Brazilian journal of physical education and sport
The Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport is a publication of the School of Physical Education and Sport of the University of Sao Paulo and its purpose is to publish original research which may evolve the knowledge regarding human movement related to Physical Education and correlated areas.
Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Educação Física e Esporte
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Relationship of heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and cycling power on triathlon performance
In triathlon, a modality composed of sequential stages, understanding the physiological and performance influences is essential, particularly because pacing strategy constitutes one of the main determinants of success, in addition to fatigue regulation. In this context, investigating the interaction between cycling and subsequent running performance is crucial to optimize overall performance. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cycling intensity on subsequent running performance and total time in sprint-distance triathlon. Seven male athletes participated (39.6 ± 7.8 years; 1.77 ± 0.09 m; 78.1 ± 12.2 kg). The athletes performed a functional threshold power test (FTP20) and two distinct simulated sprint triathlons, with a 48-hour interval between the test and between simulations. The variables analyzed included power output (W), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total time. The instruments used were RacerMate Computrainer Stationary, Finis 300 Stopwatch, Polar Beat application, Polar H10 heart rate monitor, and the Borg and Noble scale (RPE). Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. In the simulation performed at FTP intensity, higher power output, HR, and cycling speed were observed, but with impaired subsequent running performance. Despite this, total time was shorter under this condition. These findings indicate that sustaining higher cycling intensity, even with a negative impact on running performance, may improve overall performance in sprint triathlon events.
Copyright (c) 2026 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Content and construct validation of the Portuguese version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile – PSPPp – to the tennis context: preliminary study
Football Based on the importance and complexity of the phenomenon – perception of competence –, over the last few decades different instruments have been proposed to access it. The aim of this study was to develop a content and construct validations of the Portuguese version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPPp) for the tennis context. The content validation involved the participation of 41 physical education professionals (µ = 45,4 years, o = 13.9 years), who answered a questionnaire with 30 questions, with 5 levels of agreement on a Likert scale, involving the wording in the original format and its respective adaptation to tennis. The results showed that the amounts of agreement were significantly higher than those of neutral and disagreement responses. The construct validation included 12 volunteers (µ = 33 years, o = 6.3 years): 4 athletes who are in the top 50 of the Brazilian Tennis Confederation ranking, 4 amateur players, and 4 with no experience in tennis. It verified the applicability of the questionnaire in terms of assessing the level of perceived competence. The responses were divided according to tertiles, whose average points were: 86.0, 68.3, and 38.6. The results showed that these scores differed significantly from each other, which allows us to conclude that the PSPPp adapted to tennis was able to access the different levels of perceived competence (superior, moderate, and inferior) related to tennis, indicating it as a valid instrument for what it proposed.
Associação entre força dos membros inferiores e resultados de testes funcionais
Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a relação entre a força isométrica dos músculos do quadril, joelho e tornozelo e o desempenho no Y Balance Test e no Single Leg Hop Test. Quarenta atletas recreacionais do sexo masculino, com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, participaram deste estudo. No primeiro dia, os participantes foram submetidos à anamnese, medições antropométricas e realizaram o Single Leg Hop Test e o Y Balance Test. No segundo dia, foram realizadas avaliações de força isométrica dos músculos estabilizadores do quadril (abdutores e rotadores externos), do joelho (quadríceps e isquiotibiais) e do tornozelo (inversores e eversores). Foram observadas correlações significativas entre o desempenho no Single Leg Hop Test e a força dos abdutores do quadril (r = 0,664), rotadores externos do quadril (r = 0,600), extensores do joelho (r = 0,699) e flexores do joelho (r = 0,495). Além disso, o desempenho no Y Balance Test na direção póstero-medial apresentou correlação significativa com a força dos abdutores do quadril (r = 0,574), rotadores externos do quadril (r = 0,472) e extensores do joelho (r = 0,415). A força dos abdutores e rotadores externos do quadril, bem como dos extensores do joelho, são fatores-chave para um bom desempenho no Single Leg Hop Test e no Y Balance Test. Os clínicos devem avaliar esses grupos musculares para identificar fraquezas e elaborar programas de reabilitação direcionados, visando otimizar o desempenho e prevenir lesões de membros inferiores.
