Alegre</city>
						<state>RS</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Endereço para correspondência: <email>graziellipadilhavieira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>32</volume>
			<elocation-id>e200149</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Sentido de vida é uma variável que tem sido considerada central para compreensão do bem-estar humano nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, o estudo desse conceito é muito mais antigo e ele já recebeu contribuições da filosofia, da psicologia humanista, da logoterapia e, recentemente, da psicologia positiva e da psicometria, o que possibilitou que tal construto fosse mensurado. Este artigo explora os caminhos de sentido de vida enquanto construto ao longo do tempo, discutindo as contribuições que o conceito recebeu de diversas teorias psicológicas, incluindo o recente modelo tripartite de sentido de vida. Por fim, são discutidos os desafios enfrentados por pesquisadores e clínicos que buscam trabalhar com essa variável. </p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="fr">
				<title>Résumé</title>
				<p>Le sens de la vie est une variable qui a été considérée comme essentielle pour comprendre le bien-être humain au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, son étude est beaucoup plus ancienne, en ayant reçu des contributions de la philosophie, de la psychologie humaniste, de la logothérapie et récemment, de la psychologie positive et de la psychométrie, rendant ce concept mesurable. Cet article discute les voies de sens de la vie en tant que concept construit au fil du temps, en examinant les contributions qu’il a reçues de diverses théories psychologiques, y compris le récent modèle tripartite de sens de la vie. Enfin, on discute les défis auxquels sont confrontés les chercheurs et les cliniciens qui cherchent à travailler avec cette variable.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>El sentido de la vida es una variable que se ha considerado fundamental para comprender el bienestar humano en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, el estudio de este concepto es mucho más antiguo y ya ha recibido aportes de la filosofía, la psicología humanística, la logoterapia y, recientemente, de la psicología positiva y la psicometría, haciéndolo medible. Este artículo explora las trayectorias del sentido de la vida como un constructo a lo largo del tiempo, discutiendo las contribuciones que el concepto ha recibido de varias teorías psicológicas, incluido el reciente modelo tripartito de sentido de la vida. Finalmente, se discuten los desafíos que enfrentan los investigadores y clínicos que buscan trabajar con esta variable.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>sentido de vida</kwd>
				<kwd>psicologia positiva</kwd>
				<kwd>logoterapia</kwd>
				<kwd>psicometria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
				<title>Mots-clés :</title>
				<kwd>sens de la vie</kwd>
				<kwd>psychologie positive</kwd>
				<kwd>logothérapie</kwd>
				<kwd>psychométrie</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>sentido de la vida</kwd>
				<kwd>psicología positiva</kwd>
				<kwd>logoterapia</kwd>
				<kwd>psicometría</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>Sentido de vida (SV) tem sido considerado o núcleo e a chave para o entendimento do bem-estar, da motivação e uma necessidade humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Heintzelman &amp; King, 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>). Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seligman (2019</xref>), um dos fundadores do movimento da psicologia positiva, SV deve ser incorporado às pesquisas e práticas em psicologia para que estas sejam capazes de proporcionar às pessoas uma vida mais significativa, prazerosa, feliz e, portanto, que vale a pena ser vivida. Assim, esse conceito, ancorado diretamente na filosofia e discutido amplamente dentro da psicologia por Viktor E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), tem recebido cada vez mais espaço e reconhecimento dentro da pesquisa em psicologia. O conceito de SV adquiriu maior complexidade teórica e metodológica ao longo do tempo, sendo estudado desde as perspectivas mais empíricas até as mais filosófico-existenciais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Thir &amp; Batthyány, 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>Faltam estudos teóricos que tratem dos caminhos do conceito de SV no cenário brasileiro. Por ser um conceito complexo, é necessário, ao pesquisador e ao clínico, conhecê-lo melhor para utilizá-lo em seu cotidiano. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as diferentes concepções teóricas e propostas empíricas sobre SV. Ainda, são descritos os modelos tradicionais e multidimensionais que teorizam sobre SV, apresentando-se o Modelo Tripartite de Sentido de Vida (MTSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>), que tem possibilitado avanços interessantes à pesquisa empírica em SV, como a construção de escalas para a avaliação de SV enquanto variável indicativa de bem-estar. Por fim, são analisados os desafios de trabalhar com SV enquanto construto teórico mensurável, considerando as importantes contribuições do movimento da psicologia positiva a tais desafios.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Da filosofia aos modelos multidimensionais de SV</title>
			<p>O ser humano busca encontrar sentido em sua existência desde os tempos antigos. A filosofia, a arte, a literatura, a matemática, a religião, entre outros ramos do conhecimento, dedicaram-se a compreender o sentido da existência humana. Essas áreas tratam do significado dessa existência de maneira ampla e filosófica, atribuindo um valor à vida como um todo, à experiência de estar vivo. Para compreender melhor como o SV surge enquanto temática da psicologia moderna, é preciso retomar o pensamento filosófico grego, que exerce enorme influência sobre o pensamento ocidental nessa temática. </p>
			<p>Na Grécia antiga, Aristóteles discutiu amplamente o sentido da vida em uma perspectiva de entendimento da vida cotidiana, especialmente em sua obra <italic>Ética a Nicômaco</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristóteles, 300 a.C./ 2016</xref>). O autor explora dois tipos de ética/condutas de vida: hedônica e eudemônica, sendo a primeira aquela que busca prazer e plenitude, em uma lógica mais individualista, e a última a que procura uma vida que vale a pena ser vivida, dotada de um valor transcendente. Esta seria a vida feliz, que só pode ser experimentada em comunidade, na conexão do sujeito com a pólis e com a cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristóteles, 300 a.C./ 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>A vida eudemônica agrega a necessidade dos indivíduos estarem conectados com suas comunidades, ligados a questões que vão além dos prazeres individuais. Desse modo, vincula a transcendência à participação na construção do bem comum, tornando-a mais concreta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristóteles, 300 a.C./2016</xref>). Essa é, portanto, a vida concreta, que pode ser vivida por qualquer pessoa, independentemente de sua classe social ou status, de seu lugar no mundo ou conhecimento filosófico. Aristóteles propõe, então, que a vida concreta e cotidiana do homem é dotada de significado, o que gerou uma nova perspectiva para pensar o homem real, contribuindo para que a vida com sentido se tornasse filosoficamente acessível a qualquer pessoa.</p>
			<p>Essas ideias permaneceram restritas ao campo da filosofia até o início do século XX, quando a humanidade vivencia os episódios inéditos da Primeira e da Segunda Guerra Mundial e o sentido de tais acontecimentos na vida de cada pessoa passou a ser questionado. Assim, foram retomadas discussões sobre a constituição do ser humano, especialmente por Maslow e Sartre. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maslow (1962/2011</xref>), o ser humano é dotado de uma natureza interna, uma essência biologicamente alicerçada, que pode ser cientificamente estudada, sendo o sentido da vida definido a priori, pela própria condição humana. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Sartre (1946/2014</xref>), por sua vez, defende que a existência é capaz de preceder a essência; sendo assim, o homem é livre e não possui uma natureza humana que o defina a priori. O sentido da vida precisa, então, ser construído ao longo da existência humana. </p>
			<p>Porém, com os estudos de Viktor E. Frankl, um sobrevivente dos campos de concentração nazistas, a psicologia passa a se interessar verdadeiramente pelo SV. Frankl (1905-1997) foi um psiquiatra e psicólogo vienense que durante sua experiência nos campos buscou refletir sobre a experiência de estar e mantar-se vivo. Em 1945, após sua libertação, escreveu <italic>O homem em busca de sentido</italic> (1946), livro no qual teorizou sobre SV de forma concreta. O autor trata SV como a vivência de um sentido individual calcado na singularidade de cada experiência humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 2012/1946</xref>).</p>
			<p>A partir de suas observações nos campos de concentração, o autor descreve as diferenças entre os prisioneiros que não conseguiram lutar por suas vidas, os que seguiram adiante em busca de um futuro e os que conseguiram, inclusive, subverter a lógica de suas experiências nos campos de concentração. Frankl observa que os prisioneiros capazes de seguir em frente apesar da experiência vivida nos campos de concentração eram capazes de encontrar uma orientação futura para si e atribuir um valor significativo às relações afetivas fora do campo de concentração (filhos, amigos, cônjuges etc.). Assim, aqueles que conseguiram encontrar algum propósito em sua existência presente e futura empenhavam-se com afinco em sobreviver. </p>
			<p>Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), o SV pode ser encontrado de diversas maneiras, especialmente por meio de três experiências concretas: (1) valores de criação: encontrar um trabalho ou atividade que exerça um papel significativo para o mundo; (2) valores de experiência: experimentar algo que possibilite a autotranscendência (exemplo: bondade, compaixão, amor etc.); ou (3) valores de atitude: escolher as atitudes diante do sofrimento inevitável e, se necessário, modificar aspectos pessoais para enfrentar o momento. Logo, SV pode variar ao longo da existência, conectando-se a diferentes objetos, metas ou experiências em diferentes momentos da vida, sendo um elemento central na constituição da saúde física e mental dos indivíduos.</p>
