Ischemic stroke in Young patient without risk factors: case report

Abstract

Encephalic stroke (stroke) is characterized by a complex of symptoms resulting from changes in brain blood support, which last at least 24 hours cause brain damage. It can be classified as ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, the most common being ischemic stroke, characterized by interruption of blood flow in a certain area of the brain due to arterial or venous obstruction. The lack of blood supply causes an infarct in the area vascularized by the obstructed vessel, causing neuronal death. There are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemias, age over 55, black race, family history and previous stroke. The diagnosis follows protocols according to the time of onset of symptoms, and basically, it is evaluated the clinical picture, skull CT without contrast or magnetic resonance of the skull and laboratory tests. The treatment varies according to its classification. In the case presented to the female patient, without previous comorbidities and risk factors, she developed a mesencephalic ischemic stroke with severe sequelae. No alterations in coagulation genes that could explain the cause of the disease were investigated. The young ischemic stroke consists of the cerebrovascular accident present in adults under 45 years. Pathology requires, in addition to the standard investigations, an inquiry into the genetic etiology. Several pathologies are associated with the disease, such as CADASIL, Fraby’s disease, coagulopathies, sickle cell anemia, Sneddon syndrome, MELAS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, neurofibrinatosis type 1 and Moya-Moya disease. Therefore, it is necessary to know about new studies and updates that describe not well-known causes of stroke.