Self-efficacy, self-esteem and subjective well-being in competitive athletes: competitive athletes characteristics
In contemporary sport, athletes face a variety of challenges that can generate stressful conditions, requiring the development of personal resources to cope with adversity. In this context, Positive Psychology can contribute to the understanding, strengthening, and development of protective factors such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and subjective well-being, thereby enhancing sports performance and quality of life. The present study aimed to describe the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and subjective well-being among competitive athletes and to investigate the correlations between these constructs and sociodemographic and contextual variables. The sample comprised 95 Brazilian competitive athletes, predominantly male, with a mean age of 25.88 years, practicing different sports modalities. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. The results indicated that most athletes presented levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and subjective well-being equal to or above the population average, as well as statistically significant correlations among these constructs. It is concluded that sports practice may contribute to the promotion of mental health in competitive athletes, reinforcing the importance of psychological interventions aimed at strengthening these resources.
Circle games and free play: praxis in aesthetic, imaginary, and phenomenological circularities
This article proposes a phenomenological and imaginary reflection on circle games, understood as a powerful praxis of a symbolic and aesthetic language that crosses cultures, temporalities and corporealities. Anchored in field studies and references from phenomenology and the imaginary, the text explores the meaning of the circular form in play, recognizing it as an aesthetic, intercorporeal and archetypal expression. Based on observations made in school contexts and traditional communities, the resonances of the round in children's experience, gestures, dances and rituals in traditional communities are analyzed, pointing to the persistence of this practice as ancestral and collective knowledge. Round play is presented as a symbolic experience that organizes space, time and the bond between subjects, revealing itself as a fertile field for ethical, sensitive and political formation. The study defends play as an ontological phenomenon, whose manifestations carry a pedagogy of listening, encounter and communion with nature and the other. Playing in a circle affirms an ecocentric, integrative and counter-hegemonic education, anchored in the beauty, rhythm and enchantment of shared existence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pesquisa didática e práxis docente na Educação Física Escolar
Nesse ensaio tem-se por objetivo dialogar com o leitor a respeito do cenário das aulas de Educação Física Escolar (EFE) como um espaço privilegiado para observação da práxis docente; espaço que se configura como elemento potencializador para a investigação da própria prática docente, como também, um campo necessário e fértil para a incidência da pesquisa didática.
Educação Física no Ensino Médio: aprendizagem motora como saber escolar
O presente capítulo tem por pretensão lançar uma argumentação que justifique possíveis ou eventuais contribuições educativas, a partir das noções e conceitos provenientes do campo do comportamento motor, mais especificamente, da aprendizagem motora, como forma de saber escolar discente, no âmbito da Educação Física no Ensino Médio. Deste modo, estão postas proposições que trilharão um caminho descritivo e exploratório, articulando aspectos como a especificidade da educação escolar (saber escolar), objetivo e função social do Ensino Médio, características gerais da adolescência, especificidade do componente curricular Educação Física e, finalmente, a concatenação destes elementos com algumas premissas teóricas da aprendizagem motora como objeto/conteúdo a ser socializado pelo processo de escolarização. A hipótese de fundo é a de que a aprendizagem e a conscientização sobre o movimento do corpo humano, independente da perspectiva teórica que se assume ou se eleja, sempre estará no horizonte da intencionalidade educativa, principalmente, quando admitirmos que autonomia e conscientização são valores e ideias educativas que não devem ser negligenciados. Deste modo, se a Educação Física Escolar tem por incumbência sistematizar conhecimentos como fatos, procedimentos, valores e atitudes sobre o movimento do corpo humano, ou como estabelece a Base Nacional Comum Curricular, sobre as práticas corporais, aprender a identificar e mobilizar princípios que permitam ter autonomia e consciência para ampliar seu repertório de movimentação é absolutamente justificável, portanto, necessário.
Changes in oxygen saturation in football players over 16 days at altitude in Quito, Ecuador (2,683 m).