			<p>Frankl não se dedicou somente à operacionalização do conceito de SV, mas também a sua utilização enquanto ferramenta terapêutica na logoterapia. Inicialmente foram desenvolvidos estudos de operacionalização de SV que entendiam o construto como unidimensional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adler, 1940</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Maddi, 1970</xref>), mas sem resultados satisfatórios. Assim, surgem os modelos multidimensionais de SV como alternativa que visava dar conta da complexidade do conceito e garantir seu caráter dinâmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg, Pyszczynski, &amp; Solomon, 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>). Entretanto, essa ampla literatura em torno de SV tornou a definição do próprio conceito ambígua. Cada proposta teórica definiu SV de maneira a condizer com suas expectativas e favorecer a mensuração do construto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Steger, 2012</xref>). Na seção a seguir, apresentamos algumas dessas definições.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Teorias em sentido de vida</title>
			<p>A literatura sugere que modelos multidimensionais são mais apropriados para a compreensão de construtos mais dinâmicos, como SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). Esses modelos possibilitam avaliar SV enquanto um <italic>estado</italic> passível de mudança ao longo do tempo. SV não poderia ser mensurado enquanto um <italic>traço</italic> de personalidade, pois este pressupõe algo mais estável ao longo do tempo e cuja variação tende a ser mínima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). A partir das décadas de 1980 e 1990, surgem pesquisas que buscam entender a relação entre SV e outras variáveis, culminando em outros modelos de entendimento sobre SV, como o <italic>meaning making model</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park, 2013</xref>), o <italic>meaning maintenance model</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine, Proulx, &amp; Vohs, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Proulx, 2013</xref>), o <italic>search or presence for meaning</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger, Frazier, Oishi, &amp; Kaler, 2006</xref>), o <italic>terror management theory</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>), e o MTSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). Esses modelos serão melhor apresentados a seguir.</p>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Construção de sentido de vida <italic>(meaning making model)</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>O modelo de construção de sentido de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2013</xref>) trata das ferramentas que as pessoas utilizam para construir/estruturar SV diante de situações estressantes capazes de provocar a quebra da coerência e do sentido em suas vidas, não propondo uma nova definição para o conceito. </p>
				<p>O modelo é composto por duas grandes dimensões: <italic>global meaning</italic> e <italic>situational meaning</italic>. A primeira dimensão envolve as crenças globais (<italic>global beliefs</italic>), os objetivos globais (<italic>global goals</italic>) e as ideias subjetivas de sentido (<italic>subjective sense of meaning</italic>). Ou seja, <italic>global meaning</italic> é composto pelo senso geral de orientação de um indivíduo no mundo. Já a dimensão <italic>situational meaning</italic> trata do SV em uma situação concreta no ambiente, considerando a interpretação que o indivíduo faz desta, e se inicia a partir de uma situação estressante ou considerada incoerente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>Esse modelo teórico não deixa clara a definição do que seria estressor, dependendo da avaliação subjetiva de cada indivíduo para que uma situação seja classificada como estressante ou não. A partir dessa avaliação, inicia-se o processo de construção de um sentido para uma nova experiência, como forma de lidar com as incoerências do ambiente em relação às crenças do indivíduo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Esse processo pode ser feito mediante diversos recursos, tanto automáticos, quanto cognitivos e emocionais. Podem ser desenvolvidos processos de assimilação e de busca por compreensão do estressor, sendo a construção de novos sentidos (<italic>meanings made</italic>) o resultado desse trabalho psíquico. Alguns produtos desse processo podem ser a ideia de que a vida tem sentido, aceitação, entendimento causal, percepção de crescimento e/ou mudanças de vida positivas, mudanças de crenças globais e objetivos, restauração e/ou mudança no SV, entre outros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Esse modelo tem auxiliado pesquisadores a compreender os processos de construção e reconfiguração de SV diante da vivência de situações traumáticas incontroláveis, como o enfrentamento a doenças graves.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Manutenção de sentido de vida <italic>(meaning maintenance model)</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>O modelo de manutenção de sentido de vida proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al. (2006</xref>) pressupõe que as pessoas constroem o sentido de sua existência a partir de suas expectativas e aprendizados sobre as relações estabelecidas com o ambiente, ou seja, o mundo tem sentido na medida em que atende às expectativas/crenças que o indivíduo nutre sobre ele (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Proulx, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>). Nesse modelo, por exemplo, uma pessoa que acredita fortemente que o mundo é um lugar justo, ao se deparar com uma possível injustiça, precisa revisar tanto suas expectativas como suas aprendizagens sobre o mundo, e logo precisa rever também seu SV.</p>
				<p>Portanto, é preciso compreender como os indivíduos lidam com a quebra das expectativas, sejam elas positivas ou negativas. A teoria postula que existem cinco maneiras cognitivas de lidar com as quebras de expectativas: assimilação, acomodação, afirmação, abstração e construção (<italic>assembly</italic>) de um novo SV. Essas estratégias exigem esforço cognitivo e afetivo dos indivíduos. As quebras de expectativas podem ocorrer por meio de eventos traumáticos ou de mudanças sutis, como estudos empíricos têm revelado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dechesne &amp; Kruglanski, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Proulx &amp; Heine, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>A partir desse modelo, surge a possibilidade de considerar a interpretação das pessoas sobre o mundo e sobre suas relações como um componente fundamental para a construção de SV. Portanto, passa a ser relevante o senso de coerência e a compreensão que as pessoas têm sobre o mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Teoria de gerenciamento do terror <italic>(terror management theory)</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>A teoria de gerenciamento do terror não é uma teoria sobre SV propriamente, entretanto trata da maneira como as pessoas lidam com a consciência constante e iminente da própria morte, contribuindo para a compreensão de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>). A simples consciência da morte geraria um estado constante de terror que necessitaria ser manejado ao longo do tempo. Para lidar com isso, os indivíduos devem criar a sensação de pertencimento a uma família, comunidade ou cultura que possibilite balancear o terror gerado pela expectativa da finitude, desenvolvendo um valor associado a estar vivo, em contato com um mundo significativo, em busca de um sentido para a existência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Solomon, Greenberg, &amp; Pyszczynski, 1991</xref>). </p>
				<p>A ideia de que a vida é dotada de valor permite a construção da autoestima, definida como a percepção dos indivíduos sobre sua capacidade de contribuir para a construção de sentido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>). Dessa forma, as pessoas agem no mundo visando evitar a própria morte, na tentativa de assegurar a imortalidade, de forma simbólica ou concreta. A transcendência proporciona aos indivíduos alcançar certa imortalidade simbólica através do papel ativo que têm no mundo, na construção do sentido da existência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Greenberg, Solomon, &amp; Arndt, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Solomon et al., 1991</xref>). Ou seja, os indivíduos precisam viver a sensação de que suas vidas e escolhas repercutem além deles mesmos, como uma forma de manterem-se conectados e vivos por meio da criação do mundo e da sociedade que os cerca, garantindo sua imortalidade através da cultura e do senso de pertença (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Presença e busca por sentido <italic>(presence and search for meaning)</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Esse modelo avalia SV a partir de uma abordagem mais relativista ante os recursos que os indivíduos utilizam para a construção de SV. São propostas duas dimensões para a compreensão do SV: a busca por SV e a presença de SV. A primeira trata da motivação ou direção que os indivíduos desenvolvem para obter SV. Já a segunda é sobre compreender e identificar se os indivíduos apresentam um claro e definido SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>). A partir dessa concepção foi desenvolvida uma escala do tipo Likert, composta por dez itens, sendo cinco relativos à dimensão de busca por SV e cinco à dimensão de presença de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>). Assim, um indivíduo que apresenta alta busca de sentido, tenderia, teoricamente, a apresentar baixa presença, bem como o indivíduo que apresenta uma alta presença, tenderia a apresentar pontuações baixas em busca de sentido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>). </p>
