Brazilian journal of physical education and sport
The Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport is a publication of the School of Physical Education and Sport of the University of Sao Paulo and its purpose is to publish original research which may evolve the knowledge regarding human movement related to Physical Education and correlated areas.
Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Educação Física e Esporte
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Circle games and free play: praxis in aesthetic, imaginary, and phenomenological circularities
This article proposes a phenomenological and imaginary reflection on circle games, understood as a powerful praxis of a symbolic and aesthetic language that crosses cultures, temporalities and corporealities. Anchored in field studies and references from phenomenology and the imaginary, the text explores the meaning of the circular form in play, recognizing it as an aesthetic, intercorporeal and archetypal expression. Based on observations made in school contexts and traditional communities, the resonances of the round in children's experience, gestures, dances and rituals in traditional communities are analyzed, pointing to the persistence of this practice as ancestral and collective knowledge. Round play is presented as a symbolic experience that organizes space, time and the bond between subjects, revealing itself as a fertile field for ethical, sensitive and political formation. The study defends play as an ontological phenomenon, whose manifestations carry a pedagogy of listening, encounter and communion with nature and the other. Playing in a circle affirms an ecocentric, integrative and counter-hegemonic education, anchored in the beauty, rhythm and enchantment of shared existence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Educação Física no Ensino Médio: aprendizagem motora como saber escolar
O presente capítulo tem por pretensão lançar uma argumentação que justifique possíveis ou eventuais contribuições educativas, a partir das noções e conceitos provenientes do campo do comportamento motor, mais especificamente, da aprendizagem motora, como forma de saber escolar discente, no âmbito da Educação Física no Ensino Médio. Deste modo, estão postas proposições que trilharão um caminho descritivo e exploratório, articulando aspectos como a especificidade da educação escolar (saber escolar), objetivo e função social do Ensino Médio, características gerais da adolescência, especificidade do componente curricular Educação Física e, finalmente, a concatenação destes elementos com algumas premissas teóricas da aprendizagem motora como objeto/conteúdo a ser socializado pelo processo de escolarização. A hipótese de fundo é a de que a aprendizagem e a conscientização sobre o movimento do corpo humano, independente da perspectiva teórica que se assume ou se eleja, sempre estará no horizonte da intencionalidade educativa, principalmente, quando admitirmos que autonomia e conscientização são valores e ideias educativas que não devem ser negligenciados. Deste modo, se a Educação Física Escolar tem por incumbência sistematizar conhecimentos como fatos, procedimentos, valores e atitudes sobre o movimento do corpo humano, ou como estabelece a Base Nacional Comum Curricular, sobre as práticas corporais, aprender a identificar e mobilizar princípios que permitam ter autonomia e consciência para ampliar seu repertório de movimentação é absolutamente justificável, portanto, necessário.
Didactic research and teaching practice in Physical Education: a semiotic-pragmatic manifest
This essay aims to problematize the relationship between theory and practice in school Physical Education, referencing the semiotics and pragmaticism of Charles S. Peirce, who understands thought as action mediated by signs and rooted in experience. It is also based on data generated in an ongoing training program for Physical Education teachers, which was guided by principles of action research, understood as an investigative approach. The implications of this problematization indicate that theory does not precede teaching experience, but emerges from it through investigative efforts. Semiosis, the process of signification that understands life as an incessant movement of actualizing meanings, absorbs "theory" and "practice," because in experience and in the interpretation of experience, everything is a sign, without hierarchy or opposition. The theoretical categories that structure the semiotic-pragmaticist proposition were identified: language of movement (the specificity of Physical Education); contents (dynamic signs that are updated in the teacher-learners-environment relationship), learning (semiotic process that results in change or acquisition of beliefs and habits) and teaching conduct (intentional actions mediated by beliefs, doubts and habits). From the methodological point of view, it was concluded that didactic research should: (i) be led by university academics and basic education teachers in a collaborative, interlocutory and dialogue regime; (ii) start from the concrete, formulating abstractions and generalizations; and (iii) return to the concrete, feeding semiosis and reorganizing experience. The semiotic-pragmaticist proposition offers theoretical-methodological tools for epistemological and pedagogical surveillance that pursues the coherence of teaching and learning processes, as well as reaching the concreteness of school contexts and valuing teaching knowledge and conduct.
Didática do Esporte nas aulas de Educação Física Escolar: Os 3Is que aproximam ensino e aprendizagem
Educação Física, didática professoral e o aprendiz escolar
Educação Física, didática professoral e o aprendiz escolar.