Football played at high altitudes exposes athletes to environmental hypoxia, which can reduce oxygen saturation and impair physical performance. Understanding the initial physiological responses and the progression of acclimatization is essential for planning training and competitions. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in peripheral oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate (HR) in under-20 football players native to low altitude during 16 days of exposure to 2,683 meters in Quito, Ecuador. Twenty athletes from a Brazilian first-division club were assessed. Resting SaO2 and HR were measured at sea level (3 m) and on the 1st, 8th, and 16th days after arrival at altitude. A digital pulse oximeter was used, and descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were applied in planned comparisons between each altitude time point and baseline (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in SaO2 was observed, from 98.20 ± 1.05% at sea level to 94.65 ± 3.37% on day 1, with partial recovery to 95.50 ± 2.60% on day 8 and 95.67 ± 2.80% on day 16, without returning to baseline values. HR remained stable throughout the period, ranging from 74.80 ± 11.19 bpm to 74.95 ± 12.07 bpm, 76.55 ± 13.59 bpm, and 75.33 ± 10.09 bpm on the evaluated days. The results suggest that early acclimatization partially improves SaO2, but 16 days are not sufficient for full normalization. The stability of HR indicates that more pronounced autonomic adjustments tend to occur during exercise. It is concluded that the altitude of 2,683 meters causes a significant reduction in SaO2, with incomplete recovery within two weeks, reinforcing the need for proper acclimatization planning to preserve athletic performance.
Didactic research and teaching practice in Physical Education: a semiotic-pragmatic manifest
This essay aims to problematize the relationship between theory and practice in school Physical Education, referencing the semiotics and pragmaticism of Charles S. Peirce, who understands thought as action mediated by signs and rooted in experience. It is also based on data generated in an ongoing training program for Physical Education teachers, which was guided by principles of action research, understood as an investigative approach. The implications of this problematization indicate that theory does not precede teaching experience, but emerges from it through investigative efforts. Semiosis, the process of signification that understands life as an incessant movement of actualizing meanings, absorbs "theory" and "practice," because in experience and in the interpretation of experience, everything is a sign, without hierarchy or opposition. The theoretical categories that structure the semiotic-pragmaticist proposition were identified: language of movement (the specificity of Physical Education); contents (dynamic signs that are updated in the teacher-learners-environment relationship), learning (semiotic process that results in change or acquisition of beliefs and habits) and teaching conduct (intentional actions mediated by beliefs, doubts and habits). From the methodological point of view, it was concluded that didactic research should: (i) be led by university academics and basic education teachers in a collaborative, interlocutory and dialogue regime; (ii) start from the concrete, formulating abstractions and generalizations; and (iii) return to the concrete, feeding semiosis and reorganizing experience. The semiotic-pragmaticist proposition offers theoretical-methodological tools for epistemological and pedagogical surveillance that pursues the coherence of teaching and learning processes, as well as reaching the concreteness of school contexts and valuing teaching knowledge and conduct.
Impact of preferred music on angular kinematics during running in recreational runners: a functional analysis
This study investigated the influence of music on the three-dimensional angular kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during treadmill running in recreational runners, using Functional Data Analysis. Sixteen recreational runners (eight men and eight women) completed two 30-minute treadmill running sessions at 10 km/h, with and without music, in a randomized order. Ten consecutive cycles per participant were analyzed for each condition from three-dimensional kinematic data (240 Hz) processed using B-spline functions. Functional t-tests (α = 0.05) were applied to compare curves between conditions. No significant differences were found between conditions for the hip and knee joints, or for the ankle in the sagittal and transverse planes. However, in the frontal plane, the music condition showed greater ankle eversion in specific portions of the gait cycle, particularly during the stance phase. These results indicate that music exerts a localized influence on running biomechanics, increasing ankle eversion in the frontal plane without altering the global kinematics of the lower limbs. Therefore, music may be used as a motivational resource by recreational runners without compromising running technique at moderate intensity, although caution is advised for individuals with a history of ankle instability.
Didática do Esporte nas aulas de Educação Física Escolar: os 3Is que aproximam ensino e aprendizagem
Didática do Esporte nas aulas de Educação Física Escolar: os 3Is que aproximam ensino e aprendizagem.
Educação Física, didática professoral e o aprendiz escolar
Educação Física, didática professoral e o aprendiz escolar.
Between the mat and the classroom: the mastery of female black belts as a form of insurgent pedagogy
This essay analyzes the experience of female black belts in jiu-jitsu, focusing on mastery as a teaching and insurgent praxis. Based on in-depth interviews with five experienced practitioners, the research uses a phenomenological approach to understand how these women signify their trajectory in a hegemonically masculinized space. The study sought to identify the tensions, resistance and pedagogical strategies built by them as they occupied positions of mastery in an environment marked by hierarchies, gender norms and silencing practices, dialoguing above all with Freire and hooks. Both jiu-jitsu and school are spaces for bodily, social and ethical training. The pedagogical practices constructed on the mat, when tensioned by women black belts, offer significant contributions to rethinking teacher training in physical education, especially with regard to the production of embodied knowledge, the construction of authority based on care and the pedagogy of the lived body. The black belt, in this context, is understood not as the end point of a technical journey, but as a symbol of resistance, reinvention and pedagogical power, suggesting other references for women new to jiu-jitsu.
