Radiopharmaceuticals and applications

Abstract

Radiopharmaceuticals are substances without pharmacological activity that are used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnosis and therapy for several diseases. Diagnosis radiopharmaceuticals generally emit gamma radiation or positrons (beta+), because their decay originates penetrating electromagnetic radiation that can cross the tissues and be externally detected. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals must include in their composition ionized particles emission nucleus (;a, b;- or Auger electrons), since their action is based in selective tissue destruction. There are two main methods for image acquisition: SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography) that uses g emission radionuclides (99mTc, 123I, 67Ga, 201Tl) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) that uses positron emission radionuclides like 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F. Radiopharmaceuticals can be classified into perfusion radiopharmaceuticals (first generation) or specific radiopharmaceuticals (second generation). Perfusion radiopharmaceuticals are transported in the blood e reach the target organ in the direct proportion of the blood stream. Specific radiopharmaceuticals contain a biologically active molecule that binds to cellular receptors that must remain biospecific after binding to the radiopharmaceutical. For this type of radiopharmaceuticals, tissue or organ uptake is determined by the biomolecule capacity of recognizing receptors in those biological structures. Radiopharmaceuticals are produced ready to use, in cold kits or in autologal preparations. According to the preparation type there is a different quality control procedure. Most of the radiopharmaceuticals used nowadays are of the perfusion type. Research focus in the development of specific radiopharmaceuticals that can provide information, at the molecular level, of biochemical alterations associated to different pathologies.