Estelas do "Ax jqr n Ra": perspectivas da agência material no Egito antigo do Reino Novo (1520-1075 BCE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-8855.v13i2p177-213Palavras-chave:
Cultura Material, Egiptologia, Memória, Reino NovoResumo
O presente artigo pretende analisar as estelas do Ax jqr n Ra provenientes da vila dos trabalhadores de Deir el-Medina, responsáveis por construírem as tumbas reais do Vale dos Reis e das Rainhas. Analisando sua materialidade, iconografia e textualidade, procura-se explicar como elas habilitam as práticas do culto aos ancestrais de ligar os dedicantes aos seus parentes falecidos, bem como de proporcionar a recordação desses últimos. Para tanto, propõe-se uma reavaliação da distinção entre sujeito e objeto como uma relação dicotômica, bem como de uma nova interpretação para as imagens em exibição nas estelas, considerando o que os egípcios falam e fazem com as imagens e o material que produzem.
Downloads
Referências
ALBERT, Florence. Current work on the literary ostraca from Deir el-Medina kept at the IFAO. In: GRECO, Christian (ed.) Deir el-Medina through the kaleidoscope: Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th-10th October 2018. Modena: Franco Cosimo Panini Editore, p.411-423, 2022.
ALLEN, James. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2ªed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
BAINES, John. Visual and written culture in ancient Egypt, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
COONEY, Katlin. The cost of death: the social and economic value of ancient Egyptian funerary art in the Ramesside period. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2007.
CROSSLAND, Zoe. Materiality and Embodiment. In: HICKS, D.; BEAUDRY, M. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
DAVIES, Benedict. Who’s who at Deir el-Medina: a prosopographic study of the royal workman’s community. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1999.
DEMARÉE, Robert. The 3ḫ ĩḳr n R(-stelae: On Ancestor Worship in Ancient Egypt. Leiden: Nederlands instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1983.
DEMARÉE, Robert. More Ax iqr n Ra-Stelae. Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leiden, Vol. 43, pp.348-351, 1986.
DEMARÉE, Robert.; VALBELLE, Dominique. Les registres de recensement du village de Deir el-Medineh (le “Stato civile”). Louvain: Peeters, 2011.
EL-TOUKHY, Mohsen. Protection symbols on the top of the Middle Kingdom Stelae (in Cairo Museum). In: The Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies (EJARS), vol.3, 12/2013, pp. 131 - 137. Acesso em: www. ejars.sohag-univ.edu.eg. Último acesso: 03/01/2024.
FRIEDMAN, Florence. Akh. In: REDFORD, D. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Cairo: The American University Press in Cairo Press, p.47-48, 2001.
FRIEDMAN, Florence. Aspects of Domestic Life and Religion. In: LESKO, Leonard (ed.). Pharaoh’s Workers: The villagers of Deir el-Medina. Londres: Cornell University Press, p.95-117, 1994.
FRANKE, Detlef. The Middle Kingdom Offering Formulas – A Challenge. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. vol.89, 39–57, 2003.
GELL, Alfred. Art and agency: an anthropological theory. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 1998.
GERMER, Renate. Flora. In: REDFORD, D.B (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, vol.1, 2001.
GRIFFIN, Kenneth. An 3ḫ ĩḳr n R( Stela from the collection of the Egypt Centre, Swansea. In: SCHNEIDER, T.; SZPAKOWSKA, K. (eds.), Egyptian stories: A British Egyptological tribute to Alan B. Lloyd. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 347. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, p. 137–148, 2007.
HARAWAY, Donna. Quando as espécies se encontram. São Paulo: Ubu Editora, 2022.
HARAWAY, Donna. A cyborg manifesto: science, technology and socialist feminism in the late twentieth century. In: HARAWAY, D. (ed.). Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the reinvention of nature. London: Routledge, pp. 149–181, 1991.
HARRINGTON, Nicola. Living with the Dead: Ancestor Worship and Mortuary Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012.
HARRIS, Oliver.; CIPOLLA, Craig. Archaeological Theory in the New Millennium: Introducing Current Perspectives. 1ª. ed. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017.
HICKS, Dan. The Material-Cultural Turn: Even and Effect. In: HICKS, D.; BEAUDRY, M. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
HSIEH, Julie. Ancient Egyptian Letters to the Dead: the realm of the dead through the voice of the living. Leiden: The Netherlands: Brill, 2021.
JANÁK, Jan. Akh. In: DIELEMAN, J. & WENDRICH, W. (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles: UCLA, 2013 (recurso da internet): Akh (escholarship.org). Acesso em: 26 de maio de 2023.
