Urban quality of life: a subjective approach

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/gtp.v20i1.224624

Keywords:

Environmental perception, Content analysis, Multidimensional , Urban space

Abstract

The characteristics of the built environment have a direct impact on people's perception of quality of life, a concept that has been widely discussed in the literature, with a wide variety of definitions. In this sense, it is essential to include the subjective perspective of urban users to obtain a more complete assessment of the urban quality of life. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the urban quality of life from a subjective perspective. To this end, a multidimensional conceptual framework covering seven dimensions of urban livability is proposed, based on a review of the relevant literature. A case study is used to assess the urban quality of life from the perspective of residents in the central region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results include (1) the proposal of a multidimensional conceptual framework for assessing the quality of urban life; and (2) the assessment of the quality of urban life from the perspective of residents in the central region of Porto Alegre. The main contributions of the study are related to the discussion of the multidimensional nature of urban quality of life and the relevance of its evaluation for urban planning, based on the concepts of value perception and content analysis, with an emphasis on the subjective approach.

.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Josana Gabriele Bolzan Wesz, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

    She is a postdoctoral fellow at the Postgraduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning (PROPUR) at the School of Architecture at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), linked to the research projects "Urban Quality of Life: challenges for equity and healthy habitat" and "ATHIS as an alternative to Brazilian housing needs: Proposal for a methodology to carry out a survey of the qualitative municipal housing deficit" (CNPq grant 25/2021 - Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship - PDJ). She has a degree in Architecture and Urbanism (UFRGS, 2009), a master's degree in Project Management (Construction Management and Economics) from the Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering (PPGEC/UFRGS, 2013) and a PhD in Urban and Regional Planning (PROPUR/UFRGS, 2021), with a sandwich period at the University of Huddersfield, England (CAPES - PDSE - Notice n 47/2017 - Selection 2018), as part of the Global Interdisciplinary Center (GIC) research group for Innovation and Development of New Products in Architecture and the Built Environment: UK - Brazil Collaboration". Topics of interest: quality of urban life; sustainable development; evaluation of social housing developments; urban planning and revitalization; urban projects; cultural heritage.

     

  • Luciana Inês Gomes Miron, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Faculdade de Arquitetura

    Graduated in Architecture and Urbanism from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (1994), master's degree (2002) and doctorate (2008), both from the Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Associate Professor of the Department of Architecture (since 2006) and the Postgraduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (since 2011). Visiting professor - Universidad de la Republica Uruguay (2008 to 2013). Post-Doctorate (2014-2015) at the University of Huddersfield/UK under the supervision of Lauri Koskela. Editor-in-chief at Ambiente Construído Journal (since 2020). She has experience in the area of Urban and Regional Planning, working mainly on the following topics: management of the project process, management of user requirements, evaluation of social housing projects, technical assistance for social housing, perception of value in the built environment, quality of urban life, methodological and epistemological foundations of research and serious games (didactic games).

References

ABBATE, Riccardo; GIAMBALVO, Ornella; MILITO, Anna Maria. Service and life quality: The case of Palermo. Social indicators research, v. 54, p. 275-308, 2001. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011032801904

ABIKO, Alex Kenya; ORNSTEIN, Sheila Walbe. Inserção urbana e avaliação pós-ocupação (APO) da habitação de interesse social. São Paulo: FAUUSP, v. 1, p. 373, 2002. https://www.caixa.gov.br/Downloads/desenvolvimento-urbano-habitacao/Coletanea_Habitare_Volume_1.pdf

ABNT ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 37120: Desenvolvimento sustentável de comunidades – Indicadores para serviços urbanos e qualidade de vida. Rio de Janeiro, 2020.

BABIN, Barry J.; DARDEN, William R.; GRIFFIN, Mitch. Work and/or fun: measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of consumer research, v. 20, n. 4, p. 644-656, 1994. https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/20/4/644/1798609?login=false

BARDIN, Laurence et al. Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70. Lisboa. Portugal, 2011.

