Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a critical approach between pathophysioloy, lifestyle, and socioeconomic determinants

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized as a metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, which may or may not be accompanied by a relative deficiency of this hormone. In this context, the present study aims to analyze, through a literature review, the main risk factors associated with T2DM, as well as the influence of dietary habits and physical activity on the prevention and management of the disease. This study consists of a descriptive literature review conducted through searches in the SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Studies addressing
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, pathophysiology, dietary habits, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome were included. Scientific articles published in Portuguese and English, as well as institutional documents and legislation relevant to the topic, were considered. Priority was given to recent studies; however, earlier publications recognized as important references for understanding the pathophysiology of T2DM were also incorporated due to the enduring scientific relevance of their concepts. A total of 67 studies were identified, of which 18 met the inclusion criteria related to thematic relevance and updated information. The analyzed studies demonstrated that conditions such as obesity, particularly visceral fat accumulation, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating patterns, and metabolic syndrome are directly associated with the onset and progression of T2DM. Furthermore, unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and limited access to healthcare services were found to negatively affect glycemic control among patients. Conversely, the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits, including balanced nutrition and regular physical activity, combined with the implementation of health promotion policies, contributes significantly to disease prevention and management. Therefore, it is concluded that the integration of healthy lifestyle practices, multidisciplinary follow-up, and strengthened public health policies is essential for reducing the incidence of T2DM and improving the quality of life of individuals affected by the disease.