JONES, Andrew. Memory and Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
JONES, Andrew.; BOIVIN, Nicole., The Malice of Inanimate Objects: Material Agency. In: HICKS, D.; BEAUDRY, M.C. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
KEANE, Webb.; KÜCHLER, Susanne.; ROWLANDS, Mike.; SPYER, Patricia.; TILLEY, Christopher. (eds.). Handbook of material culture. London: SAGE Publications, 2006.
KNAPPETT, Carl. Thinking through material culture: an interdisciplinary perspective. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
KNAPPETT, Carl.; MALAFOURIS, Lambros. (eds.). Material Agency. Boston, MA: Springer, 2008
MALAFOURIS, Lambros. “At the potter’s wheel: an argument for material agency”. In: KNAPPETT, C.; MALAFOURIS, L. (eds.). Material Agency. Boston, MA: Springer, 2008.
LATOUR, Bruno. Reassembling the social: an introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
LATOUR, Bruno. Jamais fomos modernos. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2011.
LAW, John. & MOL, Anne. The Actor-Enacted:Cumbrian Sheep in 2001. In: KNAPPETT, C.; MALAFOURIS, L. (eds.). Material Agency. Boston, MA: Springer, 2008.
LUNDIUS, Esmeralda. Offering tables as ritual landscapes: an anthropological perspective of Ancient Egyptian Materia Magicae. Distant Worlds Journal. no.4, 2020, p.78-106. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.11588/dwj.2020.4.70451. Último acesso em: 11/05/2024.
MCDOWELL, Andrea. Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
MESKELL, Lynn. An Archaeology of Social Relations in an Egyptian Village. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Springer, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 209–243,1998.
MESKELL, Lynn. Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
MESKELL, Lynn. Memory’s Materiality: Ancestral Presence, Commemorative Practice and Disjunctive Locales. In: VAN DYKE, R.; ALCOCK, S. (eds.) Archaeologies of Memory. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
MESKELL, Lynn. Object worlds in ancient Egypt: material biographies past and present. Oxford; New York: Berg, 2004.
NELSON-HURST, Melinda. ‘who causes his name to live’ the vivification formula through the Second Intermediate Period. CASAE, vol.39: University of Pennsylvania, 2010.
NORIA-SERRANO, Bianca. Honra a tu madre: Aproximaciones a la maternidad en el Reino Medio egipcio. In: NORIA-SERRANO, B.; UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ (eds.) Dinámicas sociales y roles entre mujeres: percepciones en grupos de parentesco y espacios domésticos en el Oriente antiguo. Oxford: Archaeopress Access Archaeology, 2023.
NYORD, Rune. Seeing Perfection: Ancient Egyptian Images Beyond Representation (Elements in Ancient Egypt in Context). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
OLABARRIA, Leire. Materialising kinship, constructing relatedness: kin group display and commemoration in First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca 2150–1650 BCE). 2014. Tese (Doutorado) - Curso de Filosofia, Universidade de Oxford, Oxford, 2014.
OLABARRIA, Leire. Kinship and Family in Ancient Egypt: Archaeology and Anthropology in Dialogue. 1. ed. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
REDE, Marcelo. Materiality and history: some reflections. MAYNART, Erica.; VELLOZA, Carolina.; LEMOS, Rennan.; (eds.). Perspectives on materiality in ancient Egypt: agency, cultural reproduction and change. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, p.74-86, 2018.
SMITH, Mark. Osiris and the Deceased. In: DIELEMAN,J. & WENDRICH,W.(ed.s). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. Osiris and the Deceased (escholarship.org). Último acesso em 06/02/2004
SCHULMAN, Ruth. Some Observations on the Ax iqr n Ra-Stelae. Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leiden, Vol. 43, pp. 302-348, 1986.
SPIEGEL,Gabriele. Introduction. In: SPIEGEL, G. (ed.). Practicing history: new directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn. Routledge, 2005.
TOIVARI-VIITALA, Jaana. Deir el-Medina (Development). In: DIELEMAN, J.; WENDRICH,W (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles: UCLA, 2011 (recurso da internet): https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kt9m29r. Acesso em: 26 de maio de 2023.
VAN OYEN, Astrid. Material Agency. In: VARELA, S. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences. Wiley-Blackwell, 2018.
WEISS, Lara. Religious practice at Deir el-Medina. Leiden Leuven: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten Peeters, 2015.
WEISS, Lara. Personal Religious Practice: House Altars at Deir El-Medina. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, v. 95, n. 1, p. 193–208, jan. 2009.
WOLFHART, Westendorf. ‘Bemerkungen zur “Kammer der Wiedergeburt” im Tutanchamungrab’. ZÄS, vol. 94: pp. 139–50, 1967.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Dirceu Almeida Pires
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A revista Epígrafe não exerce cobrança pelas contribuições recebidas, garantindo o compartilhamento universal de suas publicações. Os autores mantêm os direitos autorais sobre os textos originais e inéditos que disponibilizarem e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