BERHE, Rishan Teklay; MARTINEZ, Javier; VERPLANKE, Jeroen. Adaptation and dissonance in quality of life: A case study in Mekelle, Ethiopia. Social Indicators Research, v. 118, p. 535-554, 2014. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-013-0448-y

BONATTO, Fernanda Sbaraini. Proposta de um modelo para avaliação de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social a partir da percepção de clientes finais. Dissertação de Mestrado. 2010. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/32018

BONATTO, Fernanda Sbaraini; MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes; FORMOSO, Carlos Torres. Avaliação de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social com base na hierarquia de valor percebido pelo usuário. Ambiente Construído, v. 11, p. 67-83, 2011. https://www.scielo.br/j/ac/a/XtyPV9mJ9DbHm6f5437YjtH/?format=html

BRASIL. Ministério das Cidades. (2004). Política nacional de mobilidade urbana sustentável. Princípios e diretrizes aprovadas, 2004.

BRITO, Juliana Nunes de Sá. Retroalimentação do processo de desenvolvimento de empreendimentos de habitação de interesse social a partir de reclamações de usuários: estudo no Programa de Arrendamento Residencial. Dissertação de Mestrado. 2009. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/21267

CARMONA, Matthew; SIEH, Louie. Measuring Quality in Planning: managing the performance process. Routledge, 2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203563311

CARR, Stephen et al. Needs in public space. In: Urban design reader. Routledge, 2007. p. 230-240. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283326819_Needs_in_Public_Space

CLARK, Noreen M. Understanding individual and collective capacity to enhance quality of life. Health education & behavior, v. 27, n. 6, p. 699-707, 2000. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/109019810002700606

COSTA, Sérgio. The neglected nexus between conviviality and inequality. Novos estudos CEBRAP, v. 38, p. 15-32, 2019. https://www.scielo.br/j/nec/a/zxmJqDDPDBVtmCXym3NMJMb/?lang=en

COSTANZA, Robert et al. Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological economics, v. 61, n. 2-3, p. 267-276, 2007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800906000966

CUMMINS, Robert A. Objective and subjective quality of life: An interactive model. Social indicators research, v. 52, p. 55-72, 2000. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007027822521

DAS, Daisy. Urban quality of life: A case study of Guwahati. Social indicators research, v. 88, p. 297-310, 2008. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-007-9191-6

DELSANTE, Ioanni; MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes. Urban growth, regeneration and social inclusion in Porto Alegre: the City Entrance Integrated Programme case study. UPLanD: Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, v. 2, n. 2, p. 239-254, 2017. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/32528/

DISSART, J.-C.; DELLER, Steven C. Quality of life in the planning literature. Journal of planning literature, v. 15, n. 1, p. 135-161, 2000. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08854120022092962

DREVLAND, Frode; LOHNE, Jardar; KLAKEGG, Ole Jonny. Defining An Ill-defined Concept–Nine Tenets On The Nature Of Value. NTNU Open. 2018. https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2557651

EVANS, David R. Enhancing quality of life in the population at large. Social indicators research, v. 33, p. 47-88, 1994. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01078958

FELCE, David; PERRY, Jonathan. Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in developmental disabilities, v. 16, n. 1, p. 51-74, 1995. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0891422294000288

FITZSIMMONS, James A.; FITZSIMMONS, Mona J. Service management: Operations, strategy, and information technology. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. 2004. https://industri.fatek.unpatti.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/272-Service-Management-Operations-Strategy-Information-Technology-James-A.-Fitzsimmons-Mona-J.-Fitzsimmons-Edisi-7-2010.pdf

FORMOSO, Carlos T.; MIRON, Luciana I. G. Understanding value generation in complex urban regeneration projects. Future Challenges in Evaluating and Managing Sustainable Development in the Built Environment, p. 231-251, 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119190691.ch14

FRIEDMANN, John. Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton University Press, 1987. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10crf8d

GEHL, Jan. Cidades para pessoas. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2013.

