A Revista LABVERDE, criada em 2010 pelo Laboratório LABVERDE, com periodicidade semestral (março-agosto), tem por objetivo divulgar o andamento e resultado das pesquisas científicas, a nível de pós-graduação e promover eventos e encontros científicos, em suas áreas de atuação. Esta decisão editorial de produção somente em suporte digital teve a intenção de tornar a Revista mais ágil, facilitando tanto a colaboração quanto a leitura de pesquisadores, profissionais e demais interessados em temáticas instigantes e abordagens inovadoras na área de Arquitetura Urbanismo e Design.
Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo
O detentor dos direitos autorais é o autor e eventuais coautores do artigo. A Revista LABVERDE exige apenas o ineditismo na publicação do artigo. O autor tem o direito de divulgar seu artigo conforme sua conveniência devendo citar a revista. A Revista LABVERDE autoriza a republicação de seus artigos desde que devidamente citada fonte e autoria.
Editorial Dossier #2: Nature-based solutions for urban resilience in Latin America
Nature-based solutions (NbS) have been gaining resonance in Latin American countries mainly from the consolidation of ecosystem approaches already applied locally such as Green Infrastructure, Natural Infrastructure and Ecosystem-based Adaptation. NbS have proven to be an alternative to face the scarcity of natural resources, make cities more resilient to climate change and promote new planning formats that consider the complex urban socio-environmental problems of these countries.
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria de Assunção Ribeiro Franco, Taícia Helena Negrin Marques http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Park commodification: NbS in the Green Space Production in Lima
Nature based Solutions (NbS) is a toolbox that handles alternatives of ecosystem services provision in the cities through the installation of natural infrastructure. However, due to its technical nature, these proposals do not question capitalist space production system; it focuses on developing design and planning procedures that enhance the available ecosystem functions, while creating a society accepted value from it. Still, underlying territorial configuration remains functional to capitalist dynamics of circulation of goods and uneven distribution and accumulation of wealth. Current study address NbS strategies and questions it against the described framework of free market distribution of space. The selected method is employed to identify and analyze these strategies using the theoretical framework of Urban Political Ecology. This analysis looks to identify the NbS contributions that seek a structural solution to uneven distribution and access of urban green spaces. It is suggested a direction to ensure NbS a role on promoting social action along to the enhancement of green spaces. Key on these endeavor is to embrace the spatial character of NbS and the big role it has in the practice and experience of social life.
Copyright (c) 2022 Victor Peña Guillen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Proposal of wetlands as a Nature-Based Solution for emergency situations: the case of Vila Gênesis, Campinas
Faced with the contradiction between the right to housing and the right to the environment, forms of immediate and emergency provision of populations are prioritized, such as supplying the demand not met by the state regarding the housing and sanitation deficit, including the protection of the river system. Due to the precariousness of the sanitary infrastructure in urban peripheral areas, characterized by socio-spatial and environmental weaknesses, the case study of the Vila Genesis sector, Campinas, was chosen, where there is a community occupying an area defined as environmental protection, bordering the Anhumas Stream. The article presents the investigation of sewage treatment through the phytoremediation process by wetlands or filter gardens as a Nature-Based Solution (NbS), seeking to avoid contamination, with easy installation and maintenance techniques, with potential for landscape quality, in the territorial cut established, which suffers from the precariousness of housing and lack of infrastructure, pouring sewage directly into the stream. The methodology consists of the investigation of bibliographical and documentary references on sanitation in Brazil and São Paulo and of phytoremediation techniques by wetlands or filter gardens, to carry out installation tests in the case study, through cartographic and aerial photogrammetric survey. The theoretical studies and urban-territorial data and legal frameworks surveyed pointed to the deficit in sewage sanitation, whose unfolding corroborates the importance of these systems to meet the need in communities characterized by socio-spatial and environmental weaknesses. The results achieved present an implementation trial of French wetlands system as a decentralized effluent treatment process for the case study, whose scope points to the possibility of replicability in similar situations.
