Impact of hyperautomation on the human rights of digital migrants: impact of hyperautomation on the human rights of digital migrants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2965-7474.v2i1p3-26Keywords:
Digital privacy, Algorithmic bias, Digital divide, Digital inclusión, Right to non-discriminationAbstract
This paper examines how the impact of hyper-automation poses risks to the human rights of "digital migrants" as a vulnerable group. The main objective is to analyze how the integration of emerging technologies threatens privacy, non-discrimination, and digital inclusion. To achieve this purpose, a qualitative approach is employed, integrating literature review and the study of emblematic cases. Furthermore, the comparative method allows for an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by digital migrants as they are forcibly adapting to a changing technological environment. The analysis is conducted from a human rights perspective, highlighting the urgent need to update regulations and incorporate ethical principles on a global scale, actions that are essential to safeguard the fundamental rights of digital migrants considering the risks posed by hyper-automation. Ultimately, this paper provides reflections on the necessary balance between technological innovation and the protection of human rights.
Downloads
References
ACQUISTI, Alessandro; BRANDIMARTE, Laura; LOEWENSTEIN, George. Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science, v. 347, n. 6221, p. 509-514, January, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1465.
ADAM, Ibrahim O; ALHASSAN, Muftawu D. Bridging the global digital divide through digital inclusion: the role of ICT access and ICT use. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, v. 15, n. 4, p. 580-596, May, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-06-2020-0114.
BANCO DE DESARROLLO DE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE (CAF). CAF promueve la transformación digital en la región. 22 de nov. De 2022. Disponible en: https://www.caf.com/es/actualidad/noticias/2022/11/caf-presento-acciones-para-promover-la-transformacion-digital-en-la-region/. Consultado: 30 nov. 2023.
BAROCAS, Solon; SELBST, Andrew D. Big data’s disparate impact. California Law Review, v. 104, p. 671-732, June, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38BG31.
BORDA, Marta; GRISHCHENKO, Natalia; KOWALCZYK-RÓLCZYŃSKA, Patrycja. Impact of Digital Inequality on the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from European Union Countries. Sustainability, v. 14, n. 5, March, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052850.
BUOLAMWINI, Joy; GEBRU, Timnit. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. V. 81, p. 1–15. PMLR, 2018. Disponible en: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf. Consultado: 10 de nov. 2023.
CALISKAN, Aylin. Detecting and mitigating bias in natural language processing. Brookings. May 10, 2021. Disponible https://www.brookings.edu/articles/detecting-and-mitigating-bias-in-natural-language-processing/. Consultado: 30 de nov. 2023.
CHENG, Lu; VARSHNEY, Kush R.; LIU, Huan. Socially responsible ai algorithms: Issues, purposes, and challenges. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, v. 71, p. 1137-1181, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/12814/26713. Consultado: 20 oct. 2023.
CONSEJO DE EUROPA. Convenio 108 para la protección de las personas con respecto al tratamiento automatizado de datos de carácter personal, 1981. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/1680078b37. Consultado: 5 nov. 2023.
CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU (CFPB). CFPB Finds Credit Report Disputes Far More Common in Majority Black and Hispanic Neighborhoods. Washington, D.C., 2021. Disponible en: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-finds-credit-report-disputes-far-more-common-in-majority-black-and-hispanic-neighborhoods. Consultado: 16 nov. 2023.
CZAJA, Sara J. et al. Factors influencing use of an e-health website in a community sample of older adults. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, v. 20, n. 2, p. 277-284, July, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000876.
ESTADOS UNIDOS. Algorithmic Accountability Act. H.R. 5628, 118° Congress (2023-2024). Disponible en: https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/5628/text?s=1&r=1&q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22Algorithmic+Accountability+Act%2C%22%7D. Consultado: 10 dic. 2023.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Artificial Intelligence Act: deal on comprehensive rules for trustworthy AI. 9 de dic de 2023. Disponible en:
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intelligenceact-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai. Consultado: 15 dic. 2023.