GILROY, Paul. Multiculture in times of war: an inaugural lecture given at the London School of Economics. Critical quarterly, 48(4), 27-45. 2006. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249381000_Multiculture_in_times_of_war_An_inaugural_lecture_given_at_the_London_School_of_Economics

GOINES, Lisa; HAGLER, Louis. Noise pollution: a modem plague. South Med J, v. 100, n. 3, p. 287-94, 2007. https://docs.wind-watch.org/Goines-Hagler-2007-Noise_pollution__a_modern_plague.pdf

GOMES, Maria Cristina Sousa; PINTO, Maria Luís Rocha; SANTOS, Gabriela Gomes dos. Quality of life: a reappraisal. International journal of sociology and social policy, v. 30, n. 9/10, p. 559-580, 2010. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01443331011072307/full/html

GRANJA, Ariovaldo Denis et al. A natureza do valor desejado na habitação social. Ambiente Construído, v. 9, n. 2, p. 87-103, 2009. https://seer.ufrgs.br/ambienteconstruido/article/view/7414

HENTSCHKE, Cynthia S. et al. A method for proposing valued-adding attributes in customized housing. Sustainability, v. 6, n. 12, p. 9244-9267, 2014. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/6/12/9244

HERNÁNDEZ AJA, Agustín. Calidad de vida y Medio Ambiente Urbano: indicadores locales de sostenibilidad y calidad de vida urbana. Revista invi, v. 24, n. 65, p. 79-111, 2009. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-83582009000100003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

HOLBROOK, Morris B. Introduction to consumer value. In: Consumer value. Routledge, 2002. p. 17-44.

HOLBROOK, Morris B. Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: An illustrative photographic essay. Journal of business research, v. 59, n. 6, p. 714-725, 2006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014829630600021X

JACOBS, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Modern Library (First published in 1961). 2011. https://books.google.com.br/books/about/The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American_Cit.html?id=2C1UAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

KOWALTOWSKI, Doris CCK et al. Quality of life and sustainability issues as seen by the population of low-income housing in the region of Campinas, Brazil. Habitat International, v. 30, n. 4, p. 1100-1114, 2006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019739750600021X

KOWALTOWSKI, DCCK et al. Métodos e instrumentos de avaliação de projetos destinados à habitação de interesse social. Qualidade ambiental na habitação: avaliação pós-ocupação. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos, p. 149-184, 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307479098_27_Metodos_e_instrumentos_de_avaliacao_de_projetos_destinados_a_habitacao_social

KUPIEC, Tomasz; WOJTOWICZ, Dominika. 'Quality of life' concept in Cohesion Policy evaluation in Poland, 2004–2020. Evaluation and Program Planning, v. 94, p. 102153, 2022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718922001070?casa_token=zmwW7oy3PhIAAAAA:OLz-cNN3ZhoI5EB4uZvhpHBAKuGJ0X6IY82xqVRIx0vblNSk3wbokRANCYDiZk_XjC5dTQZlAQ

MARQUES, Laura Marques de. Minha Casa Minha Vida: Análise da percepção de valor sobre as áreas comuns. Dissertação de Mestrado. 2015. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/122525

MATHWICK, Charla; MALHOTRA, Naresh K.; RIGDON, Edward. The effect of dynamic retail experiences on experiential perceptions of value: an Internet and catalog comparison. Journal of retailing, v. 78, n. 1, p. 51-60, 2002. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022435901000665

MATTSSON, Jan. Better Business by the ABC of Values. PhilPapers. 1991. https://philpapers.org/rec/MATBBB

MCASLAN, Devon et al. Measuring quality of life in border cities: The border observatory project in the US-Mexico border region. Community quality-of-life indicators: Best cases VI, p. 143-169, 2013. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6501-6_7

MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes. Gerenciamento dos requisitos dos clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social: proposta para o programa integrado entrada da cidade em Porto Alegre/RS. Tese de Doutorado. 2008. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/14376

MITTAL, Shilpi; CHADCHAN, Jayprakash; MISHRA, Sudipta K. Evaluation of QoL in cities of diverse neighbourhood typologies: A scientific study of New Delhi. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, v. 13, n. 2, p. 400-419, 2021. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19463146.2021.1927740