socio-spatial and environmental fragility
Copyright (c) 2022 Vera Santana Luz, Karen Murakava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-Based Solutions for climate adaptation in Brazil: a study of vulnerable coastal cities
Brazilian coastal cities have been suffering risks due to climatic events, and the rapid urban development aggravates this scenario of human and environmental losses. The first major boost to climate adaptation strategies in planning was the development of the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change, which guides the integration of land use and occupation with environmental preservation and prevention of natural disaster risks. In this context of urban vulnerability to extreme events, Nature-based Solutions (SbN), highlighting adaptation measures based on ecosystems that strengthen urban resilience, and are gaining prominence for their multiple benefits; they use ecosystem conservation and restoration to provide environmental services and enable natural defenses against floods and landslides. Brazilian coastal cities such as Salvador, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Santos are considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change, and have been developing adaptation actions and vulnerability indices that we analyze in this article. In the case of Santos, in the State of São Paulo, in its Climate Change Plan, it was proposed for the urban area of Monte Serrat a nature-based adaptation project to expand the Atlantic Forest remnants with the participation of the local community. It was concluded that there is great potential for nature-based solutions - SbN, and in particular EbA measures in coastal cities that are more vulnerable to climate risks, but there are still few concrete actions implemented to increase population safety and environmental recovery. With the evolution of climate adaptation in Brazil, there is an urgent demand for forecasts and identification of climate risks at a local scale, and for EbA actions to expand risk prevention. This requires greater dissemination of technical-scientific knowledge on climate vulnerability, exchange with global networks on urban resilience and greater investment in EbA actions in the context of climate adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2022 Deize Sbarai Sanches Ximenes, Maglio, Ivan Carlos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-based solutions for urban resilience in Latin America
Copyright (c) 2021 Taícia Helena Negrin Marques, Maria de Assunção Ribeiro Franco http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Constructed Floodplain Treatment Systems as Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) for readjustment of urban rivers and stream
The adaptive approach to urban planning seeks to build resilience as a pre-step to sustainability. In line with this, the study adopted Nature-Based Solutions (SbN) to propose the readjustment of urban rivers and streams, combining environmental and socioeconomic interests. Thus, the use of Constructed Floodplain Treatment Systems (CFTS) was proposed. These combine the functions of natural floodplains, elements of fluvial geomorphology that are disregarded in conventional urban drainage, being optimized by elements of Engineering. Thus, as a research hypothesis, it was considered that the CFTS would act in the treatment of rainwater, reducing the load of diffuse pollution carried to water bodies by the conventional drainage system. Furthermore, its use would also corroborate the temporary retention of part of the volume drained in the urban basin, favoring its infiltration. Therefore, the proposal aimed to combine both quantitative and, mainly, qualitative control of urban waters, acting as a protective barrier for the aquatic ecosystem. The conception of the CFTS is also in line with what is proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, proposed by the UN. And, in order to verify the initial hypothesis of combined qualitative-quantitative action, a literature review was carried out on the potentialities of implementing such systems and consideration of the study of scenarios. The study's conclusions allow to highlight the potential, in terms of sustainable urban drainage, that the CFTS confer. Therefore, it is believed that a better technical detail, obtained by implementing the systems on a full scale, can generate results that validate their application.
Copyright (c) 2022 João Pedro Coelho Belini, Filipe Chaves Gonçalves, Joaquin Ignacio Bonnecarrère Garcia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-based solutions: Conceptualization, applicability and complexity in the Latin American context, cases of Brazil and Peru
The article is built on the suggestion of key questions about Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and their applicability in the Latin American context. It carries out a bibliographical review and a temporal investigation of the term in order to present how the NbS have been conceptualized globally, reflecting on how it have been understood and applied in Latin America. By presenting two case studies, one in Brazil and aother in Peru, the article not only outlines a reflection on the NbS in the Latin American context, but highlights knowledge gaps, lessons learned and suggests future steps that could contribute to the conceptual development, planning, implementation and scaling NbS in the region.
Copyright (c) 2021 Taícia Helena Negrin Marques, Daniela Rizzi, Victor Ferraz, Cecília Herzog http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-based solutions: framework of bioretention cells usage in the city of São Paulo
Urban landscape planning for the systemic application of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) differs from conventional urban planning when valuing the conservation of existent biodiversity, together with managing cities’ growth and increasing the provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) for the built environment. In this context, the local government of the city of São Paulo has encouraged the installation of Bioretention cells such as rain gardens, stormwater planters, and bioswales, types of NbS, which promote a range of ES and contribute mostly to the improvement of urban runoff water quality. These minor interventions that crack concrete and create permeable spaces in the city fabric produce remarkable benefits but need technical awareness in order to ensure its long-term performance. To be effective, the urban green infrastructure for rainwater management should create interconnected spaces to incorporate systems of diffuse pollution abatement, in addition to adopting technologies that support macro drainage systems. This article presents an up-to-date framework of the implementation of Bioretention cells in the city of São Paulo highlighting its benefits and bringing a critical view of its current application. It discusses design aspects, such as structural factors and basic calculations for geometric parameters, planning and geographical considerations, monitoring and maintenance, including participative insights for planning these structures. Thus, the paper maps what has been done and what needs to be improved for enabling the effective implementation of Bioretention cells such that these NbS can be acknowledged as mainstream technologies for urban rainwater drainage in São Paulo.