				<p>Os itens que compõem a escala, criados por uma equipe de pesquisadores a partir de uma definição prévia do que seria SV, utilizaram o critério inicial de validade aparente. Após isso, eles foram testados em uma amostra e realizou-se a análise confirmatória dos dados para decidir quais deles eram mais adequados e comporiam a escala final. Assim, a escala ganhou destaque por se propor a avaliar SV como um construto mensurável quantitativamente. Ela tem sido traduzida, adaptada e utilizada em diversos países, obtendo indicadores satisfatórios de qualidade psicométrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aquino et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio &amp; Koller, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entretanto, por utilizar uma base teórica mais relativista, sem abordar necessariamente os mecanismos psíquicos, cognitivos, culturais ou motivacionais envolvidos nos processos de busca e presença de sentido, esse modelo teórico encontrou certa dificuldade em explicar possíveis variações culturais em SV. Por exemplo, no estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger, Kawabata, Shimai e Otake (2008</xref>) foram avaliados adultos jovens norte-americanos e japoneses em relação a busca e presença de SV. O estudo observou que, para os norte-americanos, quando a presença de sentido obtinha uma pontuação alta, a busca por sentido apresentava uma pontuação baixa, seguindo o previsto pelos autores. Entretanto, os jovens japoneses que apresentavam uma pontuação alta em busca também apresentavam uma alta pontuação em presença de sentido, contrariando as expectativas da teoria. Esse resultado sugere que busca e presença não são conceitos opostos em termos de SV, como proposto pela teoria, mas poderiam ser dimensões complementares em algumas culturas. Os autores concluem que a busca de sentido é influenciada pela cultura e também é capaz de moderar a influência cultural na presença de sentido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al., 2008</xref>). </p>
				<p>Desse modo, o modelo tem dificuldade em oferecer maiores explicações sobre a diferença cultural encontrada entre norte-americanos e japoneses, apenas indicando que tal diferença existe. Faltam recursos teóricos e mesmo técnicos capazes de oferecer uma explicação clara e concisa sobre quais aspectos da construção de sentido ou mesmo da busca por sentido são diferentes nessas culturas. Destaca-se a importância do modelo, mesmo diante de suas limitações, pois foi por meio dele que o tópico de SV foi retomado pelo campo da mensuração. Hoje o próprio Steger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>) tem abordado sentido de vida a partir do modelo multidimensional, propondo que se defina e se operacionalize o conceito por meio de recursos que as pessoas utilizam para construir seu SV.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Modelo tripartite de sentido de vida</title>
				<p>Recentemente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Steger (2012</xref>) buscou construir uma definição de SV que sintetizasse aspectos presentes nos modelos teóricos anteriores, buscando superar a ambiguidade das definições propostas para SV. Para o autor, </p>
				<p>Sentido é a rede de conexões, entendimentos e interpretações que nos auxilia a compreender nossa experiência e formular planos para direcionar nossas energias para alcançarmos o futuro que desejamos. Sentido nos oferece a percepção de que nossas vidas importam, são coerentes e que são formadas por mais do que a soma dos segundos, dias e anos.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (p. 65)</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George e Park (2016</xref>) também propuseram uma definição de SV multidimensional. Para os autores “SV é formado na medida em que vida do indivíduo é experimentada como fazendo sentido, sendo direcionada e motivada por objetivos válidos, e como relevantes para o mundo”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref> (p. 206). A proposta do MTSV favorece uma maior integração teórica que, por sua vez, facilita a operacionalização do conceito e o desenvolvimento de instrumentos para mensuração de SV, como a Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>) e a Multidimensional Meaning in Life Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Costin &amp; Vignoles, 2019</xref>). Isso ocorre porque os modelos reúnem evidências tanto das teorias focadas em estruturas de SV - por exemplo: <italic>meaning making model</italic>, <italic>meaning maintenance model</italic> - quanto das teorias em torno da experiência de SV - por exemplo: teoria de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker e Wong (1988</xref>).</p>
				<p>Os modelos de MTSV, propostos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela e Steger (2016</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George e Park (2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">2017</xref>), apresentam as mesmas três dimensões para SV. São elas, respectivamente: compreensão (<italic>coherence/comprehension</italic>), propósito (<italic>purpose</italic>) e valorização (<italic>significance/mattering</italic>)<italic>.</italic> O MTSV foi formulado tanto a partir do quadro conceitual presente nas principais perspectivas teóricas de SV, que vimos anteriormente, como de pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>A dimensão compreensão (<italic>comprehension/coeherence</italic>) do MTSV se refere à sensação de que a existência é coerente e compreensível, permitindo a conexão entre as experiências vividas no passado e presente e a construção de uma noção de futuro, proporcionando certa linearidade a história de vida dos indivíduos. Refere-se, de certa forma, à compreensão dos próprios caminhos e direções que a vida toma, sendo necessária a busca por consistência e coerência entre o que se espera da vida e a realidade experimentada pelos indivíduos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Essa dimensão engloba os aspectos mais cognitivos do modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker e Wong (1988</xref>) e se aproxima do modelo de manutenção de SV desenvolvido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al. (2006</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht (2012</xref>). Em indivíduos saudáveis ela contribui para que sejam minimizados sentimentos de incerteza e ansiedade, pois possibilita a adoção de estratégias mais funcionais ante situações ambíguas/inesperadas e uma melhor orientação nos caminhos da vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>No estudo conduzido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Costin e Vignoles (2019</xref>) para a construção da escala de SV, a compreensão foi a dimensão que apresentou resultados mais incoerentes com as expectativas teóricas. Os autores propõem que o senso de compreensão pode ser antes um efeito da percepção de sentido na existência do que um componente formador da noção de SV. Isso suscita a necessidade de novos estudos sobre esse componente do MTSV, que possibilitem seu melhor desenvolvimento teórico e operacionalização. </p>
				<p>Já a dimensão propósito (<italic>purpose</italic>) representa os aspectos mais motivacionais do modelo, referindo-se aos objetivos e direção que o indivíduo tem em sua vida e o quanto está comprometido com tais objetivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shin &amp; Steger, 2014</xref>). Esse é um construto clássico e o que mais se aproxima da teoria original proposta por Viktor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), que sugere que o SV está vinculado à identificação dos objetivos de vida da pessoa, à identificação de sua missão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Battista &amp; Almond, 1973</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mcknight &amp; Kashdan, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rabin, 1979</xref>). Propósito não diz respeito apenas a fazer coisas, mas também à capacidade humana de definir metas de curto, médio e longo prazo, articulando comportamentos e situações para alcançá-las. Esses objetivos, dotados de significado na construção da narrativa de vida, fornecem conexões entre passado, presente e futuro, por meio do estabelecimento de uma hierarquia entre metas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>). </p>
				<p>O terceiro componente do MTSV denomina-se valorização (<italic>mattering/significance</italic>) e trata da atribuição de um valor inerente à própria vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). É a percepção de que a existência está ligada a algo maior que o próprio indivíduo, como uma comunidade, cultura ou época e implica necessariamente a noção de transcendência. São incorporados os componentes afetivos da teoria de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker e Wong (1988</xref>) e a teoria do gerenciamento de terror (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>) ao MTSV.</p>
				<p>A busca por valorização envolve, portanto, a tarefa de evitar a morte, transcender, e lidar com a ansiedade existencial, bem como a construção de relações interpessoais significativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arendt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>). A noção de transcendência contribui significativamente para a construção do valor de si mesmo, conectando o indivíduo com a sociedade e a cultura ao seu redor, inclusive na possibilidade de colaborar para a construção de ambas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>). A valorização tem sido pouco estudada enquanto construto isolado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">George &amp; Park, 2014</xref>), sendo possível pensar que ela atua também como uma medida independente de bem-estar, indo além do papel de componente de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Damásio, Hauck-filho, &amp; Koller, 2014</xref>). Logo, é importante a realização de mais estudos nessa dimensão do MTSV, visando aperfeiçoar o entendimento da relação com SV, operacionalização do conceito e avaliação, especialmente com a população brasileira.</p>
				<p>Essas dimensões que compõem o MTSV devem ser pensadas como fortemente inter-relacionadas, influenciando-se mútua e continuamente, em um modelo fatorial correlacionado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). A partir do MTSV, é proposta a Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale (MEMS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>), que busca mensurar as três dimensões do modelo, fornecendo escores para cada uma delas. Os itens da escala foram construídos a partir da definição teórica das dimensões. Foram desenvolvidos inicialmente 43 itens, avaliados por oito juízes especialistas na temática SV ou em avaliação psicológica.</p>