Práxis docente para uma Educação Física Escolar Antirracista
This article aims to identify elements that enable antiracist Physical Education, beyond the content itself, contributing to a reflection on the possibilities of antiracist teaching practice. The research involved the search for and analysis of theoretical frameworks, especially Afrocentric and decolonial ones, a field study with a focus group, and analysis of results. Based on the results, elements that can contribute to an antiracist teaching practice and broaden the reflection were selected: corporeality and orality, the notion of community, circles and the recognition of difference, and collective planning. It is concluded that antiracist education goes beyond the selection of specific content, but also seeks theoretical consistency and curricular coherence, in order to build an approximation to the Afrocentric and decolonial framework in its entirety. This completeness occurs through the incorporation of ways of being and doing, of rethinking the school collectively in its structure, and, broadly, rethinking the relationships between teachers, students, school staff and the community.
Notas sobre a fragilidade argumentativa das pesquisas em Educação Física escolar
Relationship between strength parameters and performance in vertical jumps, sprint and agility in futsal players
This study investigated the relationship between muscle strength (1RM) obtained in the bilateral and unilateral squat exercise and physical performance in futsal players. Fourteen futsal athletes (20.80 ± 2.60 years; 1.74 ± 0.07 m and 71.53 ± 10.04 kg) participated in the study, all with at least 2 years of experience in the sport. Maximum strength tests (1RM) using bilateral and unilateral (dominant limb) squats, countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) vertical jump tests, 10 and 30 m sprint tests and an agility test (T test) were applied. The absolute and relative strength obtained in the 1RM test in the bilateral squat showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) with the CMJ (r = 0.61; r = 0.68) and SJ (r = 0.60; r = 0.65), and the relative strength showed a negative and significant relationship with time in the 30m sprint (r = -0.62). The absolute and relative strength in the unilateral squat correlated positively and significantly (p < 0.05) with the CMJ (r = 0.73; r = 0.79) and SJ (r = 0.71; r = 0.75). There was a negative and significant relationship with the 30m sprint (absolute r = -0.6; relative r = -0.77), as well as a significant negative relationship between relative strength and the 10m sprint (p = -0.63). It is concluded that the muscular strength of the lower limbs is related to performance in activities that require power and speed.
Maria Augusta Peduti Dal’Molin Kiss - pioneira das Ciências do Esporte e do Exercício: depoimento de seus orientados da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte
Homenagem à Maria Augusta Peduti Dal’Molin Kiss.
Lotteries, public funding, and Brazilian sports
This study aims to analyze the evolution of the normative framework for sports funding in Brazil from lottery resources. The qualitative documentary research involved the collection of legislative documents addressing sports funding through lotteries in Brazil between 1967 and 2023. We concluded that the evolution of the normative framework for sports funding in Brazil via lotteries indicated an expansion of beneficiary entities, as well as the lottery modalities with allocations to the sports sector. While initially, the resources were centralized in public entities linked to sports administration, currently various entities, especially private law entities, have benefited from public resources.
Planning and objective of school physical education: understandings of elementary education teachers
The objective of the study was to analyze the understandings of elementary school teachers about the planning and objective of School Physical Education. Seven Physical Education teachers from the Municipal Education Network of São José/SC participated. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. In the data analysis, the content analysis method was used. The results revealed that teachers understand planning as a guide/guide/direction/path, something essential/fundamental/important, with a flexible character, which represents the beginning, middle and end, which contributes to the reduction of failures during the process, being a minimum organization for the development of classes. Regarding the objective of Physical Education in the school context, it was possible to identify understandings related to the integral formation of the student, the expansion of movement experiences, the preparation of students for life and health benefits. It is concluded that the understandings about planning corroborate the scientific agenda and reveal the importance that teachers perceive the need to structure their intervention based on planning. Regarding the objective of Physical Education at School, the different perceptions may be associated with weaknesses in initial training.