Copyright (c) 2021 Maria Cristina Santana Pereira, Lucas Gobatti, Mariana Corrêa Soares, Brenda Chaves Coelho Leite, José Rodolfo Scarati Martins http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Urban forest, nature based solutions and landscape: planning and project in the city of São Carlos (SP)
Urbanization and the conflicts generated with the environment are one of the most challenging issues of our times, generating the need to create new and different approaches to urban territory such as Urban Forest, Ecosystem Services, Open Space System and Green Infrastructure and, more recently, Nature-based Solutions. However, the incorporation of these concepts in normative instruments, bases for the implementation of public policies, is still a great challenge in Latin American cities. Given the above, the aim of this article was to discuss and present the case of the city of São Carlos (SP), as an experience of planning an Urban Forest based on SbN, which is structured from a System of Open Spaces, shaped by legal bases. The method used was divided into three parts, the first being a historical-temporal review of the creation of legislation and planning cartographies of the last decade, the second analyzes the articulation of these instruments and cartographies and the third part presents a process of Landscape planning and design, based on a System of Open Spaces and Green Infrastructure. The instruments that sequentially marked a history of achievements ranging from the creation of Protection and Recovery Areas of Water Sources - APREM; Areas of Environmental Interest – AIA; Complementary Green Strips – FVC; Urban Parks and a System of Municipal Parks - SIPAM. It is hoped that from this article, paths for a more systemic planning can be glimpsed, anchored in cultural construction processes that integrate different agents and that are based on the notion of public interest and on closer relations between man and nature.
Copyright (c) 2021 Daniel Tonelli Caiche, Renata Bovo Peres, Luciana Bongiovanni Martins Schenk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-Based Solutions as as instrument for improve urban forestry, helping to build water-sensitive and climate resilient cities
Given the context of climate change, it becomes increasingly imperative to adopt strategies for building resilient landscapes, which are able to respond to extreme weather events, such as heavy rains and prolonged drought periods, which can already be observed and according to forecasts will be even more critical in the coming decades. The concept of water-sensitive cities establishes the principles for the construction of a healthy urban environment, where ecosystem services are included, to the territory and its community. Urban afforestation is essential in this process, as it acts in the maintenance of various regulation, provision, cultural and support processes. Despite its importance, urban afforestation finds in large cities a highly adverse environment for its development, especially with regarding water availability, nutrients and space for its adequate growth, and the fall of urban trees during intense rains is responsible for damage to property and people. Pivoting, ie, the fall with the uplift of the entire root system, is caused by the inadequate development of the root system, which in urban areas is mainly due to soil compaction of public sidewalks or sidewalks; the poor distribution of moisture throughout the volume of soil below the pavement also contributes to limiting the development of roots, in addition to this, we often have the inappropriate choice of species that does not observe the characteristics of the place. The bed areas, responsible for capturing rainwater, are not enough to collect a volume of water that allows an adequate environment for the development of the root system and the tree as a whole. Permeable pavements, which allow water to infiltrate the soil and store part of the rainwater, can enhance a favorable habitat for plant development. In this study, the hydrological processes on sidewalks with different configurations were simulated in order to verify the effect of the implementation of permeable paving on water availability as an instrument for the maintenance of urban afforestation. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of using these systems to increase the water availability in the soil for the maintenance of urban afforestation.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mariana Marchioni, Anita Raimondi, Juliana Caroline de Alencar da Silva, Luiz Fernando Orsini de Lima Yazaki, Giuliana Del Nero Velasco, Sérgio Brazolin, Carlos Alberto da Silva Filho, Gianfranco Becciu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Monetary valuation of urban forestry based on the magnitude of the crown in Piracicaba/Brazil
Urban forestry provides important ecosystem services, however, it increasingly competes for space with large gray surfaces, which can make it a secondary element in the city planning. The monetary valuation of urban trees appears, then, as one more alternative capable of showing the relevance of these living beings. There are several methods that perform this calculation, however, they are complex and are not within reach of the population, which aims for better weather conditions. The objective of this research was to develop a simplified method of valuation based on the relationship between the area of the crown, the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and an average parameter BRL/m2 of crown found in the literature, that is, on the magnitude of the crown, since most ecosystem services come from it. The LAI can be estimated using fisheye lenses at a reasonable price (less than BRL 25.00), while the canopy area can be measured in loco (or ground truth calibration). The present study was carried out in Piracicaba/SP/Brazil, in which the 60,146 urban trees can return approximately BRL 41 million (USD 8.2 million) per year in ecosystem services. Investigations like this, the so-called Nature-based Solutions (NbS), may assist in urban planning, management and formulation of public policies, and even as payment for environmental services (Urban Property and Land Tax discounts) to residents who have trees in front of their house.
