Noção de imortalidade, mortalidade e vida após a morte na bíblia hebraica e em outras literaturas antigas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-5894.ipPág.%2015-53Palavras-chave:
Bíblia Hebraica, Judaísmo, Imortalidade, Mortalidade, HistóriaResumo
A crença na imortalidade da alma e em algum tipo de existência após a morte é comum entre os povos da antiguidade. Este artigo apresenta diversas passagens da Bíblia Hebraica e de textos antigos extra-bíblicos que discutem esta crença.
Downloads
Referências
ARISTOTLE. On the Soul, em: The Internet Classics Archive from MIT. Trad. J. A. Smith. Cap. II:1. Disponível em: <http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/soul.html>, acesso em: 18/03/2013
ALBRIGHT, W. F. The Goddess of Life and Wisdom, em: The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Jul., 1920), pp. 258-294, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/528330>, acesso em: 28/01/2014.
BÍBLIA. Hebraico. Mikraot Gedolot Meorot. Jerusalém: Bruchman, 1995.
BÍBLIA. Hebraico. Sifrei Hamikra: Sefer Bereshit. Comentários de M. D. Cassuto e A. S. Hartom. Tel Aviv: Iavne, 1965.
BÍBLIA. Inglês. The Pentateuch and Rashi’s Commentary: A Linear Translation into English. Vol. 1: Genesis. BEN ISAIAH, Abraham; SHARFMAN, Benjamin [ed.]. New York: S. S. & R. Publishing Company, 1976.
BÍBLIA. Inglês. The Stone Edition Tanach. Ed. R. Nosson Scherman. New York: Mesorah Publications Ltd., 1996.
BÍBLIA. Português. Bíblia de Jerusalém. 2a Impressão. São Paulo: Paulus, 2003.
BÍBLIA. Português. A Bíblia Sagrada. Trad. João Ferreira D’Almeida. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas, 1950.
BÍBLIA. Português. Torá: A Lei de Moisés. Trad. Meir Matzliah Melamed. São Paulo, Sefer, 2001.
BOTTERWECK, G. Johannes; RINGGREN, Helmer [ed.]. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids (MI): William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.
BRENNAN, TAD (2002). Immortality in Ancient Philosophy, em: CRAIG, E. [ed.] Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2002, disponível em: <http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A133SECT1>, acesso em: 13/11/2013.
BROWN, Francis; DRIVER, S. R.; BRIGGS, Charles A. The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody (MA): Hendrickson Publishers, 1979.
CLARK, Matityahu. Etymological Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew. New York: Feldheim Publishers, 1999.
CLINES, David J. A. [ed.]. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
DAVIDSON, T. Conditions of Immortality: According to Aristotle, em: The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Penn State University Press, Vol. 8, No. 2 (April, 1874), pp. 143-165, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25665867>, acesso em: 22/07/2014.
ELIADE, Mircea. Tratado de História das Religiões. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2002.
FAWKES, Glynnis; ALLAN, Robert. Aqhat. Trad. N. Wyatt. Louvre, inv. no. AO 17.324, p. 13, disponível em: <http://glynnisfawkes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/AQHAT.pdf>, acesso em: 10/12/2013.
FERREIRA, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda. Miniaurélio: o minidicionário da língua portuguesa. 7ª ed. Curitiba: Positivo, 2008.
FREEDMAN, David Noel. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
GUERBER, Hélène Adeline. The Story of the Greeks. New York: American Book Company, 1896, Kindle Edition.
GINZBERG, Louis. The Legends of the Jews. Volume 1: Bible Times and Characters, From the Creation to Jacob. Oxford: Gutenberg Foundation, 2001.
GOODENOUGH, Erwin R. Philo on Immortality, em: The Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 85-108, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1508103>, acesso em: 14/11/2013.
HALLEVI, Judah. The Book Al Khazari. Trad. Hartwig Hirschfeld. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1905, Kindle Edition.
HARPER, William R. The Sons of God and the Daughters of Men. Genesis VI, em: The Biblical World, The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 3, No. 6 (Jun., 1894), pp. 440-448, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3135560>, acesso em: 19/02/2013.
HARRIS, R. Laird; ARCHER Jr., Gleason L.; WALTKE, Bruce K. [org.]. Dicionário Internacional de Teologia do Antigo Testamento. Trad. Márcio Loureiro Redondo; Luiz Alberto T. Sayão; Carlos Osvaldo C. Pinto. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 1998.
HASTINGS, James. Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909.
HERODOTUS. An Account of Egypt. Trad. George Campbell Macaulay. Amazon Digital Services, 2012, Kindle Edition.
