Determination of urinary phenol by gas chromatography in workers using phenolic resins in foundries

Abstract

Phenol is used as an industrial chemical, disinfectant agent, in the preparation of phenolic resins and paint pigments. When in solid state, it shows a light pink color, ocre odor, and is hygroscopic. In acute occupational exposure, the compound can produce erythemic injuries and burn sensation and, chronically, affect the cellular maturation of bone marrow due the free quinones and 1,4-benzoquinone, deriving from hepatic metabolism of the hydroquinone by P450 isozyme (CYP2E1). The biological monitoring is important in occupational exposure situations. So, urinary phenol, considered the biological indicator of phenol exposure has to be determined. The aim of this work was to validate a method for urinary phenol quantification, using liquid-liquid extraction. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was used in this method. The analytical procedure showed linearity in the dynamic range of the assay from 5 - 200 µg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were: 2.0 and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively. Intra-assay precision coefficient was between 4.5 - 8.9% and the inter-assay precision coefficient was between 5.7 - 14.2%. The accuracy coefficient was between 6.2 - 11.9%. Recovery values were higher than 87%. The coefficient of correlation was 0.999. The method is simple, rapid and efficient. Urine samples from workers exposed to phenolic resins were analyzed to show the method application in biological monitoring.