Copyright (c) 2021 Flávio Henrique Mendes, Hugo Romero, António Manuel Saraiva Lopes, Maria de Assunção Ribeiro Franco, Demóstenes Ferreira da Silva Filho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Community participation in projects with nature-based solutions in the city of São Paulo: a study of urban gardens, Horta da Dona Sebastiana, Agrofavela-Refazenda and Horta Popular Criando Esperança
Urban gardens belong to the category of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS), capable of providing both environmental and social benefits; among these, we can mention the regulation of urban microclimates, support for diversity and food security, encouragement of environmental education, and community resilience. The article aims to investigate whether projects of this nature, when created and managed under the initiative of communities, neighborhood organizations and other social groups, have greater efficiency, engagement and continuity in comparison to private and/or public initiative projects, without social participation in their creation and development. Through multiple case studies, alongside semi-structured interviews with leaders, field visits and bibliographic research, three urban gardens were selected in peripheral contexts in the city of São Paulo: Horta da Dona Sebastiana, a member of the Association of Farmers from Zona Leste (East Side of São Paulo), and supported by a Non-Governmental Organization; the AgroFavela-Refazenda, located in Paraisópolis, sponsored by a multinational company; and Horta Popular Criando Esperança (“Popular Garden Creating Hope”), an autonomous one. The work also discusses the concept of Environmental Justice as an interesting tool for analysis, in a socially and environmentally unequal city like São Paulo – in which environmental risks and lack of investment disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable populations. As a result, it concludes that projects such as urban gardens could be potential tools for reducing environmental inequalities and, when with the participation of communities, they act as social transformers. We emphasize the importance of implementing NbS in peripheral areas, which suffer more environmental injustices and need these infrastructures more than the prime areas of São Paulo – where many NbS already exist, widely known and publicized.
Copyright (c) 2021 Babette Martins da Costa, Tatiana Sakurai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Resilient Cerrado: planning the landscape with Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)
Landscape planning guided by Nature Based Solutions (NbS) has been presented in several studies as a way to promote urban development in line with the green and blue system of cities. However, traditional urban planning disregards important functions performed by nature, which, associated with the disorderly and progressive growth of cities, disintegrates the urban environment from the context in which it is inserted and contributes to an ecosystem imbalance. This phenomenon has been observed in cities located in the Brazilian cerrado, in view of the region’s deforestation and the continuous loss of biodiversity. Solutions that address the connection and preservation of natural dynamics, including the continuity of gene exchange, can be responsible for the systemic reintegration of degraded areas, impacting communities and helping to preserve fauna and flora. This issue is also connected with the need to maintain vital watercourses for the supply of 6 of the 8 main hydrographic basins in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish a proposal for green infrastructure, on a regional scale, having as a cutout the Paranoá Basin in the Federal District, an important hydrographic unit for the maintenance of the region’s natural resources and for the preservation of Brazilian biomes. To do so, it uses a literature review and an analysis and diagnosis strategy based on McHarg (1964). As a result, it presents a series of strategies for planning a resilient landscape in the urban context. Among them is the creation of a network of multifunctional landscapes that connect through the region’s hydrological system and the creation of ecological corridors, which aim to integrate the elements of green infrastructure within this area. Thus, the use of SbN in the context of urban planning, capable of establishing a harmonious relationship between city and environment, stands out.