Práxis docente para uma Educação Física Escolar antirracista
This article aims to identify elements that enable antiracist Physical Education, beyond the content itself, contributing to a reflection on the possibilities of antiracist teaching practice. The research involved the search for and analysis of theoretical frameworks, especially Afrocentric and decolonial ones, a field study with a focus group, and analysis of results. Based on the results, elements that can contribute to an antiracist teaching practice and broaden the reflection were selected: corporeality and orality, the notion of community, circles and the recognition of difference, and collective planning. It is concluded that antiracist education goes beyond the selection of specific content, but also seeks theoretical consistency and curricular coherence, in order to build an approximation to the Afrocentric and decolonial framework in its entirety. This completeness occurs through the incorporation of ways of being and doing, of rethinking the school collectively in its structure, and, broadly, rethinking the relationships between teachers, students, school staff and the community.
Notas sobre a fragilidade argumentativa das pesquisas em Educação Física escolar
Maria Augusta Peduti Dal’Molin Kiss - pioneira das Ciências do Esporte e do Exercício: depoimento de seus orientados da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte
Homenagem à Maria Augusta Peduti Dal’Molin Kiss.
Undulating periodization vs non-periodization in resistance training: effects on muscular strength
The aim of this study was analyze the effect of undulating periodization vs non-periodization of resistance training on muscular strength in young adults. Fifty-five male were assigned to one of three groups: undulating periodization (UP = 18), non-periodization (NP = 19) and control (CG = 18). The experimental groups (UP and NP) every session performed 3 sets of bench press and leg press 45o. Before, at 4th week and after 8 weeks training the 10 maximal voluntary contractions (10 MVC) were measured for all groups. It was used the multivariate analysis (MANCOVA) repeated measures to compare the muscle strength according to the step of the research. The Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify possible statistical differences. Concern to superior members strength, the results reveled increase in UP (Δ=15%, p<0.01) and NP (Δ=5%, p<0.01) after 8 weeks of training, which was not showed for CG (Δ=-2%, p=0.21). Concerning the strength of the lower limbs, the findings also indicated an increase in UP (Δ=9%, p<0.01) and NP (Δ=4%, p<0.01) after 8 weeks of training, which was not played for CG (Δ=-1%, p=0.24). It can be concluded that the UP was higher than the others, because it provided progressive increases in muscle strength.
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Repeated sprint ability in young soccer players: effects of skeletal maturation, growth and aerobic fitness
The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of intermittent endurance running capacity, chronological age, skeletal maturation, and body size and composition to the inter-individual variations on repeated sprints ability (RSA) in youth soccer players. Thirty-five under-15 soccer players (age: 14.9 ± 0.6 years) were recruited from a soccer professional team to take part of this study. Body size and skeletal age (Fels method) were determined for all players. Anthropometric assessments included measurements of body mass, height, and skinfolds (triceps and subscapular). Skinfolds were summed to provide a subcutaneous adiposity index (week 1). The Carminatti Test (T-CAR) was used to assess intermittent endurance running capacity (given by peak velocity derived from T-CAR [PVT-CAR]) and a repeated sprint protocol (RSA - 6 x 20+20 m) to assess the best time (RSAbest) and mean time (RSAmean) (week 2). Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the independent effects of intermittent endurance running, chronological age, maturity, body size and composition on RSA performance outcomes. Chronological age, skeletal age and PVT-CAR were significantly associated with RSAbest (r=0.42, 0.46 and 0.38; p<0.05) and RSAmean (r=0.53, 0.45 and 0.52; p<0.05), respectively. In addition, body mass and adiposity were identified as negative predictors of the RSA performance outcomes. These independent variables accounted for 39% and 49% of the inter-individual variance in RSAbest and RSAmean, respectively. In conclusion, skeletal maturation, body size, fatness, chronological age and intermittent endurance running had an independent effect on repeated sprint ability in youth soccer players.
Copyright (c) 2023 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between handgrip strength, disease impact, and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between handgrip strength (HGS), disease impact, and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia (FM). The study is characterized as cross-sectional, and 91 women with FM, with a mean age of 49.37 ± 9.77 years, were assessed for disease impact (FIQR), quality of life (SF-12v2), demographic data, anthropometrics, and HGS. Handgrip strength (HGS) values below 23.1 kg were considered low, and the women were divided into two groups according to HGS: < 23.1 kg and ≥ 23.1 kg. The Student's t-test and Cohen's d were used to compare and estimate the effect size, respectively, between the variables of the groups. Pearson's correlation was used between the variables. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the groups for total FIQR and its function and overall impact domains (d = 0.58, 0.74, and 0.47, respectively), and SF-12v2 physical (d = -0.62) and mental (d = -0.41) components, favoring the group with HGS ≥ 23.1 kg. Significant inverse correlations were found between HGS and total FIQR and domains (r = -0.21 to -0.31). Significant positive correlations were found between HGS and the physical (r = 0.35) and mental (r = 0.29) components of SF-12v2. Women with low levels of HGS exhibited greater FM impact and poorer quality of life, mainly related to the physical aspects of FIQR and SF-12v2. HGS can be used as an aid tool in screening and management, particularly for the physical condition of women with FM.