CABELLO, Luz M. F. El público adulto mayor y las nuevas tecnologías. Revisión de la cobertura informativa en prensa digital de habla hispana durante el COVID-19. Tendencias Sociales. Revista de Sociología, v. 8, p. 133-143, 2022. https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/Tendencias/article/view/34263.
FOSCH-VILLARONGA, Eduard; POULSEN, Adam. Diversity and inclusion in artificial intelligence. Law and Artificial Intelligence: Regulating AI and Applying AI in Legal Practice, 109-134.
REYES, Carlos E. G. Alfabetización y alfabetización digital. Transdigital, v. 1, n. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.56162/transdigital15.
HARGITTAI, Eszter; DOBRANSKY, Kerry. Old Dogs, New Clicks: Digital Inequality in Skills and Uses among Older Adults. Canadian Journal of Communication, v. 42, p. 195-212, May, 2017. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n2a3176.
HUTCHINSON, Ben; MITCHELL, Margaret. 50 years of test (un)fairness: Lessons for machine learning. En: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. ACM. January, 2019, págs. 49-58.
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU). Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2021. Geneva, Switzerland, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2021.pdf. Consultado: 10 oct. 2023.
ISAAK, Jim; HANNA, Mina J. User Data Privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and Privacy Protection. Computer, v. 51, n. 8, p. 56-59, August 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.3191268.
JOBIN, Anna; IENCA, Marcello; VAYENA, Effy. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, v. 1, n. 9, p. 389-399, September, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2.
KELLEY, Stephanie et al. Antidiscrimination Laws, Artificial Intelligence, and Gender Bias: A Case Study in Nonmortgage Fintech Lending. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, v. 24, n. 6, p. 3039-3059, May, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1108.
ARELLANO, Israel T. L; SUÁREZ, Maria E. A. Normatividad y brecha digital durante la Pandemia por Covid-19 en la inclusión educativa para personas con discapacidad. En: ARELLANO, Israel (ed.). Investigación y pandemia. Impactos del COVID 19 en proyectos y programas de educación, inclusión y gestión cultural. Santiago de Chile: Ariadna ediciones, 2021, págs.9-27. Disponible en:
https://ariadnaediciones.cl/images/pdf/InvestigacionyPandemia.pdf#page=10.
LUTZ, Christoph et al. The Role of Privacy Concerns in the Sharing Economy. Information, Communication & Society, v. 24, n. 10, p. 1472-1492, June, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1339726.
MICROSOFT (s.f.). Tools and practices. Evaluate, understand, and make informed decisions about your AI systems. Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/responsible-ai-resources.
MONETARY AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE. Principles to promote fairness, ethics, accountability and transparency (FEAT) in the use of artificial intelligence and data analytics in Singapore’ financial sector. Singapore, 2018. Disponible en: https://www.mas.gov.sg/publications/monographs-or-information-paper/2018/FEAT. Consultado: 23 nov. 2023.
MORA-CHAVARRÍA, Jafet D; GONZÁLEZ-MATAMOROS, Rodolfo A. Inclusión digital de la persona adulta mayor: Una revisión documental. Revista Latinoamericana de Derechos Humanos, v. 33, n. 1, I Semestre, p. 211-234, 2022. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rldh.33-1.11.
NORORI, Natalia et al.. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns. v. 2, n. 10, October 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100347.
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICES. Report on Apple Card Investigation. New York, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.dfs.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2021/03/rpt_202103_apple_card_investigation. pdf. Consultado: 30 nov. 2023.
ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA COOPERACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICOS (OCDE). Cuarenta y dos países adoptan los Principios de la OCDE sobre Inteligencia Artificial. París, mayo 22 de 2019. Disponible en: https://www.oecd.org/espanol/noticias/cuarentaydospaisesadoptanlosprincipiosdelaocdesobreinteligenciaartificial.htm. Consultado: 12 nov. 2023.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE ESTADOS AMERICANOS. Convención interamericana sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, 2015. Disponible en: https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/tratados_multilaterales_interamericanos_A-70_derechos_human
os_personas_mayores_firmas.asp. Consultado: 15 nov. 2015.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS. Convención interamericana contra el racismo, la discriminación racial y formas conexas de intolerancia, 2013. Disponible en: http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/afrodescendientes_instrumentos_interamericanos_convencion_racis
mo.pdf. Consultado: 10 oct. 2023.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU). Convención internacional sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación racial, 1969. Disponible en: https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/cerd.aspx. Consultado: 5 oct. 2023.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU). Pacto internacional de derechos civiles y políticos. Asamblea General, resolución 2200 A (XXI), de 16 de diciembre de 1966. Disponible en: https://www.ohchr.org/es/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights. Consultado: 12 oct. 2023.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU). Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, 1948. Disponible en: https://www.un.org/es/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. Consultado: 12 oct. 2023.
PARLAMENTO EUROPEO. La protección de los datos personales. Fichas temáticas sobre la Unión Europea, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.europarl.europa.eu. Consultado: 20 oct. 2023.
PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y CONSEJO. Reglamento (UE) 2018/1725 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo relativo a la protección de las personas físicas en lo que respecta al tratamiento de datos personales por las instituciones, órganos y organismos de la Unión, y a la libre circulación de esos datos, y por el que se derogan el Reglamento (CE) n.o 45/2001 y la Decisión n.o 1247/2002/CE. Estrasburgo, 23 de octubre de 2018. Disponible en: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679. Consultado: 16 oct. 2023.
PRENSKY, Marc. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon, v. 9, n. 5, 2021, p. 1-6. http://shako720.pbworks.com/f/Digital+Natives-Digital+Immigrans.pdf.
RAGNEDDA, Massimo; MUSCHERT, Glenn. (eds.). Theorizing digital divides. New York: Routledge, 2018.
REISDORF, Bianca; RHINESMITH, Colin. Digital inclusion as a core component of social inclusion. Social Inclusion, v. 8, n. 2, p. 132-137, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.3184.
DASTIN, Jeffrey. Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.
REUTERS, 10 de octubre, 2018. Disponible en: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secretai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G. Consultado: 15 nov. 2023.
ROSA, Fernanda R. Inclusión digital como política pública: disputas en el campo de los derechos humanos. Sur - Revista internacional de derechos humanos, v. 18, p. 33-55, 2013.
TELFORD, Taylor. El algoritmo de Apple Card desata acusaciones de sesgo de género contra Goldman Sachs. Washington Post, 11 nov 2019. Disponible en: http://www.cs.williams.edu/~andrea/cs374/Articles/AppleCardWashingtonPost.pdf. Consultado: 30 oct. 2023.
UNESCO. Recomendación sobre la ética de la inteligencia artificial del 23 de noviembre de 2021. París, Francia, 2022. Disponible en: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137_spa. Consultado: 30 sep. 2023.
UNIÓN EUROPEA. Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo por el que se establecen normas armonizadas sobre inteligencia artificial (Ley de Inteligencia Artificial) y se modifican determinados actos legislativos de la Unión. Lugar, 21de abril 2021. Disponible en: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206. Consultado: 15 nov. 2023.
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON (s.f.). Responsible AI Systems and Experiences (RAISE). https://www.raise.uw.edu/DIJK, J. The digital divide. John Wiley & Sons, 2020.
VODANOVICH, Shahper; SUNDARAM, David; MYERS, Michael. Research Commentary— Digital Natives and Ubiquitous Information Systems. Information Systems Research, v. 21, n. 4, p. 711-723, December, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1100.0324.
WARSCHAUER, Mark. Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge, Massachusetts-London, England: MIT Press, 2003.
WHITE, David; LE CORNU, Alison. Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, v. 16, n. 9, September, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i9.3171.
XIE, Bo et al. Understanding and changing older adults' perceptions and learning of social media. Educational Gerontology, v. 38, n. 4, p. 282-296, January, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2010.544580.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Interface Communication Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.