				<p>Na versão final, composta por quinze itens, permaneceram apenas os julgados adequados estatisticamente, sendo incorporadas sugestões de novos itens propostos pelos avaliadores. A escala apresentou boa consistência interna e a capacidade de acessar individualmente cada dimensão, fornecendo dados para a averiguação de cada uma delas e das possíveis articulações entre as dimensões (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>). A MEMS apresentou correlações positivas com variáveis, como bem-estar subjetivo, satisfação com a vida, espiritualidade/religiosidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017a</xref>), afeto positivo; e correlações negativas, como afeto negativo, depressão, ansiedade e estresse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Desafios a serem consideradas na avaliação de sentido de vida</title>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev (2013a</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George e Park (2016</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela e Steger (2016</xref>) descrevem as limitações que pesquisadores encontram ao abordarem SV enquanto um construto psicológico mensurável. A primeira delas é o fato de que é difícil fazer uma leitura integrada da vasta literatura, empírica e teórica, sobre SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>): SV tem sido dividido em diversas áreas (estruturas de sentido, experiências de SV, intervenções em SV, estudos teóricos em SV) e cada pesquisador utiliza uma definição, o que implica diversos métodos de avaliação do mesmo construto e a utilização de medidas, por vezes, incongruentes entre um estudo e outro, o que dificulta comparações interculturais e entre estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>É preciso, ainda, lidar com as dificuldades operacionais de definição de SV, que têm se revelado um desafio para a integração da literatura em torno da temática. Alguns estudos avaliam SV a partir de recursos psíquicos que os indivíduos utilizam para sua estruturação (<italic>meaning framework</italic>), enquanto outros tratam dos julgamentos que os indivíduos fazem sobre a percepção de sentido em sua existência (<italic>meaning in life judments</italic>). Recentemente, mesmo algumas áreas mais comportamentalistas têm se aventurado a explorar a ideia de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Kanter, Busch, &amp; Rusch 2009</xref>) construindo outras possíveis definições do conceito.</p>
			<p>Outra dificuldade é a tendência de considerar o conceito de forma unidimensional. Essa visão limita a compreensão de SV enquanto fenômeno complexo, que trata da experiência humana, vinculada a diferentes aspectos mutáveis da vida. Portanto, uma compreensão unidimensional traça um limite para o que pode ser entendido como uma existência dotada de sentido. Alguns autores consideram que a adoção de uma perspectiva multidimensional impossibilita que SV atue como uma variável que possibilita aos indivíduos transcenderem seus limites, alcançando novas possibilidades para sua existência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>), tornando SV uma simples equação de causa e efeito. </p>
			<p>Ainda, é preciso considerar a ambiguidade conceitual em torno da definição de SV. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev (2013a</xref>) é preciso considerar que “Sentido é, portanto, uma construção hipotética, algo não diretamente observável, mas sim concebido. É necessário para explicar fenômenos observáveis, mas não pode ser reduzido a eles”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>3</sup></xref> (p. 463). Ou seja, Leontiev propõe uma visão mais existencialista do conceito. Para o autor, SV é uma experiência, uma maneira cognitiva e emocional de interpretar o mundo, um fenômeno que atravessa a experiência humana, estando associado à motivação, compreensão da própria história de vida e consideração de si mesmo para o mundo em uma perspectiva transcendente.</p>
			<p>SV também se correlaciona a outras variáveis, como afeto positivo, afeto negativo, felicidade, ansiedade e depressão, que são fortemente vinculadas às experiências cotidianas de ser e estar no mundo e, por vezes, pode ser confundido com elas pelos participantes das pesquisas. O autor sugere que, por conta dessa confusão, é possível que, ao avaliarmos SV sem a necessária preocupação em se fazer entender pelos participantes, há o risco de estarmos avaliando, na verdade, outros construtos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>). </p>
			<p>Para esses autores de cunho mais existencialista, SV não pode ser reduzido a uma medida/variável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). Dessa forma, SV enquanto experiência nunca pode ser inteiramente compreendido ou inteiramente mensurado, sendo esse um aspecto fundamental do próprio conceito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). Isso sugere que viver uma vida dotada de sentido envolve uma gama de sentimentos e comportamentos que permeiam o cotidiano da vida significativa. Esses comportamentos e sentimentos podem ser avaliados, apresentando indicadores de SV e recursos cognitivos, afetivos e culturais presentes nessa experiência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). Assim, é possível avaliar apenas algumas projeções de SV presentes no comportamento, cognição, cultura e interação dos sujeitos com o mundo ao seu redor e inferir a partir disso uma “medida/quantificação” de SV. Contudo, há de se reconhecer a complexidade do conceito e que as facetas que estão sendo mensuradas podem não corresponder a sua totalidade. </p>
			<p>Há também a questão semântica. A palavra “sentido” apresenta possibilidades diversas de significado na linguagem coloquial, que implicam diretamente o entendimento dos participantes de pesquisas sobre SV e no desenvolvimento teórico dos estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). Uma dessas possibilidades é a ideia de direção, sentido em que dado objeto está indo. A dimensão de propósito do MTSV traz a ideia da direção que a existência do indivíduo está tomando como parte desse aspecto motivacional. Outra definição possível na linguagem coloquial de sentido implica a noção de conexões, encadeamento entre pessoas, objetos ou ideias. Essa ideia se aproxima da dimensão de valorização, na qual tais conexões são fundamentais para a atribuição de valor à própria existência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Baumeister &amp; Vohs, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>). </p>
			<p>Sentido, enquanto senso, também carrega a noção de percepção ou compreensão da própria história e dos caminhos traçados para a vida. Dessa forma, também se aproxima da dimensão de compreensão proposta no MTSV. Assim, para perceber sentido na vida, cabe considerar o que se pode compreender, narrar e contar dessa vida. O inenarrável, aquilo que é da ordem do incoerente e do inexplicável, tende a diminuir a percepção dos indivíduos de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>). Já a noção de sentido enquanto ponto de vista, modo de considerar, aspecto ou face de algo, remete à questão da diversidade e dos aspectos culturais envolvidos ao se estudar SV e abre espaço para se refletir sobre como SV pode ser uma experiência diferente em cada parte do mundo, em cada cultura. Cabe considerar a cultura em sua definição de rede de compartilhamento de sentidos e expectativas, produzida, distribuída e modificada por um grupo de indivíduos interconectados enquanto uma grande fonte de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chiu &amp; Hong, 2007</xref>). </p>
			<p>Ainda sobre a cultura, é preciso considerar sua capacidade de conectar as pessoas com o transcendente, pois ela liga os indivíduos a algo maior que eles mesmos, como as tradições, hábitos e aspectos históricos de constituição de um povo. A cultura é também um recurso para a construção do valor de si. Dessa forma, é capaz de oferecer esperança ao dar às pessoas a possibilidade de conceber o mundo e a existência como algo transcendente e duradouro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kesebir, 2013</xref>). </p>
			<p>Portanto, SV é uma variável com forte influência dos aspectos culturais e as variações culturais afetam diretamente o entendimento e a operacionalização das dimensões de SV. Como vimos anteriormente, o estudo conduzido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al. (2008</xref>) comparou índices de busca e presença de SV entre estudantes norte-americanos e japoneses para avaliar os aspectos culturais envolvidos no construto. Esse trabalho demonstra como uma cultura é capaz de disseminar um modo de relacionar-se com o mundo e com a vida, modificando diretamente os índices que os sujeitos apresentam em medidas como o SV. Ainda, ilustra a necessidade de cuidados a serem adotados na adaptação ou desenvolvimento de instrumentos sobre um dado constructo, uma vez que a cultura apresenta concepções e práticas que precisam ser levados em consideração (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kesebir, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Destacamos que os indivíduos nem sempre estão familiarizados com a questão do sentido de suas vidas e isso faz com que seu entendimento sobre SV possa variar amplamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). De modo geral, a maioria das pessoas não tem clareza sobre o que está sendo perguntado ao deparar-se com uma pesquisa sobre SV, diferentemente do que ocorre com outras variáveis psicológicas mais estudadas. Isso pode gerar confusão com outras variáveis psicológicas. Assim, ao tentar avaliar SV podemos estar, na verdade, avaliando uma de suas muitas projeções relacionadas ao construto e não SV propriamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kasebir, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). SV trata de uma percepção global da experiência de vida, tornando-se algo muito complexo e menos palpável para os participantes dos estudos, uma vez que não diz respeito apenas a um único momento da existência, como as pessoas tendem a entender outras variáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Considerações finais</title>
			<p>As complexidades que envolvem o entendimento de SV enquanto conceito e variável, bem como sua longa história na filosofia e, recentemente, na psicologia, tornam o conceito bastante distante da realidade dos participantes dos estudos e do cotidiano dos pesquisadores. No caso desses últimos, existem poucas pesquisas brasileiras que deem conta da complexidade de SV enquanto construto ou mesmo que o incluam entre suas variáveis investigadas ou que se dediquem ao desenvolvimento conceitual, teórico e prático de SV.</p>
			<p>SV é um construto de grande relevância para a saúde mental das mais variadas populações e culturas. Mesmo assim, o estudo e a mensuração de SV enquanto construto psicológico ainda se mostram desafiadores ao pesquisador. É preciso considerar questões culturais, semânticas e mesmo de clareza conceitual do construto para garantir uma pesquisa de qualidade. Ainda, SV mostra-se um construto relevante à psicologia à medida que se percebe com mais clareza seu papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento saudável dos indivíduos, especialmente por meio de suas conexões com outras variáveis mais conhecidas.</p>