Undulating periodization vs non-periodization in resistance training: effects on muscular strength
The aim of this study was analyze the effect of undulating periodization vs non-periodization of resistance training on muscular strength in young adults. Fifty-five male were assigned to one of three groups: undulating periodization (UP = 18), non-periodization (NP = 19) and control (CG = 18). The experimental groups (UP and NP) every session performed 3 sets of bench press and leg press 45o. Before, at 4th week and after 8 weeks training the 10 maximal voluntary contractions (10 MVC) were measured for all groups. It was used the multivariate analysis (MANCOVA) repeated measures to compare the muscle strength according to the step of the research. The Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify possible statistical differences. Concern to superior members strength, the results reveled increase in UP (Δ=15%, p<0.01) and NP (Δ=5%, p<0.01) after 8 weeks of training, which was not showed for CG (Δ=-2%, p=0.21). Concerning the strength of the lower limbs, the findings also indicated an increase in UP (Δ=9%, p<0.01) and NP (Δ=4%, p<0.01) after 8 weeks of training, which was not played for CG (Δ=-1%, p=0.24). It can be concluded that the UP was higher than the others, because it provided progressive increases in muscle strength.
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Repeated sprint ability in young soccer players: effects of skeletal maturation, growth and aerobic fitness
The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of intermittent endurance running capacity, chronological age, skeletal maturation, and body size and composition to the inter-individual variations on repeated sprints ability (RSA) in youth soccer players. Thirty-five under-15 soccer players (age: 14.9 ± 0.6 years) were recruited from a soccer professional team to take part of this study. Body size and skeletal age (Fels method) were determined for all players. Anthropometric assessments included measurements of body mass, height, and skinfolds (triceps and subscapular). Skinfolds were summed to provide a subcutaneous adiposity index (week 1). The Carminatti Test (T-CAR) was used to assess intermittent endurance running capacity (given by peak velocity derived from T-CAR [PVT-CAR]) and a repeated sprint protocol (RSA - 6 x 20+20 m) to assess the best time (RSAbest) and mean time (RSAmean) (week 2). Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the independent effects of intermittent endurance running, chronological age, maturity, body size and composition on RSA performance outcomes. Chronological age, skeletal age and PVT-CAR were significantly associated with RSAbest (r=0.42, 0.46 and 0.38; p<0.05) and RSAmean (r=0.53, 0.45 and 0.52; p<0.05), respectively. In addition, body mass and adiposity were identified as negative predictors of the RSA performance outcomes. These independent variables accounted for 39% and 49% of the inter-individual variance in RSAbest and RSAmean, respectively. In conclusion, skeletal maturation, body size, fatness, chronological age and intermittent endurance running had an independent effect on repeated sprint ability in youth soccer players.
Copyright (c) 2023 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A prática do xadrez melhora a atenção de adolescentes na faixa etária de 10 a 15 anos
Estímulos cognitivos estão presentes no jogo de xadrez como parte da estratégia e planejamento das jogadas. A atenção desempenha um papel importante nesse jogo, visto que os jogadores precisam monitorar o tempo todo as suas jogadas e as dos oponentes. Sabe-se que adolescentes tem dificuldade em manter a atenção durante a realização de diferentes tarefas. Assim, nós investigamos o efeito da prática de xadrez na atenção de adolescentes. Vinte adolescentes (10-15 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos: praticantes e não praticantes de xadrez. Eles realizaram dois testes para avaliar a atenção: Teste de Stroop (Partes 1 a 3) e Teste das Trilhas – Partes A e B. Praticantes de xadrez apresentaram resultados significativamente melhores nos dois testes do que os não praticantes de xadrez. Nós concluímos que a prática do xadrez melhora a atenção em adolescentes e pode ser uma forma agradável e lúdica para melhorar a atenção em adolescentes.