The aesthetic sense in the adaptive behaviors of sports teams: from the need for change to the evolutionary beauty of the game
This paper presents a reflection on the aesthetic value of sports, exploring the relationship between the concepts of change and homeostasis, taking into account the emerging dynamics and evolutionary needs of sports teams, taking football as a reference. According to the perspective of the collective homeostasis model proposed by Santos and colleagues, the performance of sports teams is co-regulated as coordinated behaviors emerge through the formation of synergies among players, to adapt efficiently and effectively to the dynamic constraints of competitive contexts. The ability to adapt to changes in the game and opponents' strategies appears vital for sporting success and survival. By integrating concepts from aesthetic philosophy, this work emphasizes the importance of aesthetic sense regarding adaptive behaviors and the need for the development of adaptive readiness capacity in players and sports teams. Thus, the aesthetic appreciation and the consequent broadening of sensitivity spectrum in the players' development process are likely to influence the efficiency, effectiveness, and cohesion of sports teams. An in-depth understanding of these dynamics can provide valuable insights for coaches and researchers, promoting a comprehensive approach to sports development and performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Compreensão de fatores relacionados à performance em corredores através de uma abordagem holística: um estudo de opinião baseado em especialistas
Nosso objetivo foi utilizar um estudo baseado na opinião de especialistas para identificar variáveis individuais e ambientais relacionadas ao desempenho de corredores. Utilizando o método Delphi, listamos os principais autores com base nos tópicos "corrida" e "atletismo" a nível mundial, sendo que um total de 12 especialistas concordou em participar. Foram coletadas informações sobre características demográficas (como sexo, idade, continente de atuação, características econômicas do país e ocupação principal) e opiniões sobre as características individuais, ambientais e culturais associadas ao desempenho de corredores. Análises descritivas e temática foram utilizadas. A média de idade dos especialistas foi de 45,7 ± 9,7 anos, sendo a maioria da Europa (58,3%). Em relação às variáveis individuais, as características de treinamento e fisiológicas foram as mais citadas (17,7%), seguido de aspectos psicológicos e genéticos (13,3%). Entre os fatores ambientais, destacaram-se os fatores sociais, culturais, políticos, naturais e econômicos. Menor importância foi atribuída às instalações de treinamento, ao ambiente construído, ao design urbano e ao contexto histórico. Fatores culturais foram considerados positivos pela maioria dos participantes. Além da abordagem centrada no atleta (por exemplo: treinamento, genética, fisiologia), características sociais, políticas, econômicas e culturais foram apontadas como importantes para o desempenho dos corredores. Estudos futuros precisam considerar esses fatores para compreender melhor as diferenças de desempenho entre corredores.
A formação de Mestres e Doutores: Pós-graduação stricto sensu na Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo
Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano: evolução acadêmica e científica
Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo: 90 anos de pioneirismo
Comissão de Cultura e Extensão: construindo pontes entre a EEFE e a sociedade
Graduação na EEFE-USP: breve histórico, reestruturação curricular de 2023 e mudança no perfil discente
Departamento de Pedagogia do Movimento do Corpo Humano: trajetória e contribuições para as atividades-fim da EEFE-USP
Comissão de Pesquisa e Inovação na Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da USP
A criação de um setor específico dedicado à pesquisa na atual Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo (EEFE-USP) data de 1981, conforme a Portaria nº 26/81, estabelecendo seu primeiro grupo de trabalho. Com base no levantamento de documentos oficiais da EEFE-USP - tais como atas, anais de eventos científicos, relatórios anuais de comissões e departamentais, além da análise de dados do Sistema Atena/USP, Biblioteca Virtual da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) e diversas bases de dados, este artigo explora aspectos históricos, atividades regulares e desafios da Comissão de Pesquisa e Inovação (CPqI) da EEFE-USP. A análise, sistematização e avaliação dos programas de iniciação científica e pós-doutorado emergem como focos centrais da Comissão, assim como a organização de eventos que promovem o acesso, discussão e interação entre profissionais de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. A produção científica da EEFE-USP tem sido marcante na história do país, especialmente até meados da década de 2000, quando uma parte significativa da produção na área de Ciências do Esporte originava-se da USP. Adicionalmente, no período de 2013 a 2024, observa-se um notável aumento no número de bolsistas de produtividade da unidade. Internacionalmente, pesquisadores e egressos da graduação e pós-graduação da EEFE-USP estão entre os mais citados na lista de 2023 na área de Ciências do Esporte. O desenvolvimento tecnológico, incluindo novos sistemas de informação, redes sociais e inteligência artificial, representa desafios significativos para a condução da pesquisa e para o funcionamento da Comissão.