			<p>O recente MTSV traz uma proposta multidimensional mais robusta para o entendimento de SV; entretanto, é necessário aprofundar os estudos empíricos e teóricos em suas dimensões, principalmente as dimensões de valorização e compreensão. Mesmo diante do adequado funcionamento das escalas que seguem o MTSV no cenário internacional, o modelo e os instrumentos desenvolvidos a partir dele ainda carecem de evidências de validade para o contexto brasileiro.</p>
			<p>Por fim, as futuras pesquisas na temática devem atentar-se aos diferenciais culturais e à profundidade teórica necessária para uma boa utilização do conceito e do construto, bem como à construção de instrumentos de mensuração. Cabe destacar a necessidade de estudos que envolvam programas de intervenção e protocolos voltados a construção de SV, hoje inexistentes no cenário brasileiro. Fora do país existem algumas propostas bastante interessantes, voltadas diretamente à construção e ao aumento da experiência de SV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shin &amp; Steger, 2014</xref>). Observa-se também a necessidade de novos estudos no cenário brasileiro considerando as diversas mudanças recentes pelas quais o construto tem passado, especialmente nos últimos dez anos. É preciso compreender quais influências culturais e sociais atravessam a construção da ideia de SV para os brasileiros de maneira mais profunda.</p>
		</sec>
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				<p> Livre tradução nossa.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p>Livre tradução nossa.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Meaning in life: understanding this challenging field of study</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6463-2443</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Grazielli Padilha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2312-3911</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina Garcia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Corresponding adress: <email>graziellipadilhavieira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Meaning in life has been considered a key variable to the understanding of human well-being in the last decades. However, the study of this concept is much older and has received contributions from Philosophy, Logotherapy and, recently, Positive Psychology and psychometric studies, thus becoming measurable. This article explores the paths of meaning in life as a construct over time and discusses the contributions of some psychology theories to the concept, including the tripartite view of meaning in life. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by researchers and clinical psychologists to work with this construct. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>meaning in life</kwd>
				<kwd>positive psychology</kwd>
				<kwd>logotherapy</kwd>
				<kwd>psychometric measures</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Meaning in life (MIL) has been considered the core and key to understanding well-being and motivation and a human need (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Heintzelman &amp; King, 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seligman (2019</xref>), one of the founders of the positive psychology movement, MIL should be incorporated into research and practices in psychology so that they are able to provide people with a more meaningful, pleasurable, happy and, therefore, worthwhile life. Thus, this concept, directly based on philosophy and widely discussed within psychology by Viktor E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), has received more and more space and recognition within research in psychology. The MIL concept has acquired greater theoretical and methodological complexity over time, being studied from the most empirical to the most existential-philosophical perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Thir &amp; Batthyány, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>There is a lack of theoretical studies addressing the paths of the MIL concept in the Brazilian scenario. As it is a complex concept, it is necessary for researchers and clinical psychologists to know it better in order to use it in their daily lives. The aim of this article is thus to present the different theoretical conceptions and empirical proposals about MIL. In addition, the traditional and multidimensional models that theorize about MIL are described, presenting the Tripartite View of Meaning in Life (TVMIL) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>), which has enabled interesting advances in empirical research in MIL, such as the construction of scales for the assessment of MIL as a variable indicative of well-being. Finally, the challenges of working with MIL as a measurable theoretical construct are analyzed, considering the important contributions of the positive psychology movement to such challenges.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>From philosophy to multidimensional MIL models</title>
				<p>Human beings seek to find meaning in their existence since ancient times. Philosophy, art, literature, mathematics, religion, among other branches of knowledge, were dedicated to understanding the meaning of human existence. These areas address the meaning of this existence in a broad and philosophical way, placing a value on life as a whole, on the experience of being alive. To better understand how MIL emerges as a theme of modern psychology, it is necessary to return to Greek philosophical thought, which exerts an enormous influence on Western thought in this area.</p>
				<p>In ancient Greece, Aristotle extensively discussed the meaning of life from a perspective of understanding everyday life, especially in his work <italic>The Nicomachean Ethics</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristotle, 300 BC/2016</xref>). The author explores two types of ethics/conducts of life: hedonic and eudemonic, the former as the one which seeks pleasure and fullness, in a more individualistic logic, and the latter as the one which seeks a life worth living, endowed with a transcendent value. This would be the happy life, which can only be experienced in community, in the subject’s connection with the polis and culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristotle, 300 BC/2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Eudemonic life adds the need for individuals to be connected with their communities, linked to issues that go beyond individual pleasures. It thereby links transcendence to participation in the construction of the common good, making it more concrete (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aristotle, 300 BC/2016</xref>). This is, therefore, the concrete life, which can be lived by anyone, regardless of their social class or status, their place in the world or philosophical knowledge. Aristotle proposes, then, that man’s concrete and everyday life is endowed with meaning, something that generated a new perspective for thinking about the real man, contributing to making meaningful life philosophically accessible to anyone.</p>
				<p>These ideas remained restricted to the field of philosophy until the early 20th century, when humanity experiences the unprecedented episodes of the First and Second World Wars and the meaning of such events in each person’s life began to be questioned. Thus, discussions about the constitution of the human being were resumed, especially by Maslow and Sartre. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maslow (1962/2011</xref>), the human being is endowed with an internal nature, a biologically grounded essence, which can be scientifically studied, with the meaning of life being defined a priori, by the human condition itself. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Sartre (1946/2014</xref>), in turn, argues that existence is able to precede essence; therefore, man is free and does not have a human nature that defines him a priori. The meaning of life then needs to be built throughout human existence.</p>
				<p>However, with the studies of Viktor E. Frankl, a survivor of the Nazi concentration camps, psychology becomes truly interested in MIL. Frankl (1905-1997) was a Viennese psychiatrist and psychologist who during his experience in the fields sought to reflect on the experience of being and keeping alive. In 1945, after his release, he wrote <italic>Man’s search for meaning</italic> (1946), a book in which he theorized about MIL in a concrete way. The author treats MIL as the experience of an individual sense based on the uniqueness of each human experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 2012/1946</xref>).</p>
				<p>From his observations in the concentration camps, the author describes the differences between prisoners who were unable to fight for their lives, those who went ahead in search of a future and those who even managed to subvert the logic of their experiences in the concentration camps. Frankl observes that prisoners able to move forward despite their experience in concentration camps were able to find a future orientation for themselves and place a significant value on affective relationships outside the concentration camp (children, friends, spouses, etc.). Thus, those who managed to find some purpose in their present and future existence strove hard to survive.</p>
				<p>For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), MIL can be found in several ways, especially through three concrete experiences: (1) creative values: finding a job or activity that plays a significant role in the world; (2) experiential values: experiencing something that enables self-transcendence (example: kindness, compassion, love, etc.); or (3) attitudinal values: choosing attitudes in the face of inevitable suffering and, if necessary, modifying personal aspects to face the moment. Therefore, MIL can vary throughout life, connecting to different objects, goals or experiences at different times in life, being a central element in the constitution of individuals’ physical and mental health.</p>
				<p>Frankl was not only dedicated to the operationalization of the MIL concept, but also its use as a therapeutic tool in logotherapy. Initially, MIL operationalization studies were developed that understood the construct as one-dimensional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adler, 1940</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Maddi, 1970</xref>), but without satisfactory results. Thus, multidimensional MIL models emerged as an alternative that aimed to account for the complexity of the concept and ensure its dynamic character (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg, Pyszczynski, &amp; Solomon, 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>). However, this extensive literature around MIL has made the definition of the concept itself ambiguous. Each theoretical proposal defined MIL in a way that matches its expectations and favors the measurement of the construct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Steger, 2012</xref>). In the following section we present some of these definitions.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Theories in meaning of life</title>
