Epidemiological study of hantavirus in Southern Brazil, 2009-2019

Resumo

Brazil has the highest number of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases on the American continent, with Santa Catarina being the state with the most notifications. This retrospective longitudinal study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of 177 hantavirus cases reported in Santa Catarina from 2009 to 2019, using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Statistical analyses of socio-demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data revealed that the typical patient was a male of working age with low educational attainment, living in a rural area. The highest incidence occurred in the Santa Catarina West, Midwest, and Mountain regions, strongly associated with agricultural activities. The case fatality rate (CFR) was highest among the 15-19-year age group. Clinical risk factors for death included respiratory signs, increased hematocrit, and the need for mechanical ventilation. Patients who sought early care had a higher CFR, possibly due to the initial difficulty of differentiating hantavirus from other viral diseases. Conversely, regions with higher notification rates showed lower CFRs, suggesting better surveillance. This study highlights critical areas for public health intervention and the key characteristics of hantavirus patients (males in rural areas and adolescents aged 15-19 years in regions with low notification rates) and areas for public health intervention. Training for medical professionals in regions with low notification rates should aim to reduce lethality, especially in regions with low reported cases (Itajai river delta and South), where underreporting may be occurring. Furthermore, the high lethality in adolescents and in patients with non-specific initial symptoms requires greater awareness. This study shows the utility of a governmental database in identifying epidemiological patterns and creating public health strategies tailored to regional specificities.