MONTEIRO, Deyvid Alex de Bitencourt. Proposta de um método para avaliação da percepção de valor em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social. Dissertação de Mestrado. 2015. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/115983

MONTEIRO, Deyvid Alex de Bitencourt. Proposta de um método para avaliação da qualidade de vida urbana e da sustentabilidade de bairros brasileiros. Tese de Doutorado. 2020. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/213162

MOURATIDIS, Kostas. Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities, v. 115, p. 103229, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275121001293

NAHAS, Maria Inês Pedrosa et al. Metodologia de construção do índice de qualidade de vida urbana dos municípios brasileiros (IQVU-BR). Anais, p. 1-20, 2016. https://www.ernestoamaral.com/docs/IndSoc/biblio/Nahas2006b.pdf

OLSON, Jerry C.; REYNOLDS, Thomas J. The means-end approach to understanding consumer decision making. Understanding consumer decision making: The means-end approach to marketing and advertising strategy, p. 3-20, 2001.

https://books.google.com.br/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=kjB5AgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=OLSON,+Jerry+C.%3B+REYNOLDS,+Thomas+J.+The+means-end+approach+to+understanding+consumer+decision+making.+Understanding+consumer+decision+making:+The+means-end+approach+to+marketing+and+advertising+strategy,+p.+3-20,+2001.&ots=XJF4Zfegt9&sig=-n1Mg0-r7KzGch-3s7-HNk3THBo#v=onepage&q&f=false

ORHAN, Ezgi; ZERRIN EZGI, Kahraman. Quality of Life in Regeneration Areas: Empirical Findings from the Akpinar Neighbourhood, Ankara, Turkey. 2017. http://earsiv.cankaya.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12416/2179/Orhan,%20Ezgi-Kahraman,%20Zerrin%20Ezgi.pdf?sequence=1

PÁRAMO, Pablo; BURBANO, Andrea; FERNÁNDEZ-LONDOÑO, Diana. Estructura de indicadores de habitabilidad del espacio público en ciudades latinoamericanas. Revista de Arquitectura (Bogotá), v. 18, n. 2, p. 6-26, 2016. https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/entities/publication/7729c05c-ab78-4b6e-b838-87e995c1985f

POTLUKA, Oto. Why and how to use the quality of life as an evaluation criterion?. Evaluation and program planning, v. 100, p. 102342, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149718923001192

ROGGE, Nicky; VAN NIJVERSEEL, Ilse. Quality of life in the European Union: A multidimensional analysis. Social Indicators Research, v. 141, n. 2, p. 765-789, 2019. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-018-1854-y

ROOKE, John et al. Lean knowledge management: The problem of value. 2010. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/25933/1/2010_Lean_knowledge_mgmnt_the_problem_of_value.pdf

SÁNCHEZ-FERNÁNDEZ, Raquel; INIESTA-BONILLO, M. Ángeles. The concept of perceived value: a systematic review of the research. Marketing theory, v. 7, n. 4, p. 427-451, 2007. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1470593107083165

SANTOS, Luis Delfim; MARTINS, Isabel. Monitoring urban quality of life: The Porto experience. Social Indicators Research, v. 80, p. 411-425, 2007. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-006-0002-2

SAWICKI, David S.; FLYNN, Patrice. Neighborhood indicators: A review of the literature and an assessment of conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of the American Planning Association, v. 62, n. 2, p. 165-183, 1996. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944369608975683

SERAG EL DIN, Hamam et al. Principles of urban quality of life for a neighborhood. HBRC journal, v. 9, n. 1, p. 86-92, 2013. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404813000084

SERDOURA, Francisco Manuel Camarinhas. As dimensões do espaço urbano público. Artitextos, n. 05, 2007. https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/1807/1/FAUTL_13_D_FSerdoura.pdf

SILVA, Michelle Nascimento da. Percepção de Valor dos Usuários Sobre o Território: estudo de caso no bairro cidade baixa em Porto Alegre - RS. Dissertação de Mestrado. 2014. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/109022