Copyright (c) 2022 Caroline Ferreira Fernandes, Luiz Pedro de Mello César, Camila Gomes Sant’Anna http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dissemination of ideas of Nature Based Solutions: an analysis of the implementation of the Orla de Piratininga Park, Niterói (RJ)
In the process of putting Nature based Solutions (NbS) into practice at the local level, the definitions and practices diffuse between places on a global scale. Healey (2012) states that “traveling” ideas are very much shaped by their places of origin and the channels through which they travel, but that the full story is only told by looking at what happens when the idea “lands.” Based on Haas’ (1992) theoretical framework on epistemic communities and adopting Stone et al.’s (2020) categories of analysis on policy transfer, this research aims to delineate the main actors and respective communities involved in the implementation of SbN. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis based on the case of the Orla de Piratininga Park, in Niterói (RJ), which is considered one of the first projects in Brazil to explicitly implement NbS. The aim is to map the use of this term, documenting those directly or indirectly involved in its implementation to analyze their positioning in the international and local arrangements that favor the term’s entry and dissemination. We conducted an analysis of documents relevant to the implementation of the park in order to identify the key actors and other relevant documents. We conclude that for the idea to land, it is as essential to have a favorable local context as it is to cross different scales. These can be transnational organizations, which set agendas, or individuals acting in multiple arenas. Moreover, the timing of the adoption of the term NbS in our case study is after the time of the adoption of the technique, suggesting that there is a dynamic of alignment between the involved and techniques that are already applied locally, in dialogue with global policy guidelines, transforming the technical vocabulary. Finally, the transfer of the idea of NbS both depends on and strengthens a network of actors.
Copyright (c) 2022 Leticia Domingos Vellozo, Leticia Costa de Oliveira Santos, Niklas Werner Weins http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature based solutions: an example from San Salvador city
San Salvador, capital of El Salvador, is an intermediate city located in a mountain area. It has a limited drainage system in unplanned settlements on slopes and streams, which results in floods and landslides, due to intense rains in short periods, which are increasingly frequent. One of the areas with the highest incidence of urban floods in this city is the Arenal Monserrat micro-watershed; For this reason, it was selected for the implementation of pilot interventions of Nature-based Solutions (NbS), under the City Adapt project, executed by the United Nations Environment Program. The implementation began with the elaboration of a mapping of actors, the development of a vulnerability assessment of the micro-watershed, consultations with focus groups to know the perception of risk, valuation of the ecosystems present and their link with the livelihoods used by the population, the selection of the NbS measures to be implemented at the basin, landscape and local community levels and the identification with the ecosystem services that it enhances; until its start-up and monitoring and follow-up. The main results presented are: i) an intervened surface of 451 hectares, between different ecosystems such as coffee plantations, riparian forest and urban area used for planting fruit trees; b) an infiltrated volume of surface water of 284,984 m3 in one year, coming from the water collected in the infiltration ditches and in the absorption wells, built in the upper part of the micro-watershed; iii) a total number of trees planted of 54,529, among coffee, fruit trees and native species. With these results, the next step is the incorporation of NbS measures in urban planning processes in the medium and long term.
Copyright (c) 2021 Leyla Zelaya Alegría http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quantification of the benefits derived from the Nature Based Solutions in the very arid and densified urban context of metropolitan Lima
Increasing the proportion of local vegetated surfaces within the highly densified context of Lima, Peru is considered a key local strategy of sustainable development. However, it may experience limitations as it could exacerbate water stress in the city. Therefore, quantifying the scale of benefits derived from local vegetated surfaces, mainly in terms of sensitivity to water use and urban temperature regulation, is necessary to optimize the management of water use for its preservation. The application of the international tool, Green Area Ratio at the local level, could contribute so that the increase in the proportion of vegetated surfaces in Lima considers a multifunctional sense to improve urban quality in different social, urban and environmental aspects. The results show that in order to be applied in the arid context of Lima, the tool would require adaptation, mainly of the scoring system, especially high values commonly assigned by foreign versions to some vegetated-based systems. This would make the version of the Green Area Ratio suggested for Lima in this study a novel and unique system, which demands further deeper research. However, it can be used as a preliminary framework based on scientific evidence, in case its official application is considered to support local sustainability guidelines and/or quality improvement plans for green areas. Its application could strengthen the implementation of multifunctional vegetable surfaces and nature-based solutions adapted to the aridity of the context.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carol Torres Limache http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nature-based solutions (NbS) and urban drainage in Latin America: challenges to implement flow solutions inside an inflexible arrangement
This article focuses on the adoption of nature-based solutions (NbS) to address rainwater drainage in Latin American cities. It considers that the NbS provide environmental services and contribute to making cities more resilient. It also ponders that, as evidenced by the confrontation between the reality of the sector and what is desirable for their adoption, there are issues to be faced, such as the lack of systemic vision in the government structure and the inadequacy of the institutional arrangement responsible for the sector. Aiming to deepen the reflection on the adoption of NbS, especially from the point of view of government action in “metropolized” basins, São Paulo and Mexico City are adopted as case studies. This analysis is supported by the literature review on conceptual aspects and on assimilation of the theme in Latin America, as well as on the assessment of documents that concern the use of NbS in urban drainage and adaptation to extreme events in these areas. As a result, in addition to identifying local challenges, the research indicated as an open opportunity the existence of the Alto Tietê River Basin Committee and the Mexico Valley Basin Council, which can incorporate the topic more incisively into their agenda. It is considered that taking advantage of this opportunity will bring gains throughout the process: on the one hand, these arrangements already have experience in participatory processes, and, on the other hand, the adoption of co-creation processes can improve the procedures of these committees and, by extension, the governance. However, the scenario, although favorable, is still being outlined.
