Origin of life and origin of species in 18th century: the viewpoints of Maupertius

Abstract

The work of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis encompasses the fields of geometry, physics and astronomy, and it also inquires into a subject that is central to the 18th-century scientific agenda, namely, the problem of the generation of organisms. In his Système de la Nature (1752), Maupertuis presents a comprehensive theory that purports to explain, on the basis of a universal generative principle, how the currently existing organisms are generated, how the permanence of species in the course of time is possible, and how the formation of new species from a given lineage of organisms takes place. Based on these explanations, he advances some conjectures about the origin of the first organisms and the first species that shall constitute the main subject of this paper. According to our interpretation, Maupertuis has explored the problems of the origin of life and the origin of species from the standpoint of two distinct theoretical frameworks, which we shall call the metaphysical and physical pictures of the origins. In the first picture, God's action is decisive for the production of the first organisms and the first species, while in the second the same production is explained in a conjectural way through a natural, atomistic conception.