Y Balance Test para idosas saudáveis: adaptações do protocolo e confiabilidade teste-reteste
Existem vários testes funcionais usados para avaliar o equilíbrio dinâmico de pessoas idosas, porém a maioria desses é indicada para a população mais frágil, a fim de avaliar riscos de queda. Considerando o aumento do número de pessoas idosas engajadas em programas de condicionamento físico e, consequentemente, a melhora de suas capacidades físicas e habilidades motoras, um teste válido e confiável para avaliar o equilíbrio dinâmico dessa população é de grande importância tanto para fins científicos quanto clínicos. Os objetivos do presente estudo são adaptar o instrumento e o protocolo do Y Balance Test (YBT) para mulheres idosas ativas e determinar a sua confiabilidade entre sessões. Cinquenta e uma mulheres saudáveis (66.6 ± 5.3 anos de idade) foram submetidas a uma versão adaptada do YBT em que o membro em atividade foi autorizado a regressar e a entrar em contacto com a base de apoio antes de uma nova tentativa. O intervalo entre o teste e o reteste variou de cinco a sete dias. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI) para todas as variáveis são superiores a 0.90, indicando excelentes confiabilidades teste-reteste entre sessões. Os níveis de concordância são bons e podem ser detectadas diferenças reais de pontuação inferiores a 3.6% da média. Além disso, o protocolo permitiu a execução completa da tarefa em menos tempo e sem medo de queda, o que melhorou a eficácia das sessões de teste. Em conclusão, as adaptações propostas para o equipamento e o protocolo, denominadas de versão “Y Balance Test-Aged”, produziram resultados confiáveis para avaliar o equilíbrio dinâmico em mulheres idosas ativas.
Praticar futebol ou futsal impacta na resposta física, fisiológica e ocupação espacial no pequeno jogo 3 vs 3? Um estudo em diferentes categorias
Este estudo objetivou comparar o desempenho físico, fisiológico e a ocupação espacial de jogadores sub-15 e sub-17 durante pequenos jogos 3vs3. Vinte e quatro atletas de futebol e dezoito atletas de futsal de nível regional foram selecionados para o estudo. Pequenos jogos 3vs.3 foram praticados em ambas as modalidades, com regras e tamanho do campo adaptados a partir do jogo formal. Dispositivos de GPS coletaram os dados físicos, fisiológicos e a ocupação espacial. Os dados foram comparados usando uma ANOVA two-way. Atletas de futebol apresentaram maior resposta física e fisiológica e a ocupação espacial foi similar entre as modalidades. Jogadores mais velhos apresentaram maior resposta física do que os mais jovens, sem diferenças na ocupação espacial. Contudo, diferenças relacionadas à idade foram observadas apenas nos atletas de futebol. Conclui-se que o contexto de cada modalidade induz a adaptações diferentes ao longo do processo de formação esportiva, com uma tendência de maiores respostas em atletas mais velhos e uma maior especialização entre os atletas de futebol.
Efeito do pré-condicionamento isquêmico na resistência isométrica de preensão manual em adultos
Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC), also known as ischemia-reperfusion maneuver, is a technique applied via a pressure cuff on the thigh or arm. Studies show the effect of Local Ischemic Preconditioning (LIPC) on isotonic contractions in some sports modalities, but the effect of LPIC on isometric contraction in handgrip exercise is not known in the literature. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of LIPC and SHAM on Isometric Contraction Time (ICT) and the behavior of hemodynamic variables during isometric handgrip exercise in physically active adults. Thirteen volunteers aged 18 to 30 (22,2±1,7) years, who were physically active with a minimum of six months of resistance training experience, were selected. LIPC was performed on the dominant arm in three cycles of five minutes of cuff inflation to 200 mmHg, followed by five minutes of reperfusion, while the SHAM session was similar but with the cuff inflated to only 20 mmHg. ICT was assessed using a digital dynamometer (EMG System® TRF Man model), and the data were recorded using a biological data acquisition system (Windaq Pro, DATAQ Instruments) for subsequent analysis. ICT was defined as the time from the start of isometry at 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction until a 50% decrease in target force. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were monitored (Dixtal 2023) throughout the experimental protocol. ICT was similar between the LIPC and SHAM sessions (141.0±41.6 vs. 144.9±50.0 seconds, p=0.89, respectively). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic responses between the sessions. Therefore, LIPC did not alter ICT and did not affect hemodynamic responses when compared to the SHAM session in physically active adults.