HERODOTUS. The Histories: Complete. New York: Start Publishing Company, 2012, Kindle Edition.
HOLLADAY, William L. Léxico Hebraico e Aramaico do Antigo Testamento. Trad. Daniel de Oliveira. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2010.
HOLLAND, R. A.. Immortality, em: The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Penn State University Press, Vol. 19, No. 2 (April, 1885), pp. 113-132, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25668058>, acesso em: 22-07-2014.
HOLM, Tawny. Death, The Afterlife, and Other Last Things: Syria-Canaan, em:
JOHNSTON, Sarah Iles [ed.]. Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004, pp. 479-480, disponível em: <https://www.academia.edu/1826720>, acesso em: 24/06/2013.
HUFFMAN, Carl. Pythagoras, em: ZALTA, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011), disponível em: <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/pythagoras>, acesso em: 18/11/2013
IRANI, D. J. The Gathas: The Hymns of Zarathushtra. Center for Ancient Iranian Studies, 1998.
JASTROW, Marcus [ed.]. A Dictionary of the Targumim, The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: The Judaica Press, 1996.
JOSEPHUS, Flávius. Against Apion. Trad. William Whiston. Mobile Reference, 2008, Kindle Edition.
JOSEPHUS, Flávius. História dos Hebreus. Trad. Vicente Pedroso. Rio de Janeiro: Casa Publicadora das Assembléias de Deus, 2008.
JOSEPHUS, Flávius. Josephus Flavius Complete Works. Trad. William Whiston. Anotated Classics, s/d, Kindle Edition.
KAPLAN, Aryeh. The Living Torah. New York: Maznaim Publishing Corporation, 1981.
KAUFMANN, Yehezkel. A Religião de Israel. Trad. Attílio Cancian. São Paulo: Perspectiva, Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1989.
KELLER, Edmund B. Hebrew Thoughts on Immortality and Resurrection, em: International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 1974), pp. 16-44, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40021203>, acesso em: 11/12/2013.
KOEHLER, Ludwig; BAUMGARTNER, Walter [ed.]. Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1985.
LAI, Chi-Tim. Ko Hung's Discourse of Hsien-Immortality: A Taoist Configuration of an Alternate Ideal Self Identity, em: Numen, Brill, Vol. 45, Fasc. 2 (1998), pp. 183-220, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3270186>, acesso em: : 21/07/2014.
LEUBA, J. H. The Primitive and The Modern Conceptions of Personal Immortality, em: The Monist, Hegeler Institute, Vol. 27, No. 4 (OCTOBER, 1917), pp. 608-617, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/27900662>, acesso em: 11/12/2013.
MAIMONIDES, Moses. The Guide for the Perplexed. Trad. M. Friedlander. 2a. Edição. Dover Publications, 1956.
MAYS, James L. [ed.]. Harper’s Bible Commentary. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.
MAZAR, Biniamin [ed.]. Enciclopedia Mikrait (Hebraico). Jerusalém: Bialik Institute, 1982.
MCCARTY, Justin [et. al.]. Babilonian and Assyrian Literature: The Epic of Izdubar, Hymns, Tablets and Cuneiform Inscriptions. New York: The Colonial Press, 1901, disponível em: <http://www.archive.org/details/babylonianassyriOOwilsuoft>, acesso em: 16/12/2013.
METZGER, Bruce M.; COOGAN, Michael D. [ed.]. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 560-563.
PATON, Lewis Bayles. Archaeology and the Book of Genesis, em: The Biblical World, The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Mar., 1915), pp. 135-145, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142529>, acesso em: 24/06/2013.
PATON, Lewis Bayles. The Hebrew Idea of the Future Life. III. Babylonian Influence in the Doctrine of Sheol, em: The Biblical World, The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1910), pp. 159-171, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3141464>, acesso em: 28/01/2014.
PHILO. The Works of Philo Judaeus of Alexandria. Trad. Charles Duke Yonge. London: H. G. Bohn, 1894, Kindle Edition.
PLATO. Apology Also known as The Death of Socrates. Trad. Benjamin Jowett. Disponível em: <http://www.fullbooks.com/Apology-Also-known-as-The-Death-of- Socrates.html>, acesso em: 11/08/2014.
PLATO. Plato in Twelve Volumes. Vols. 5-6. Trad. Paul Shorey. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1969, disponível em: <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3 Abook %3D2%3Asection%3D364e>, acesso em: 18/11/2013.
PRITCHARD, James B. [ed.]. The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts & Pictures. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, 2011.