SIRGY, M. Joseph et al. The Quality-of-life (QOL) research movement: Past, present, and future. Social indicators research, v. 76, p. 343-466, 2006. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-005-2877-8

SWEENEY, Jillian C.; SOUTAR, Geoffrey N. Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of retailing, v. 77, n. 2, p. 203-220, 2001. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022435901000410

SZALAI, Alexander; ANDREWS, Frank M. (Ed.). The quality of life: Comparative studies. London: Sage, 1980. https://search.worldcat.org/pt/title/6813600

THOMSON, Derek S. et al. Managing value and quality in design. Building Research & Information, v. 31, n. 5, p. 334-345, 2003. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961321032000087981

VARGAS, Júlio Celso Borello; URIARTE, Ana Margarita Larranaga; CYBIS, Helena Beatriz Bettella. Explorando as viagens a pé: estrutura urbana e sensação de segurança. In: Anais do XXX Congresso de Pesquisa e Ensino em Transportes, ANPET. 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317095921_EXPLORANDO_AS_VIAGENS_A_PE_ESTRUTURA_URBANA_E_SENSACAO_DE_SEGURANCA

VASCONCELLOS, Eduardo Alcântara de; CARVALHO, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de; PEREIRA, Rafael Henrique Moraes. Transporte e mobilidade urbana. Texto para discussão, 2011. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/91298/1/661582272.pdf

WESZ, Josana Gabriele Bolzan. Urban Quality of Life: Multidimensional Evaluation in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Tese (Doutorado em Planejamento Urbano e Regional) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento Urbano e Regional, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 2021. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/236266

WESZ, Josana Gabriele Bolzan et al. Urban quality of life: A systematic literature review. Urban Science, v. 7, n. 2, p. 56, 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/7/2/56

WESZ, Josana Gabriele Bolzan; MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes. Qualidade de vida urbana: um conceito multidimensional. SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE QUALIDADE DE PROJETO DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO, v. 8, n. 1, 2023a. https://eventos.antac.org.br/index.php/sbqp/article/view/3290/3985

WESZ, Josana Gabriele Bolzan; MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes. AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE VIDA URBANA: PROPOSTA DE UMA ESTRUTURA CONCEITUAL. SIMPÓSIO NACIONAL DE GESTÃO E ENGENHARIA URBANA, v. 4, n. 00, 2023b. https://eventos.antac.org.br/index.php/singeurb/article/view/3509/4321

WILLIAMS, Paul; SOUTAR, Geoffrey N. Dimensions of customer value and the tourism experience: An exploratory study. In: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference. Queensland, Australia: Promaco Conventions Pty. Ltd., 2000. p. 1415-1421. https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/dimensions-of-customer-value-and-the-tourism-experience-an-explor

WOODRUFF, Robert B.; GARDIAL, Sarah. Know your customer: New approaches to understanding customer value and satisfaction. Wiley, 1996. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Know+Your+Customer%3A+New+Approaches+to+Understanding+Customer+Value+and+Satisfaction-p-9781557865533

ZINAS, Bako Zachariah; JUSAN, Mahmud Bin Mohd. Housing choice and preference: Theory and measurement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 49, p. 282-292, 2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812031229

Downloads

Published

2025-09-05

Issue

Vol. 20 No. 1 (2025): Edição Especial: Qualidade do Projeto & Número regular: 1o semestre de 2025

Section

Papers

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Dra. Josana Gabriele Bolzan Wesz, Dra. Luciana Inês Gomes Miron

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright Notice

Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the article simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY NC ND, which allows the sharing of article with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are authorized to take additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of version of the article published in this journal (e.g. publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their research work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase the impact and the citation of published article (See O Efeito do Acesso Livre).

How to Cite

WESZ, Josana Gabriele Bolzan; MIRON, Luciana Inês Gomes. Urban quality of life: a subjective approach. Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos (Design Management and Technology), São Carlos, v. 20, n. 1, p. 131–157, 2025. DOI: 10.11606/gtp.v20i1.224624. Disponível em: https://revistas.usp.br/gestaodeprojetos/article/view/224624. Acesso em: 8 feb. 2026.