Relationship between handgrip strength, disease impact, and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between handgrip strength (HGS), disease impact, and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia (FM). The study is characterized as cross-sectional, and 91 women with FM, with a mean age of 49.37 ± 9.77 years, were assessed for disease impact (FIQR), quality of life (SF-12v2), demographic data, anthropometrics, and HGS. Handgrip strength (HGS) values below 23.1 kg were considered low, and the women were divided into two groups according to HGS: < 23.1 kg and ≥ 23.1 kg. The Student's t-test and Cohen's d were used to compare and estimate the effect size, respectively, between the variables of the groups. Pearson's correlation was used between the variables. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the groups for total FIQR and its function and overall impact domains (d = 0.58, 0.74, and 0.47, respectively), and SF-12v2 physical (d = -0.62) and mental (d = -0.41) components, favoring the group with HGS ≥ 23.1 kg. Significant inverse correlations were found between HGS and total FIQR and domains (r = -0.21 to -0.31). Significant positive correlations were found between HGS and the physical (r = 0.35) and mental (r = 0.29) components of SF-12v2. Women with low levels of HGS exhibited greater FM impact and poorer quality of life, mainly related to the physical aspects of FIQR and SF-12v2. HGS can be used as an aid tool in screening and management, particularly for the physical condition of women with FM.
The aesthetic sense in the adaptive behaviors of sports teams: from the need for change to the evolutionary beauty of the game
This paper presents a reflection on the aesthetic value of sports, exploring the relationship between the concepts of change and homeostasis, taking into account the emerging dynamics and evolutionary needs of sports teams, taking football as a reference. According to the perspective of the collective homeostasis model proposed by Santos and colleagues, the performance of sports teams is co-regulated as coordinated behaviors emerge through the formation of synergies among players, to adapt efficiently and effectively to the dynamic constraints of competitive contexts. The ability to adapt to changes in the game and opponents' strategies appears vital for sporting success and survival. By integrating concepts from aesthetic philosophy, this work emphasizes the importance of aesthetic sense regarding adaptive behaviors and the need for the development of adaptive readiness capacity in players and sports teams. Thus, the aesthetic appreciation and the consequent broadening of sensitivity spectrum in the players' development process are likely to influence the efficiency, effectiveness, and cohesion of sports teams. An in-depth understanding of these dynamics can provide valuable insights for coaches and researchers, promoting a comprehensive approach to sports development and performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Compreensão de fatores relacionados à performance em corredores através de uma abordagem holística: um estudo de opinião baseado em especialistas
Nosso objetivo foi utilizar um estudo baseado na opinião de especialistas para identificar variáveis individuais e ambientais relacionadas ao desempenho de corredores. Utilizando o método Delphi, listamos os principais autores com base nos tópicos "corrida" e "atletismo" a nível mundial, sendo que um total de 12 especialistas concordou em participar. Foram coletadas informações sobre características demográficas (como sexo, idade, continente de atuação, características econômicas do país e ocupação principal) e opiniões sobre as características individuais, ambientais e culturais associadas ao desempenho de corredores. Análises descritivas e temática foram utilizadas. A média de idade dos especialistas foi de 45,7 ± 9,7 anos, sendo a maioria da Europa (58,3%). Em relação às variáveis individuais, as características de treinamento e fisiológicas foram as mais citadas (17,7%), seguido de aspectos psicológicos e genéticos (13,3%). Entre os fatores ambientais, destacaram-se os fatores sociais, culturais, políticos, naturais e econômicos. Menor importância foi atribuída às instalações de treinamento, ao ambiente construído, ao design urbano e ao contexto histórico. Fatores culturais foram considerados positivos pela maioria dos participantes. Além da abordagem centrada no atleta (por exemplo: treinamento, genética, fisiologia), características sociais, políticas, econômicas e culturais foram apontadas como importantes para o desempenho dos corredores. Estudos futuros precisam considerar esses fatores para compreender melhor as diferenças de desempenho entre corredores.
Aquatic floating ability and time of swimming experience of children of different age groups
In teaching swimming, an initial period of adaptation to the aquatic environment is necessary. Among several aquatic skills, floating is developed at this stage. In addition to floating, the time of experience in swimming lessons can be a determining factor in learning to swim. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the aquatic floating skill and the time of experience among children practicing swimming in different age groups. The study included 42 children of both sexes, aged between 7 and 12 years, who were divided into three groups (G1: 7–8 years; G2: 9–10 years; and G3: 11–12 years). Measurements of body mass and height, level of swimming experience, and floating time were performed. Comparisons between the groups were made between anthropometric variables, floating time, and time of experience, for α of 5%. The findings of this study indicate that floating time was similar between the groups (p > 0.05). Thus, a minimum of aquatic experience appears to lead to similar levels of buoyancy among children.
A formação de Mestres e Doutores: Pós-graduação stricto sensu na Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo
Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano: evolução acadêmica e científica
Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo: 90 anos de pioneirismo