Copyright (c) 2021 Valéria Nagy de Oliveira Campos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Changes in the land use and occupation and their influence in the urban climate of medium-sized cities
Urban development allows increasingly large populations to occupy new horizontal and vertical spaces, whose changes in land use and occupation, consequently, is one of the factors that cause the so-called Climate Changes, thus, requiring studies about the expansion of cities. The objective was to analyze the changes in land use and occupation and, consequently, the influence on the urban climate of two medium-sized cities who are going through these transformations, La Serena (Chile) and Piracicaba (Brazil). For this, we used three tools: (i) geoprocessing of thermal images from the Landsat-7 satellite, among years 1999 (oldest in the collection) and 2018; (ii) thermal camera and infrared digital thermometer, capable of verifying the surface temperature (TS) at the microclimate level; (iii) ENVI-met model, responsible for simulating interactions between surface-plant-air. Respectively, the results showed an average increase in TS estimated at 1°C every five years, with the greatest impact on La Serena, which had more than two thirds of its area heated. Measurements in loco revealed the potential of urban forest to mitigate extreme TS, such as 70°C of asphalt or an incredible 95°C on the roof of dark cars, stabilizing them in the range between 30°C and 40°C in the hottest time of the day, by reducing the air temperature by 1°C. Finally, the computer simulations revealed the need for homogeneous distribution of urban forest, since the influence of the Central Square in Piracicaba was restricted to a radius of 100 m. In addition, the simulations helped to understand how urban design changes the microclimate, revealing the results of decisions taken by its public administrations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Flávio Henrique Mendes, Hugo Romero http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The importance of public spaces and green areas in the post-pandemic in the city of São Paulo-SP
Cities are undergoing profound transformations in the fields of health, culture, social relations, and especially in urban life, causing numerous reflections and questions to the city model that can be enjoyed after the pandemic of COVID-19, highlighting the importance and the role of public spaces and green areas in exceptional periods as in the case of the pandemic and for the future of urban life. In view of the situation, this article aims to recommend guidelines for coexistence and proper use of green areas and public spaces, compatible with public health requirements for the pandemic period, until an efficient vaccine is obtained, and, at the same time, collaborate with guidelines for the quality of urban life with greater appreciation of green areas after the pandemic is over. This study was based on the Momentary Emotions Research: Post-Pandemic Behaviors and Daily Habits (XIMENES et al., 2020), on the reviews of technical and scientific literature, on the analysis of the available information and on the mapping of the green areas in the city of São Paulo. The resignification of post-pandemic cities should address the implementation of new public policies, and means of appropriation and coexistence of public spaces, parks and green areas in the city of São Paulo. This will make them more humanized, safe and inclusive; development strategies integraded to sustainable urban development in the return of leisure, culture, gastronomy and entertainment activities.
Vivian Aparecida Blaso Souza Soares César
Copyright (c) 2020 Deize Sbarai Sanches Ximenes, Gérsica Moraes Nogueira da Silva, Ivan Carlos Maglio, Júlio Barboza Chiquetto, Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenço, Maria da Penha Vasconcellos, Pedro Roberto Jacobi, Sonia Maria Viggiani Coutinho, Vivian Aparecida Blaso Souza Soares César http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Thinking about Environmental Design: a study on green spaces along the Lavapés River in Botucatu-SP
In the search for environmental quality, it has been discussed so much about the importance of green spaces and their benefits. Several researches, last decades, have pointed out strategies of green infrastructure, in order to improving the cities, through a balance between human relations and the environment. However, it is observed that the application of these principles is still a challenge in front of the traditional methods of urban planning that rule the design decisions, even in those cities that point out by their environmental management. Thus, in this context, the present research has as objective to open the discussion about the Planning and Environmental Design in Botucatu, Centro-Oeste Paulista, through a study about the urban green spaces along the Lavapés River. For this, different materials and methods were adopted: bibliographic and documentary research, field study and cartography. The results lead to two main findings: first, that the studied area presents several possibilities for the treatment of their urban open spaces; and second, that researches of this nature should be deepened, in order to stimulating the implementation of green infrastructure in consolidated urban areas, mainly in small and medium-sized cities, in order to pointing out the importance of nature in the urban landscape.
