Coverage of fluoride data in water supply systems using the R software
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003709Keywords:
Water Supply, Fluoridation, standards, Water Supply Coverage, Water Quality, Big Data, Decision Making, OrganizationalAbstract
OBJECTIVE To present a protocol to criticize data on fluoride monitoring in water with R software programming features, illustrating its application to describe data coverage, and fluoridation quality in 2015. METHODS The study used big data from the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Information System for Surveillance of Water Quality for Human Consumption) that included all the Brazilian municipalities. Data criticism procedures were performed with the aid of R software. Filters were applied to remove municipalities with less than four months of records (1), and records with null values (2) and outliers (3). Municipalities were classified regarding the presence of valid information and fluoridation quality according to macro-region, federation units, and population size, presenting the roadmap at each step. RESULTS Approximately 134,000 records were reviewed. Of the Brazilian municipalities, 39% had data on the fluoride parameter, and only 33.3% had four months or more of information frequency. After applying filters, 1,810 (32.5%) municipalities had valid information for the fluoride parameter, with substantial variation between the South (83.6%) and North (0.7%) macro-regions. Of these, 726 (40.1%) showed very good fluoridation quality, determined by 80% or more records within the optimal concentration interval for prevention of dental caries, with higher value (54.3%) in municipalities with 50,000 inhabitants or more, and lower (34.2%) in those with less than 10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS Important differences persist within and between the Brazilian macro-regions regarding both the availability of information on the parameter, and the quality of water fluoridation in public supply systems in Brazil. The protocol for data review and processing with R software programming resources proved to be very useful for the production of information for decision-making based on a standardized method.
References
O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S,Lennon MA, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, et al. Fluoride and oral health. Community Dent Health. 2016;33(2):69-99. https://doi.org/10.1922/CDH_3707O’Mullane31
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2017
Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Bratthall D, Ogawa H. Oral health information systems--towards measuring progress in oral health promotion and disease prevention. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):686-93.
Venturini CQ, Narvai PC, Manfredini MA, Frazão P. Vigilância e monitoramento de fluoretos em águas de abastecimento público: uma revisão sistemática. Rev Ambient Agua. 2016;11(4):972-88. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1929
Moore D, Goodwin M, Pretty IA. Long-term variability in artificially and naturally fluoridated water supplies in England. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2020;48(1):49-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12502
Roberts DJ, Morris J, Wood A, Verlander NQ, Leonardi GS, Fletcher T. Use of public water supply fluoride concentration as an indicator of population exposure to fluoride in England 1995–2015. Environ Monit Assess. 2020;192:514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08304-3
Belotti L, Zilbovicius C, Soares CCS, Narvai PC, Frazão P. Municipality-level characteristics associated with very low to good quality of water fluoridation in São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2015. JDR Clin Transl Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084420970867
Oliveira Júnior A, Magalhães TB, Mata RN, Santos FSG, Oliveira DC, Carvalho JLB, et al. Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua): características, evolução e aplicabilidade. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2019;28(1):e2018117. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742019000100024
Frazão P, Soares CCS, Fernandes GF, Marques RAA, Narvai PC. Fluoretação da água e insuficiências no sistema de informação da política de vigilância à saúde. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2013;67(2):94-100.
Freitas Junior JCS, Maçada ACG, Oliveira M, Brinkhues RA. Big data e gestão do conhecimento: definições e direcionamentos de pesquisa. Rev Alcance. 2016;23(4):529-46. https://doi.org/10.14210/alcance.v23n4(Out-Dez).p529-546
Savel TG, Foldy S. The role of public health informatics in enhancing public health surveillance. MMWR Suppl. 2012;61(3):20-4.
Galdino A, Santana VS, Ferrite S. Quality of the record of data on fatal workplace injuries in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:120. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051000064
Tomimatsu MFAI, Andrade SM, Soares DA, Mathias TAF, Sapata MPM, Soares DFPP, et al. Qualidade da informação sobre causas externas no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43:413-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102009005000019
Chiavegatto Filho ADP. Uso de big data em saúde no Brasil: perspectivas para um futuro próximo. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2015;24(2):325-32. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000200015
Frazão P, Narvai PC, organizadores. Cobertura e vigilância da fluoretação da água no Brasil: municípios com mais de 50 mil habitantes. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP; 2017. https://doi.org/10.11606/9788588848252
Prado IM, Frazão P. Qualidade dos dados de vigilância da fluoretação de sistemas de abastecimento de água: proposta de um protocolo de crítica dos dados. Vigil Sanit Debate. 2019;7(3):80-5. https://doi.org/10.22239/2317-269x.01297
Stiglic G, Watson R, Cilar L. R you ready? Using the R programme for statistical analysis and graphics. Res Nurs Health. 2019;42(6):494-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21990
Feinstein JA, Russell S, DeWitt PE, Feudtner C, Dai D, Bennett TD. R package for pediatric complex chronic condition classification. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(6):596-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0256
Paura L, Arhipova I. Advantages and disadvantages of professional and free software for teaching statistics. Inf Technol Manag Sci. 2012;15(1):9-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10313-012-0001-z
Wang DWL. Poder Judiciário e políticas públicas de saúde: participação democrática e equidade. Cad Gestão Publica Cidadania. 2009;14(54):51-87. https://doi.org/10.12660/cgpc.v14n54.44185
Araújo LS, Guimarães PBV. Right to the city and public policies: current perspectives of the judicialization of environmental sanitation policies in Brazil. In: Azeiteiro UM, Akerman M, Leal fiho W, Setti AFF, Brandlili LL, editors. Lifelong learning and education in healthy and sustainable cities. Switzerland: Springer; 2018. p. 235-48. (World Sustainability Series).
Madeira DFP, Santos LP, Marinho RS. Essencialidade e vulnerabilidade no consumo de água para a jurisprudência no Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais e no STJ. Rev Direito. 2020;12(2):1-24. https://doi.org/10.32361/202012029968
Cesa K, Abegg C, Aerts D. A vigilância da fluoretação de águas nas capitais brasileiras. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2011;20(4):547-55. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742011000400014
Marinho MF, França EB, Teixeira RA, Ishitani LH, Cunha CC, Santos MR, et al. Data for health: impact on improving the quality of cause-of-death information in Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2019;22 Supl 3:E190005.supl.3. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190005.supl.3
Cunha CC, Teixeira R, França E. Avaliação da investigação de óbitos por causas mal definidas no Brasil em 2010. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2017;26(1):19-30. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742017000100003
Belotti L, Brandão SR, Pacheco KTS, Frazão P, Esposti CDD. Vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano: potencialidades e limitações com relação à fluoretação segundo os trabalhadores. Saude Debate. 2019;43(Nº Espec 3):51-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042019s304
Belotti L, Frazão P, Esposti CDD, Cury JA, Neto ETS, Pacheco KTS. Quality of the water fluoridation and municipal-level indicators in a Brazilian metropolitan region. Rev Ambient Agua. 2018;13(6):e2270 https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2270
Frazão P, Narvai PC. Water fluoridation in Brazilian cities at the first decade of the 21st century. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:47. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051006372
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Camila de Moraes Paulino, Lorrayne Belotti, Moises Kim Zanotto de Azevedo, Paulo Frazão
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Grant numbers 305132/2019-9