				<p>The literature suggests that multidimensional models are more appropriate for understanding more dynamic constructs such as MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). These models make it possible to evaluate MIL as a <italic>state</italic> that can change over time. MIL could not be measured as a personality <italic>trait</italic>, as this presupposes something more stable over time and whose variation tends to be minimal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). From the 1980s and 1990s onwards, researches seeking to understand the relationship between MIL and other variables emerged, culminating in other models of understanding about MIL, such as the meaning making model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park, 2013</xref>), the meaning maintenance model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine, Proulx, &amp; Vohs, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Proulx, 2013</xref>), the search or presence for meaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger, Frazier, Oishi, &amp; Kaler, 2006</xref>), the terror management theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>), and the tripartite view of MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). These models will be better presented below.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Meaning making model</title>
					<p>The meaning making model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2013</xref>) deals with the tools that people use to build/structure MIL in the face of stressful situations capable of causing the breakdown of coherence and meaning in their lives, not proposing a new definition for the concept.</p>
					<p>The model is composed of two broad dimensions: global meaning and situational meaning. The first dimension involves global beliefs, global goals and a subjective sense of meaning. That is, global meaning is composed of an individual’s general sense of orientation in the world. The situational meaning dimension, on the other hand, deals with MIL in a concrete situation in the environment, considering the individual’s interpretation of it, and starts from a stressful or discrepant situation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>This theoretical model does not make clear the definition of what would be a stressor, depending on each individual’s subjective assessment for a situation to be classified as stressful or not. From this assessment, the meaning making process for a new experience begins, as a way of dealing with the discrepancies of the environment in relation to the individual’s beliefs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>This process can be done through various resources, both automatic and cognitive and emotional. Processes of assimilation and search for understanding the stressor can be developed, with the construction of new meanings (meanings made) being the result of this psychic work. Some products of this process may be the idea that life has meaning, acceptance, causal understanding, perception of growth and/or positive life changes, changes in global beliefs and goals, restoration and/or change in MIL, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Park, 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>This model has helped researchers to understand the processes of meaning making and reconfiguration in the face of uncontrollable traumatic situations, such as coping with serious illnesses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Meaning maintenance model</title>
					<p>The meaning maintenance model proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al. (2006</xref>) assumes that people build the meaning of their existence from their expectations and learning about the relationships established with the environment, that is, the world makes sense insofar as it meets the expectations/beliefs that the individual has about it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Proulx, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>). In this model, for example, a person who strongly believes that the world is a fair place, when faced with a possible injustice, needs to review both his expectations and his learning about the world, and therefore also needs to review his MIL.</p>
					<p>Therefore, it is necessary to understand how individuals deal with the violation of expectations, whether positive or negative. The theory postulates that there are five cognitive ways to deal with expectations breaches: assimilation, accommodation, affirmation, abstraction and assembly of a novel MIL. These strategies require cognitive and affective effort from individuals. Breaches in expectations can occur through traumatic events or subtle changes, as empirical studies have shown (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dechesne &amp; Kruglanski, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Proulx &amp; Heine, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>From this model arises the possibility of considering people’s interpretation of the world and their relationships as a fundamental component for the construction of MIL. Therefore, the sense of coherence and the understanding that people have about the world become relevant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Terror management theory</title>
					<p>Terror management theory is not a theory of MIL itself, although it addresses the way people deal with the constant and imminent awareness of their own death, contributing to the understanding of MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>). The mere awareness of death would generate a constant state of terror that would need to be managed over time. To deal with this, individuals must create the feeling of belonging to a family, community or culture that makes it possible to balance the terror generated by the expectation of finitude, developing a value associated with being alive, in contact with a meaningful world, in search of a meaning for existence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Solomon, Greenberg, &amp; Pyszczynski, 1991</xref>).</p>
					<p>The idea that life is endowed with value allows the building of self-esteem, defined as individuals’ perception about their ability to contribute to meaning making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>). People thereby act in the world aiming to avoid their own death, in an attempt to ensure immortality, symbolically or concretely. Transcendence allows individuals to achieve a certain symbolic immortality through the active role they play in the world, in building the meaning of existence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Greenberg, Solomon, &amp; Arndt, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Solomon et al., 1991</xref>). That is, individuals need to experience the feeling that their lives and choices resonate beyond themselves, as a way to stay connected and alive through the creation of the world and society that surrounds them, ensuring their immortality through culture and the sense of belonging (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Presence and search for meaning</title>
					<p>This model evaluates MIL from a more relativistic approach to the resources that individuals use to build MIL. Two dimensions are proposed for understanding MIL: the search for MIL and the presence of MIL. The former deals with the motivation or direction that individuals develop to obtain MIL. The latter is about understanding and identifying whether individuals have a clear and defined MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>). Based on this conception, a Likert scale was developed, consisting of ten items, five relating to the search for MIL dimension and five to the MIL presence dimension (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>). Thus, an individual who scores high for search for meaning would theoretically tend to score low for presence, and an individual who scores high for presence would tend to score low for search for meaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>The items that make up the scale, created by a team of researchers from a previous definition of what MIL would be, used the initial criterion of apparent validity. After that, they were tested on a sample and a confirmatory data analysis was performed to decide which items were more appropriate and would make up the final scale. The scale thus gained prominence for its purpose to assess MIL as a quantitatively measurable construct. It has been translated, adapted and used in several countries, obtaining satisfactory indicators of psychometric quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aquino et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio &amp; Koller, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>However, by using a more relativistic theoretical basis, without necessarily addressing the psychic, cognitive, cultural or motivational mechanisms involved in the search and presence of meaning processes, this theoretical model found some difficulty in explaining possible cultural variations in MIL. For example, in the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger, Kawabata, Shimai and Otake (2008</xref>), North American and Japanese young adults were evaluated in relation to search and presence of MIL. The study found that, for Americans, when the presence of meaning had a high score, the search for meaning had a low score, following the authors’ predictions. However, Japanese youth who scored high on search also scored high on presence of meaning, contrary to the theory’s expectations. This result suggests that search and presence are not opposite concepts in terms of MIL, as proposed by the theory, but could be complementary dimensions in some cultures. The authors conclude that the search for meaning is influenced by culture and is also capable of moderating cultural influence in the presence of meaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>Thus, the model has difficulty in offering further explanations about the cultural difference found between North American and Japanese people, only indicating that such difference exists. There is a lack of theoretical and even technical resources capable of offering a clear and concise explanation about which aspects of meaning making or even the search for meaning are different in these cultures. The importance of the model is highlighted, despite its limitations, as it was through it that the topic of MIL was taken up in the field of measurement. Today, Steger himself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>) has addressed the meaning in life from the multidimensional model, proposing that the concept be defined and operationalized through resources that people use to make their MIL.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tripartite view of meaning in life</title>