Copyright (c) 2020 Karina Andrade Mattos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The community role for the construction of resilent cities: the case of the rain garden in the Largo das Araucárias, Pinheiros-SP
Currently, most large urban centers, such as the city of São Paulo, have faced challenges such as recurrent floods, increased heat islands, soil contamination, social inequality, among others, which result from the sum of local history to the growing effects of Climate Change, making cities and their inhabitants experience their physical and soul limits, testing their resilience capabilities. Facing this reality, new ways of thinking and building cities are born, such as the concept of biophilia, and also demand, with increasing participation of residents, who respond to challenges through urban interventions that significantly transform the landscape and local dynamics. Thus, this article aims to analyze the role of landscape interventions originating from collectives and local communities for the construction of resilient cities. And by bringing an analysis of Largo das Araucárias, it also makes a parallel with the concept of biophilic cities.
Copyright (c) 2020 Elis Cristina Morales dos Santos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The sole act of crossing an urban obstacle in large Brazilian cities requires unnecessary effort and risk for their citizens. Great avenues, rivers, railway lines and other urban cracks are barely served by bridges designed to serve motorized traffic without considering pedestrians and cyclists. Generic structures are devoid of aesthetic values and subtract the quality of the landscape from its viewers and users. This text leads to a proposal of the redesign and reuse of such equipment.
Copyright (c) 2020 Marcelo Aflalo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Green Infrastructure: a strategy of landscape connections for Londrina-PR
In the quest for environmental sustainability, much has been researched on Landscape Ecology. For some decades, several researches have defined strategies such as Greenways for improving integration between green and urban areas. This paper presents a proposal for an urban open space system structured by four main elements located on the hydrographic basin from the Ribeirão Cambé on the city of Londrina -PR. Through a connexion between the Arthur Thomas Park, Igapó I Lake, Tucanos stream and Capivara stream, the presented system aims to play multiple roles relating to the hydrologic/ecologic balance of the basin and the forested lands. The integration would form a connexion of public spaces destined for leisure and social interaction, establishing a relationship between nature and local urban landscape.
Copyright (c) 2020 ANDRE SILVA OLAK http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Participatory Cartography applied to Environmental Design
This article presents a connection between social cartography and environmental design. The social cartography brings new contributions to the traditional cartography, breaking the paradigm that maps should only be designed by governmental agencies, it proposes that the people itself design their own maps so that they can be critics and take part in the process. The participatory mapping have a social function, in the way that it helps territory management, identifying the traditional uses of the territory, its struggles, its frailties, its potential, empowering these people, encouraging then to take action upon this territory searching for ways to transform it or to secure their rights over it. The objective of this paper is to show how the participatory methodologies studded in this research, the participatory mapping and the affective mapping can contribute to the environmental design in its initial stages seeking the participation of the populace in the urban planning as they organize their visions about the territory, articulating and proposing dialogues with the community and (or) external agents or through their own initiatives seeking the transformation of their lived reality. The applied methodology in this paper was one of a documental and bibliographic research who had the intent of establish an overview of the situation regarding the creation of participatory environmental designs through participatory mapping and affective mapping. In the context of the study area it was selected experiences were the social cartography was used as a support to increase community awareness and as an example of the participation of the environmental design in urban environment.
Copyright (c) 2020 Yasminni Parra Tomaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This article focuses the green infrastructure as a tool to improve the relationship between city and nature as well as to minimize the effects of urbanization, motivating the resilience of urban ecosystems. It is also analyzed the proposal to uncover urban channeled streams as a contribution to green corridor projects, aiming to provide better urban sustainability. It was analyzed more specifically the case of the Pirajussara Stream, which was channeled at most of its length and belongs to the Pinheiros River basin, in São Paulo City. The proposal of this settlement, like the results achieved in other countries, includes the Pinheiros River floodplain, near the green corridor Ibirapuera-Villa Lobos, which starts at Cidade Universitária (CUASO) – one of the cores of Ibirapuera-Villa Lobos corridor – in a way to increase collaboration of hydric resources in the green corridor project. The work is part of the discipline Environment Design of the postgraduate program of the School of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo. The inclusion of the uncovered stream to that corridor enlarges the use of green space by the population of surrounding neighborhoods and creates another area of urban resilience.