How to initiate Rhythmic Gymnastics? Perspectives of Brazilian Championship medalist coaches
This study aims to identify and analyze the teaching methods in Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) competitive sports initiation. We applied semi-structured interviews with six coaches from base categories of medalist institutions in 2019 Brazilian GR Championships. For data analysis, we used thematic analysis. Among the themes that emerged, in this article we discussed theme 1: “Teaching methods in RG: Options and inevitable ways”. We identified and discussed the teaching methods covered by the coaches, namely: a) practice of the whole, which combines body movements with apparatus; b) partial method, which separates body movements from apparatus manipulation; c) pedagogical processes, which consist of the technical improvement of fractional movements made progressively; d) manual assistance, in which the coach provides direct physical assistance to the gymnasts; e) Reciprocal teaching style, in which gymnasts perform their task and evaluate their colleagues’ task; f) Command teaching style, in which children reproduce the movement guided or executed by the coach or more experienced gymnasts guide, perform the movement and; g) Guided discovery teaching style, in which, guided by the coach, gymnasts explore the apparatus. We consider that the most appropriate method would be one that fits the time, conditions and needs of the learners. Therefore, developing quality teaching, which interests the gymnast, values her potential, understands her and helps her in her weaknesses, would imply prolonging her career, which would preserve her motivation and health.
Sports Competitive education in Rhythmic Gymnastics: childhood experience
Competition is inherent to sports and, therefore, should be part of sports development, whether focusing on the long-term athlete development or active for life. Therefore, getting into the competitive environment must focus on the practitioner, encouraging the progression of individual and group cohesion, motivation, and the diversity (and adversity) of sports experiences. In this sense, this paper discusses competitive education in rhythmic gymnastics, focusing on early-childhood events. Data triangulation between documentary research, semi-structure interviews with 11 coaches and 03 managers and non-participant observation guided the Content Analysis that revealed the adjustments in the RG events: childish imaginary as a strategy for choosing music and/or costumes; cozy party decoration; use of the floor that enables synchronous gymnasts’ presentations; elements difficulties per age group; judges with an unpretentious attitude and flexibility in order of the presentation depending on the behavior of each child. Backstage suggested plays between gymnasts and teams, providing a welcoming context, conducting to a positive experience encouraging permanence in practice.
Interdependency relationships in Rhythmic Gymnastics Evaluation
This descriptive research aims to identify and characterize the interferences that the interdependence relationships between referees, coaches, and gymnasts carry out (or not) on the evaluation of rhythmic gymnastics (RG) refereeing. The sample consisted of seven Brazilian referees with national and international brevets, who work or have worked as coaches. Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview, and the data were analyzed through content analysis. It was possible to identify aspects that influence the judgment of the refereeing of RG choreographies in individual or group competitions. These aspects are associated with concepts from Norbert Elias's theory, expressed through the configuration of RG (coaches, gymnasts, officials, other judges, audience, among others), figural aspects of the RG context such as the judge's habitus, power dynamics, "loopholes" in the Scoring Code, and interdependence relationships among judges.It is concluded that changes are necessary in the way RG is evaluated, and the training of these professionals needs to be reconsidered.
The sports initiation of male artistic gymnastics athletes of the Brazilian National Team
The present article aims to analyze aspects of the sports initiation of Brazilian male artistic gymnastics (MAG) athletes who competed in World Championships and Olympic Games between the years 2013-2021. To achieve this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five Brazilian athletes. Thematic Oral History was employed for the apprehension of oral sources, and the written document was categorized into other sports experiences; age of initiation in the sport; place of birth; referral; infrastructure. The results highlighted the role of physical education professionals in introducing the sport, arousing interest, and identifying and referring sports talents. The age of initiation in the sport did not prove relevant in all analyzed trajectories. The athletes are from the Southeast region. The training locations were clubs/sports associations that provided basic MAG equipment. Selections were made through observation by coaches, based on their own experience. It is concluded that there is a need to value coaches, as well as to maintain training structures in Brazilian regions that traditionally produce athletes.