Geografía global de la transición energética y la extracción minera
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2026.224757Palabras clave:
Energía renovable, Minería, ImpactosResumen
Desafíos ambientales, presiones sociales y la firma de acuerdos internacionales subrayan la necesidad de una transición hacia fuentes de energía renovables. Este movimiento está impulsado por la viabilidad económica de tecnologías como la solar y la eólica. Sin embargo, la transición hacia las energías renovables enfrenta obstáculos significativos: su menor densidad energética, en comparación con las fuentes fósiles, requiere estructuras de mayor tamaño para producir cantidades equivalentes de energía. Además, estas fuentes presentan una durabilidad inferior a las convencionales, lo que resulta en un aumento en la demanda de minerales, frecuentemente extraídos en países del Sur Global. Esto puede intensificar las implicaciones y conflictos socioambientales relacionados con la minería. Basado en la recolección e interpretación de datos de diversos informes globales, y complementado por información de artículos de diferentes partes del mundo, este estudio explora la conexión intrínseca entre las fuentes de energía renovable y el aumento de la actividad minera, destacando las implicaciones de este proceso.
Descargas
Referencias
ALLEN, N.; TYNAN, C. How Much Power Does a Solar Panel Produce? Forbes, [S.L.], n.p. 1 ago. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/home-improvement/solar/how-much-power-does-a-solar-panel-produce/. Acesso em: 29 jan. 2024.
ALONSO, A. A. El multicolor de la energía: desafíos y oportunidades para la transición energética. Cidade do México (México): Monarca Impresoras, 2024. 220 p. (978-607-28-3093-6).
BALLINGER, B. et al. The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply. Applied Energy, [S.L.], v. 255, p. 113844, dez. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844.
BRC - Blackridge Research & Consulting. India Builds World's Largest Solar Park at Bhadla in Rajasthan to Decarbonize its Energy Production. 2023. Blackridge Research & Consulting: Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Disponível em: https://www.blackridgeresearch.com/project-profiles/bhadla-solar-park-the-largest-solar-pv-power-plant-project-in-the-world. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2024.
CHEN, B. et al. Pathways for sustainable energy transition. Journal of Cleaner Production, [S.L.], v. 228, p. 1564-1571, ago. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.372.
CHOW, J. et al. Energy Resources and Global Development. Science, [S.L.], v. 302, n. 5650, p. 1528-1531, 28 nov. 2003. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091939.
CHOWDHURY, M. S. et al. An overview of solar photovoltaic panels’ end-of-life material recycling. Energy Strategy Reviews, [S.L.], v. 27, p. 100431, jan. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100431.
CHU, S. et al. The path towards sustainable energy. Nature Materials, [S.L.], v. 16, n. 1, p. 16-22, 20 dez. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4834.
CHURCH, C.; CRAWFORD, A. Green Conflict Minerals: the fuels of conflict in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Winnipeg (Canada): International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 2018. 56 p. Disponível em: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/green-conflict-minerals.pdf. Acesso em: 27 fev. 2024.
CHURCH, C.; CRAWFORD, A. Minerals and the Metals for the Energy Transition: exploring the conflict implications for mineral-rich, fragile states. In: HAFNER, M.; TAGLIAPIETRA, S. The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition. Online: Springer Cham, 2020. p. 279-304. (2195-1284). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2.
DAPENA, P. V. Why electric cars are so much heavier than regular cars. CNN: Business, [S.L.], p. 1. jun. 2021. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/07/business/electric-vehicles-weight. Acesso em: 01 maio 2024.
DEHGHANI-SANIJ, A.R. et al. Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [S.L.], v. 104, p. 192-208, abr. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.023.
DOBOS, A. P. PV Watts Version 1 Technical Reference. Golden, CO (Estados Unidos): National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), 2013. 11 p. https://doi.org/10.2172/1096689.
EARTH, G. Ferramentas de apresentação tridimensional do globo terrestre para criação de mapas. 2024. Google Earth (Google LLC). Disponível em: https://earth.google.com/web/. Acesso em: 29 jan. 2024.
ENERDATA - An Independent Research Company that Specialises in the Analysis and Forecasting of Energy and Climate Issues. Total energy production. 2024. Disponível em: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-energy-production.html. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2024.
EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Caderno de Preços da Geração 2021. Brasília, DF, Brasil: Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME), 2021. 72 p. Disponível em: https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/caderno-de-precos-da-geracao. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2024.
FOUQUET, R. Historical energy transitions: speed, prices and system transformation. Energy Research & Social Science, [S.L.], v. 22, p. 7-12, dez. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.08.014.
GANI, A. Fossil fuel energy and environmental performance in an extended STIRPAT model. Journal of Cleaner Production, [S.L.], v. 297, p. 126526, mai. 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126526.
HABERL, H. The global socioeconomic energetic metabolism as a sustainability problem. Energy, [S.L.], v. 31, n. 1, p. 87-99, jan. 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.04.045.
HUBER, S. T.; STEININGER, K. W. Critical sustainability issues in the production of wind and solar electricity generation as well as storage facilities and possible solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, [S.L.], v. 339, p. 130720, mar. 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.
IEA - International Energy Agency. Energy Statistics Data Browser: total energy supply (tes) by source, world 1990-2022. Total energy supply (TES) by source, World 1990-2022. 2023. World Energy Balances. Disponível em: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2024.
IEA - International Energy Agency. The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions. Paris, França: IEA, 2021. 287 p. Disponível em: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2024.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 3056 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.
IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency. Critical Materials for The Energy Transition. Abu Dhabi (Emirados Árabes Unidos): International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2021. 43 p. (978-92-9260-366-3). Disponível em: https://www.irena.org/Technical-Papers/Critical-Materials-For-The-Energy-Transition. Acesso em: 03 jan. 2024.
IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency. Solar energy. 2024b. Disponível em: https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Solar-energy. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2024.
IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency. Wind energy. 2024a. Disponível em: https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/wind-energy. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2024.
IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency; CPI - Climate Policy Initiative. Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023. Abu Dhabi (Emirados Árabes Unidos): International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2023. 24 p. (978-92-9260-523-0). Disponível em: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2024.
JENSEN, P. D. et al. Highlighting the need to embed circular economy in low carbon infrastructure decommissioning: the case of offshore wind. Sustainable Production and Consumption, [S.L.], v. 24, p. 266-280, out. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.012.
KHAN, N. et al. Energy transition from molecules to atoms and photons. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, [S.L.], v. 22, n. 1, p. 185-214, fev. 2019. BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.002.
LÈBRE, É. et al. The social and environmental complexities of extracting energy transition metals. Nature Communications, [S.L.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-8, 24 set. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18661-9.
LIU, P.; BARLOW, C. Wind turbine blade waste in 2050. Waste Management, [S.L.], v. 62, p. 229-240, abr. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.007.
MANCINI, L.; SALA, S. Social impact assessment in the mining sector: review and comparison of indicators frameworks. Resources Policy, [S.L.], v. 57, p. 98-111, ago. 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.02.002.
MASSOUD, M. et al. Review on recycling energy resources and sustainability. Heliyon, [S.L.], v. 9, n. 4, p. 1-17, abr. 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15107.
MILANEZ, B. Crise climática, extração de minerais críticos e seus efeitos para o Brasil. Brasília: Diálogo dos Povos, Sinfrajupe, Movimento pela Soberania Popular na Mineração (MAM), 2021. Disponível em: https://www.ufjf.br/poemas/files/2014/07/Milanez-2021-Crise-climática-extração-de-minerais-críticos.pdf. Acesso em: 09 abr. 2024.
MILANEZ, B.; ARAÚJO, A. S. Extrativismo “verde” e o canto da sereia da transição energética. O Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil. São Paulo (Brasil), Edição 198, n.p. 28 dez. 2023. Disponível em: https://diplomatique.org.br/extrativismo-verde-e-transicao-energetica/. Acesso em: 26 fev. 2024.
OLIVERA, B. et al. Minerales críticos para la transición energética: conflictos y alternativas hacia una transformación socioecológica. Cidade do México (México): Fundación Heinrich Böll, 2022. 196 p. (978-607-99582-7-5). Disponível em: https://mx.boell.org/es/2022/12/07/minerales-criticos-para-la-transicion-energetica. Acesso em: 26 fev. 2024.
QI, L.; ZHANG, Y. Effects of solar photovoltaic technology on the environment in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, [S.L.], v. 24, n. 28, p. 22133-22142, 31 ago. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9987-0.
SHAH, K. India’s utility-scale solar parks a global success story. Lakewood, OH, US: Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA), 2020. 14 p. Disponível em: https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/Indias-Utility-Scale-Solar-Parks-Success-Story_May-2020.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2024.
SONTER, L. J. et al. Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity. Nature Communications, [S.L.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-6, 1 set. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5.
SOVACOOL, B. K. et al. Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future. Science, [S.L.], v. 367, n. 6473, p. 30-33, 3 jan. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz6003.
STATISTA. Average installed cost for solar photovoltaics worldwide from 2010 to 2022. 2023a. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/809796/. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2024.
STATISTA. Estimated plug-in electric light vehicle sales worldwide from 2015 to 2022. 2023c. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/665774/global-sales-of-plug-in-light-vehicles/. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2024.
STATISTA. Lifespan of low-carbon energy sources and power plants worldwide by type. 2023b. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1264727/. Acesso em: 05 fev. 2024.
UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Paris Declaration on Electro-Mobility and Climate Change and Call to Action. Lima - Paris: United Nations, 2015. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/media/521376/paris-electro-mobility-declaration.pdf. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2023.
VAN ZALK, J.; BEHRENS, P. The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: a review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S. Energy Policy, [S.L.], v. 123, p. 83-91, dez. 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023.
VATTENFALL. Hollandse Kust Zuid Wind Farm. 2024. Disponível em: https://hollandsekust.vattenfall.nl/en/. Acesso em: 02 fev. 2024.
WATARI, T. et al. Total material requirement for the global energy transition to 2050: a focus on transport and electricity. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, [S.L.], v. 148, p. 91-103, set. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.015.
WB - World Bank. Minerals for Climate Action: the mineral intensity of the clean energy transition. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2020. 112 p. Elaborated by: K. Hund, D. Porta, T. Fabregas, T. Laing and J. Drexhage. Disponível em: https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/961711588875536384/Minerals-for-Climate-Action-The-Mineral-Intensity-of-the-Clean-Energy-Transition.pdf. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2024.
YORK, R.; BELL, S. Energy transitions or additions? Energy Research & Social Science, [S.L.], v. 51, p. 40-43, mai. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.01.008.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves, João Henrique Santana Stacciarini
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores que publiquen en esta revista estarán de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y otorgan a la revista el derecho a la primera publicación, con el trabajo con una licencia de uso de atribución CC-BY, que permite distribuir, mezclar, adaptar y crear con base en su trabajo, siempre que sean respetados los derechos de autor, de la forma especificada por CS.
- Los autores están autorizados a asumir contratos adicionales y por separado, para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicado en esta revista (por ejemplo, publicación en repositorio institucional o como capítulo de un libro), con reconocimiento de autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se alienta a los autores a publicar y distribuir su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su página personal) en cualquier momento antes o durante el proceso editorial, ya que esto puede generar cambios productivos, así como aumentar el impacto y las citaciones del trabajo publicado (ver El efecto del acceso abierto).