Copyright (c) 2019 Marli Aparecida Perim
POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF THE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE BELINI STREAM
The scope of this work is to analyze the potential of green infrastructure application in the Belini Stream drainage basin. It is an area occupied by residences that, although being of a high standard of living, presents problems, few compared to the rest of the city, but typical of urban areas, like floods and precarious mobility systems. The existence of several green areas makes it adequate to the implementation of green infrastructure. Therefore, it is presented a plan with guidelines adapted from the environmental zoning developed by Schutzer and applied by Bonzi, which aims to promote the coexistence of natural processes and occupation of that basin in a more harmonious way.
Copyright (c) 2019 Maria Cristina Santana Pereira
THE RESURGENCE OF PIRARUNGÁUA: UPS AND DOWNS OF URBAN WATERS
The present work aims to promote the reflection about the transformations in the relation of cities and their rivers. These relations are based on the system of beliefs and values ​​of each particular period. Aiming to do so, a brief overview of the evolution of the river-society dialectic is built in order to understand the environment with its historicity and explores two case studies, the first about the Cheong-Gye Stream in Seoul – South Korea – and the second, the Pirarungáua Stream, in São Paulo – Brazil. As a criterion for the choice of cases, diversity was chosen, either in relation to the reasons that guided the project, as well as its character and context of urban insertion.
Copyright (c) 2019 Juliana Maria de Souza Freitas, Maria Assunção Ribeiro Franco
PINHEIROS: RESILIENCES OF AN URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
The present article aims to verify if the surrounding area of what we know today as Largo da Batata, in the neighborhood of Pinheiros, is a point of social and urban resilience in São Paulo city. The analyzes of the several occupations of the urban site of Pinheiros, a traditional district of this city, since its official occupation in 1560 by the Jesuit priests, belonging to the Society of Jesus, until the informal occupations of urban collectives that appropriated it since 2014, are essential for this purpose. Through them a parallel may be drawn between public policies and urban connectivities and social movements resulting from them. Likewise, the approach of concepts such as topophilia, locus and genius loci are essential for the comprehension of the resilience phenomena pointed out in the course of this explanation, caused by the various forms of appropriation of this site, considered one of the oldest in the city of São Paulo.
Copyright (c) 2019 Noemi Yolan Nagy Fritsch
URBAN EQUIPMENT AND RESILIENCE IN THE LOW PINHEIROS DISTRICT
Urban resilience is a concept concerned to the capacity of regeneration of a region against external events. Nowadays in Brazilian cities, as happens in São Paulo City, the Urban Operations Consortium (Operações Urbanas Consorciadas) are the ways to carry out urban interventions. These actions are complex projects that cover large areas of the city, significantly transforming the landscape and the dynamics of the people who live in the focused area. The purpose of this work is to analyze the recent urban intervention projects in the region of Pinheiros District, focusing the community facilities emerged after the implementation of the Urban Operation Faria Lima. The strict focus will be in the region now called Lower Pinheiros (Baixo Pinheiros), an area considered currently as a pole of renewal, vitality and resilience in São Paulo City. Understanding how the dynamics between change and regeneration occurs in a specific region is important to evaluate how it is possible to make more sustainable cities, starting from broader urban interventions centered on public spaces, together with local initiatives and public-private partnerships.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP: URBAN SUSTAINABILITY + RESILIENCE IN WASHINGTON DC
The International Workshop Urban Sustainability + Resilience in Washington DC was held on December 5th 2.018 at the School of Architecture and Urbanism of Universidade de São Paulo (FAUUSP). The main objective was to offer students of the Postgraduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism new approaches linked to the green infrastructure and urban resilience themes, through a case study: the Praça do Relógio (Clock Square), located in the Campus of the University. The event was proposed as part of activities related to LABVERDE[1], and was attended by Professor Dwane Jones, Ph.D., Director of the Center for Sustainable Development & Resilience, a division of the College of Agriculture, Urban Sustainability, and Environmental Sciences (CAUSES) of the University of the District of Columbia in Washington, DC; Professors Maria de Assunção Ribeiro Franco, Ph.D. and Paulo Renato Mesquita Pellegrino, Ph.D., both of FAUUSP; as well as graduated students from both universities. [1] The Laboratório Verde, LABVERDE (Green Laboratory) is currently coordinated and organized by Professor Dr. Maria Franco, having Professor Dr. Paulo Pellegrino as vice-coordinator
Copyright (c) 2019 Juliana Maria de Souza Freitas, Laís Padilha Leite, Maria de Assunção Ribeiro Franco