REISNER, George Andrew. The Egyptian Conception of Immortality. Cambridge: The Ingersoll Lecture – Harvard University, 1911, disponível em: <http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12255>, acesso em: 13/11/2013.
RENDSBURG, Gary A.; BINSTEIN, Jacob. The Book of Ben Sira. New Brunswick (N.J.): Rutgers University, s/d, disponível em: , acesso em: 22/07/2014
SARNA, Nahum. The JPS Torah Commentary. Genesis. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
SCHÖKEL, Luis Alonso. Dicionário Bíblico Hebraico-Português. Trad. Ivo Storniolo; José Bortolini. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997.
SELLERS, Ovid R. Israelite Belief in Immortality, em: The Biblical Archaeologist, The American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1945), pp. 1-16, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3209211>, acesso em: 14/11/2013.
SENECA. Apocolocyntosis. Trad. W. H. D. Rouse. PG Distributed Proofreaders, 1920, disponível em: <http://www.fullbooks.com/Apocolocyntosis.html>, acesso em: 11/08/2014.
SKINNER, John. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis. 2ª Ed. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Ltd., 1976.
SKOLNIK, Fred [ed.]. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2ª Ed., Vol. 15. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007.
SÖHNEN, Renate; SCHREINER, Peter. Bramapurana: Summary of Contents, with Index of Names and Motifs. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989, disponível em: <http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC&pg=PA21&dq=Harita++Vijaya++Ruruka&hl=en&ei=yZaeTdqzDoXxrQf88cnrAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Harita%20%20Vijaya%20%20Ruruka&f=false>, acesso em: 01/10/2014.
SPEISER, E. A. The Anchor Bible: Genesis. Garden City (NY): Doubleday & Company, 1964.
SULLIVAN, Francis A. Intimations of Immortality among the Ancient Romans, em: The Classical Journal, The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Oct., 1943), pp. 15-24, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3291954>, acesso em: 14/11/2013.
THE BOOK of Arda Viraf: the Pahlavi text prepared by Destur Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa.Trad. Prof. Martin Haug, em: HORNE, Charles F. [ed.]. The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Volume VII: Ancient Persia. Chicago: Library University of Chicago, 1917, disponível em: <http://avesta.org/mp/viraf.html>, acesso em: 06/08/2014.
THE FRAGMENTS of Empedocles, from Cornell University Library. Trad. William E. Leonard. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1908, disponível em: <http://archive.org/stream/cu31924028975923/cu31924028975923_djvu.txt>, acesso em: 18/11/2013.
THE SEPHER Ha-Zohar or The Book of Light: Bereshith to Lekh Lekha. Trad. Nurho de Manhar. Ed. H. W. Percival. New York: Theosophical Publishing Company, 1914, disponível em: <http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/zdm/index.htm>, acesso em: 29/01/2014.
VON RAD, Gerhard. Genesis: A Commentary. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1972.
WEISSMAN, M. The Midrash Says: The Book of Beraishis. New York: Benei Yakov Publications, 1980.
WERNER, Edward T. C. Myths and Legends of China. London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1922.
WOLF, Laibl. Cabalá Prática. São Paulo: Maayanot, 2003.
WOLFF, Hans Walter. Antropologia do Antigo Testamento. Trad. Antônio Steffen. São Paulo: Hagnos, 2007.
WOOD, W. Carleton. The Religion of Canaan: From the Earliest Times to the Hebrew Conquest, em: Journal of Biblical Literature, The Society of Biblical Literature, Vol. 35, No. 1/2 (1916), pp. 1-133, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259344>, acesso em: 24/06/2013.
YÜ, Ying-shih. Life and Immortality in The Mind of Han China, em: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, Vol. 25 (1964 - 1965), pp. 80-122, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2718339>, acesso em: 21/07/2014.
Z̆ABKAR, Louis V. Herodotus and the Egyptian Idea of Immortality, em: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan., 1963), pp. 57-63, disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/543931>, acesso em: 14/11/2013. Softwares
Bible Hub, Glassport (PA): Online Parallel Bible Project, 2013, disponível em: .
Bible Works. Versão 5.0. Bigfork (MT): Hermeneutika Computer Bible Research Software, 2001.
Encyclopedia Yehudit. Hebraico. Gush Etzion (Israel): Daat Limudei Yehadut Veruah, Mikhlalat Herzog, 2010, disponível em: <http://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/index.asp>.
Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: The Kopelman Foundation, 2002-2011, disponível em: <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com>.
Judaic Classics Library.Versão 2.2. New York: Judaica Press, 2001.
Judaic Classics: The Soncino Talmud. Versão 3.4. New York: Judaica Press, 1990.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2014 Revista Vértices
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