					<p>Recently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Steger (2012</xref>) sought to build a definition of MIL that would synthesize aspects present in previous theoretical models, seeking to overcome the ambiguity of the definitions proposed for MIL. For the author,</p>
					<p>Meaning is the web of connections, understandings, and interpretations that help us comprehend our experience and formulate plans directing our energies to the achievement of our desired future. Meaning provides us with the sense that our lives matter, that they make sense, and that they are more than the sum of our seconds, days, and years. (p. 65) </p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George and Park (2016</xref>) also proposed a definition of multidimensional MIL. For the authors “MIL is the extent to which one’s life is experienced as making sense, as being directed and motivated by valued goals, and as mattering in the world” (p. 206). The tripartite view of MIL proposal favors greater theoretical integration which, in turn, facilitates the operationalization of the concept and the development of instruments for measuring MIL, such as the Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>) and the Multidimensional Meaning in Life Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Costin &amp; Vignoles, 2019</xref>). This is because the models gather evidence both from theories focused on MIL structures - for example: meaning making model, meaning maintenance model - and from theories around the MIL experience - for example: theory by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker and Wong (1988</xref>).</p>
					<p>The tripartite view of MIL (TVMIL) models, proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela and Steger (2016</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George and Park (2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">2017</xref>), have the same three dimensions for MIL. They are, respectively: comprehension/coherence, purpose and significance/mattering. TVMIL was formulated both from the conceptual framework present in the main theoretical perspectives of MIL, which we saw earlier, and from empirical research on the subject (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Park &amp; Folkman, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Steger et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>The comprehension/coherence dimension of the TVMIL refers to the feeling that existence is coherent and understandable, allowing the connection between past and present experiences and the construction of a notion of the future, providing certain linearity to individuals’ life story. It refers, in a way, to the understanding of the paths and directions that life takes, requiring the search for consistency and congruence between what is expected of life and the reality experienced by individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>This dimension encompasses the more cognitive aspects of the model by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker and Wong (1988</xref>) and is similar to the MIL maintenance model developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Heine et al. (2006</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht (2012</xref>). In healthy individuals, it helps to minimize feelings of uncertainty and anxiety, as it enables the adoption of more functional strategies in ambiguous/unexpected situations and better guidance in life paths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Costin and Vignoles (2019</xref>) for the construction of the MIL scale, comprehension was the dimension that presented results most inconsistent with theoretical expectations. The authors propose that the sense of comprehension can be an effect of the perception of meaning in existence rather than a formative component of the MIL notion. This raises the need for further studies on this TVMIL component, which enable its better theoretical development and operationalization.</p>
					<p>The purpose dimension represents the most motivational aspects of the model, referring to the objectives and direction that the individual has in life and how much he is committed to these goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker and Wong, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shin &amp; Steger, 2014</xref>). This is a classic construct and the one closest to the original theory proposed by Viktor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl (1946/2012</xref>), which suggests that MIL is linked to the identification of a person’s life goals, to the identification of their mission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Battista &amp; Almond, 1973</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">McKnight &amp; Kashdan, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rabin, 1979</xref>). Purpose is not just about doing things, but also the human capacity to set short, medium and long-term goals, articulating behaviors and situations to achieve them. These goals, endowed with meaning in the building of the life narrative, provide connections between past, present and future, through the establishment of a hierarchy between goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>).</p>
					<p>The third component of the TVMIL is called mattering/significance and deals with placing an inherent value to life itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>, 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). It is the perception that existence is linked to something greater than the individual, such as a community, culture or epoch, and necessarily implies the notion of transcendence. The affective components of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker and Wong theory (1988</xref>) and of terror management theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arndt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>) are incorporated into the TVMIL.</p>
					<p>The search for mattering/significance therefore involves the task of avoiding death, transcending, and dealing with existential anxiety, as well as building meaningful interpersonal relationships (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Greenberg &amp; Arendt, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Reker &amp; Wong, 1988</xref>). The notion of transcendence significantly contributes to building the value of oneself, connecting the individual with the society and culture around him, including the possibility of collaborating for building both (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Greenberg et al., 1986</xref>). Mattering/significance has been little studied as an isolated construct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">George &amp; Park, 2014</xref>), and it is possible to think that it also acts as an independent measure of well-being, going beyond the role of a MIL component (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Damásio, Hauck-filho, &amp; Koller, 2014</xref>). Therefore, it is important to carry out more studies in this TVMIL dimension, aiming to improve the understanding of the relationship with MIL, operationalization of the concept and evaluation, especially with the Brazilian population.</p>
					<p>These dimensions that make up the TVMIL must be thought of as strongly interrelated, influencing each other continuously and in a correlated factorial model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>). From the TVMIL, the Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale (MEMS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>) is proposed, which seeks to measure the three dimensions of the model, providing scores for each of them. The scale items were built from the theoretical definition of dimensions. Initially, 43 items were developed, evaluated by eight expert judges in MIL or psychological assessment.</p>
					<p>In the final version, consisting of fifteen items, only those considered statistically adequate remained, and suggestions for new items proposed by the evaluators were incorporated. The scale showed good internal consistency and the ability to individually access each dimension, providing data to verify each of them and the possible articulations between dimensions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>). MEMS showed positive correlations with variables such as subjective well-being, life satisfaction, spirituality/religiousness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017a</xref>), positive affect; and negative correlations, such as negative affect, depression, anxiety and stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">George &amp; Park, 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Challenges to be considered when evaluating meaning in life</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev (2013a</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George and Park (2016</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela and Steger (2016</xref>) describe the limitations that researchers encounter when approaching MIL as a measurable psychological construct. The first is the fact that it is difficult to make an integrated reading of the vast empirical and theoretical literature on MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>): MIL has been divided into several areas (meaning structures, MIL experiences, interventions in MIL, theoretical studies in MIL) and each researcher uses a definition, which implies different methods of assessment of the same construct and the use of measures, sometimes incongruent between one study and another, which makes comparisons across cultures and between studies difficult (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is also necessary to deal with the operational difficulties in defining MIL, which have proved to be a challenge for the integration of literature on the subject. Some studies assess MIL from the psychic resources that individuals use to structure it (meaning framework), while others deal with judgments that individuals make about the perception of meaning in their existence (meaning in life judgments). Recently, even some more behavioral areas have ventured to explore the idea of MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Kanter, Busch, &amp; Rusch 2009</xref>), building other possible definitions of the concept.</p>
				<p>Another difficulty is the tendency to consider the concept in a one-dimensional way. This view limits the understanding of MIL as a complex phenomenon, which deals with human experience, linked to different changing aspects of life. Therefore, a one-dimensional understanding draws a limit to what can be understood as a meaningful existence. Some authors consider that the adoption of a multidimensional perspective makes it impossible for MIL to act as a variable that enables individuals to transcend their limits, reaching new possibilities for their existence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martela &amp; Steger, 2016</xref>), making MIL a simple equation of cause and effect.</p>
				<p>It is also necessary to consider the conceptual ambiguity surrounding the definition of MIL. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev (2013a</xref>) it is necessary to consider that “Meaning is, therefore, a hypothetical construction, something not directly observable, but conceived. It is necessary to explain observable phenomena, but it cannot be reduced to them” (p. 463). That is, Leontiev proposes a more existentialist view of the concept. For the author, MIL is an experience, a cognitive and emotional way of interpreting the world, a phenomenon that crosses the human experience, being associated with motivation, understanding one’s own life story and consideration of oneself to the world in a transcendent perspective.</p>
				<p>MIL is also correlated with other variables, such as positive affect, negative affect, happiness, anxiety and depression, which are strongly linked to everyday experiences of being in the world and, at times, it can be confused with them by research participants. The author suggests that, because of this confusion, it is possible that, when evaluating MIL without the necessary concern to make oneself understood by the participants, there is a risk that we are actually evaluating other constructs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2013b</xref>).</p>
				<p>For these more existentialist authors, MIL cannot be reduced to a measure/variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). Thus, MIL as an experience can never be fully understood or fully measured, which is a fundamental aspect of the concept itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Frankl, 1946/2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). This suggests that living a meaningful life involves a range of feelings and behaviors that permeate the everyday of meaningful life. These behaviors and feelings can be evaluated, showing MIL indicators and cognitive, affective and cultural resources present in this experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Leontiev, 2013b</xref>). Thus, it is possible to assess only some projections of MIL present in subjects’ behavior, cognition, culture and interaction with the world around them and infer from this a “measurement/quantification” of MIL. However, it is necessary to recognize the complexity of the concept and that the facets being measured may not correspond to its totality.</p>
				<p>There is also the semantic issue. The word “meaning” presents different possible senses in colloquial language, which directly imply research participants’ understanding on MIL and the theoretical development of studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). One of these possibilities is the idea of the direction in which a given object is going. The purpose dimension of the TVMIL brings the idea of the direction that the individual’s existence is taking as part of this motivational aspect. Another possible definition of meaning in colloquial language implies the notion of connections, chaining between people, objects or ideas. This idea is close to the dimension of mattering, in which such connections are fundamental for placing value to existence itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Baumeister &amp; Vohs, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Proulx &amp; Inzlicht, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Meaning, as sense, also carries the notion of perception or understanding of one’s own history and the paths traced to life. In this way, it also approaches the dimension of comprehension proposed in the tripartite view of MIL. Thus, to perceive meaning in life, it is necessary to consider what can be understood, narrated and told about this life. The unspeakable, that which is of the order of the incoherent and the inexplicable, tends to reduce individuals’ perception of MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hill, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Park, 2016</xref>). The notion of meaning as a point of view, a way of considering, an aspect or face of something, on the other hand, refers to the issue of diversity and cultural aspects involved in studying MIL and opens space to reflect on how MIL can be a different experience in each part of the world, in every culture. It is worth considering culture in its definition of a network for sharing meanings and expectations, produced, distributed and modified by a group of interconnected individuals as a great source of MIL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chiu &amp; Hong, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Still on culture, it is necessary to consider its ability to connect people with the transcendent, as it links individuals to something greater than themselves, such as traditions, habits and historical aspects of the constitution of a people. Culture is also a resource for building self-worth. It is thereby able to offer hope by giving people the possibility of conceiving the world and existence as something transcendent and lasting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kesebir, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, MIL is a variable with a strong influence of cultural aspects, and cultural variations directly affect the understanding and operationalization of MIL dimensions. As we saw earlier, the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al. (2008</xref>) compared search and presence of MIL rates among North American and Japanese students to assess the cultural aspects involved in the construct. This study demonstrates how a culture is able to disseminate a way of relating to the world and to life, directly modifying subjects’ scores in measures such as MIL. It also illustrates the need for care to be taken in adapting or developing instruments on a given construct, since culture presents concepts and practices that need to be taken into account (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kesebir, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Steger et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>We highlight that individuals are not always familiar with the issue of the meaning of their lives and this makes their understanding of MIL vary widely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). In general, most people are not clear about what is being asked when they come across a survey on MIL, unlike what happens with other more studied psychological variables. This can cause confusion with other psychological variables. Thus, when trying to evaluate MIL we may actually be evaluating one of its many construct-related projections and not MIL itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chao &amp; Kasebir, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>). MIL is about a global perception of life experience, becoming something very complex and less palpable for study participants, since it does not only concern a single moment of existence, as people tend to understand other variables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leontiev, 2013a</xref>).</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Final considerations</title>
				<p>The complexities involved in understanding MIL as a concept and variable, as well as its long history in philosophy and, recently, in psychology, make the concept quite distant from the reality of study participants and researchers’ daily lives. In the case of the latter, there are few Brazilian studies that account for the complexity of MIL as a construct or even include it among their investigated variables or that are dedicated to the conceptual, theoretical and practical development of MIL.</p>
				<p>MIL is a highly relevant construct for the mental health of the most varied populations and cultures. Even so, the study and measurement of MIL as a psychological construct are still challenging to the researcher. It is necessary to consider cultural, semantic and even conceptual clarity issues of the construct to ensure quality research. Still, MIL is a relevant construct to psychology as its fundamental role for the healthy development of individuals becomes more clearly perceived, especially through its connections with other better-known variables.</p>
				<p>The recent tripartite view of MIL brings a more robust multidimensional proposal for understanding MIL; however, it is necessary to deepen empirical and theoretical research on its dimensions, especially the dimensions of mattering/significance and comprehension. Even given the proper functioning of the scales that follow the tripartite view of MIL in the international scenario, the model and the instruments developed from it still lack evidence of validity for the Brazilian context.</p>
				<p>Finally, future research on the subject should pay attention to cultural differences and the theoretical depth necessary for a good use of the concept and construct, as well as to the construction of measurement instruments. It is worth highlighting the need for studies involving intervention programs and protocols aimed at the building of MIL, which do not currently exist in the Brazilian scenario. Outside the country there are some very interesting proposals, aimed directly at building and increasing the MIL experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shin &amp; Steger, 2014</xref>). There is also a need for further studies in the Brazilian scenario considering the various recent changes that the construct has undergone, especially in the last ten years. It is necessary to understand which cultural and social influences permeate the construction of the MIL idea for Brazilians in a deeper way.</p>
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