Entrepreneurial intention: the role ofpsychological factors and cognitiveprocess in entrepreneurship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/rege-02-2024-0013Keywords:
Self-efficacy, Motivation, Risk propensity, Decision-making, Problem-solving, Cognitive processesAbstract
PurposeThis study pioneers examining the relationships between psychological factors, cognitive processes and entrepreneurial mindset to enhance an understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to successful entrepreneurship.
Design/methodology/approachAmos software applied a quantitative approach to analyze the fit indices for the hypothesized model, while SPSS conducted descriptive and factor analysis. Eventually, the primary survey technique was performed with quantitative research, collecting 413 numerical data through a structured, closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire delivered to the target respondents.
FindingsResults have shown that data analysis verifies the positive relationships between psychological factors and the entrepreneurial mindset (hypothesis H1) and cognitive processes and the entrepreneurial mindset (hypothesis H2). These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms underpinning the entrepreneurial mindset and have implications for entrepreneurship development and support initiatives. The study findings also underscore the importance of understanding the covariance between psychology and cognition in the context of the entrepreneurial mindset – a complex and engaging aspect of the research that is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship.
Research limitations/implicationsIt is important to note that the measuring tools used to evaluate these characteristics may have issues with common technique biases, self-report biases or limitations in fully reflecting their complexity. Awareness of these potential challenges is crucial for future research in this area.
Originality/valueThis study's findings have significant practical implications for entrepreneurship training, education and policy-making initiatives. Their practicality will equip the reader with the necessary knowledge to succeed in entrepreneurship.
Downloads
References
Abdali, S., Hourani, M., Abuerrub, A., & Shambour, Q. (2013). Toward a conceptual framework for integrating enterprises performance and risk management. Journal of Management Research, 5(4), 145. doi: 10.5296/jmr.v5i4.4395.
Adu, J., Owusu, M. F., Martin-Yeboah, E., Pino Gavidia, L. A., & Gyamfi, S. (2022). A discussion of some controversies in mixed methods research for emerging researchers. Methodological Innovations, 15(3), 321–330. doi: 10.1177/20597991221123398.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t.
Akhtar, S., Hongyuan, T., Iqbal, S., & Ankomah, F. Y. N. (2020). Impact of need for achievement on entrepreneurial intentions; mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 10(1), 114–121. doi: 10.18488/journal.1006.2020.101.114.121.
Allen, J. S., Stevenson, R. M., O’Boyle, E. H., & Seibert, S. (2021). What matters more for entrepreneurship success? A meta-analysis comparing general mental ability and emotional intelligence in entrepreneurial settings. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(3), 352–376. doi: 10.1002/sej.1377.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 123–167.
Anjum, T., Farrukh, M., Heidler, P., & Tautiva, J. A. D. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention: Creativity, entrepreneurship, and university support. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 1–13. doi: 10.3390/joitmc7010011.
Antoncic, J. A., Antoncic, B., Gantar, M., Hisrich, R. D., Marks, L. J., Bachkirov, A. A., … Kakkonen, M. L. (2018). Risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurship: The role of power distance. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 26(01), 1–26. doi: 10.1142/s0218495818500012.
António Porfírio, J., Augusto Felício, J., Carrilho, T., & Jardim, J. (2023). Promoting entrepreneurial intentions from adolescence: The influence of entrepreneurial culture and education. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113521. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113521.
As̊tebro, T., Herz, H., Nanda, R., & Weber, R. A. (2014). Seeking the roots of entrepreneurship: Insights from behavioral economics. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 49–69. doi: 10.1257/jep.28.3.49.
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3.
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13(2), 158–166. doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158.
Baoshan, G., Wang, K., & Dong, B. (2009). An empirical study on the relationship between entrepreneur’s traits and entrepreneurial success. Proceedings – 2009 IITA International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, CASE 2009. (pp. 261–265). doi: 10.1109/CASE.2009.76.
Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Brío-González, J. del. (2022). The entrepreneurial intention of university students: An environmental perspective. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(2), 100184. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100184.
Baron, R. A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic ‘why’ questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221–239. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00008-9.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 222–230. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.007.
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511–532. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2009.40633190.
Chang, J. C., Wu, Y. T., & Ye, J. N. (2022). A study of graduate students’ achievement motivation, active learning, and active confidence based on relevant research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 915770. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915770.
Chatterjee, N., & Das, N. (2015). Key psychological factors as predictors of entrepreneurial success: A conceptual framework. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 21(1), 105–117.
Cheah, J. H., Memon, M. A., Richard, J. E., Ting, H., & Cham, T. H. (2020). CB-SEM latent interaction: Unconstrained and orthogonalized approaches. Australasian Marketing Journal, 28(4), 218–234. doi: 10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.04.005.
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3.
Christmann, A., & Van Aelst, S. (2006). Robust estimation of Cronbach’s alpha. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 97(7), 1660–1674. doi: 10.1016/j.jmva.2005.05.012.
Chye Koh, H. (1996). Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 12–25. doi: 10.1108/02683949610113566.
Conne, D., Ronchetti, E., & Victoria-Feser, M. P. (2010). Goodness of fit for generalized linear latent variables models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(491), 1126–1134. doi: 10.1198/jasa.2010.tm09160.
Davis, M. H., Hall, J. A., & Mayer, P. S. (2016). Developing a new measure of entrepreneurial mindset: Reliability, validity, and implications for practitioners. Consulting Psychology Journal, 68(1), 21–48. doi: 10.1037/cpb0000045.
Deliana, M. (2023). Self-Efficacy as A Factor of entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 5(4), 2573–2580. doi: 10.34007/jehss.v5i4.1758.
Duong, C. D., Ha, N. T., Le, T. L., Nguyen, T. L. P., Nguyen, T. H. T., & Pham, T. V. (2022). Moderating effects of Covid-19-related psychological distress on the cognitive process of entrepreneurship among higher education students in Vietnam. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning, 12(5), 944–962. doi: 10.1108/HESWBL-01-2022-0006.
El-Awad, Z. E. (2018). Dysfunctional diversity: Entrepreneurial learning in cognitively heterogeneous teams. Academy of Management Proceedings. Vol. 2018(1), 13127. doi: 10.5465/ambpp.2018.13127abstract.
Engle, R. L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J. V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., … Wolff, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen’s model of planned behavior. Team Performance Management, 16(1-2), 35–57. doi: 10.1108/13552551011020063.
Facer, D. C., Galloway, F., Inoue, N., & Zigarmi, D. (2014). Creation and initial validation of the motivation beliefs inventory measuring leaders’ beliefs about employee motivation using four motivation theories. Journal of Business Administration Research, 3(1). doi: 10.5430/jbar.v3n1p1.
Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between east and west Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37–63. doi: 10.2307/256630.
Fuller, B., Liu, Y., Bajaba, S., Marler, L. E., & Pratt, J. (2018). Examining how the personality, self-efficacy, and anticipatory cognitions of potential entrepreneurs shape their entrepreneurial intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 120–125. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.005.
García-Rodríguez, F. J., Gil-Soto, E., Ruiz-Rosa, I., & Gutiérrez-Taño, D. (2017). Entrepreneurial process in peripheral regions: The role of motivation and culture. European Planning Studies, 25(11), 2037–2056. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2016.1262827.
Gerwin, D., & Tuggle, F. D. (1978). Modeling organizational decisions using the human problem solving paradigm. Academy of Management Review, 3(4), 762. doi: 10.2307/257931.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. (2010). Factor analysis: Confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Data Analysis7th, 599–606.
Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M. L. D. S., & Patel, V. K. (2014). Amos CB-SEM: Guidelines on its application as marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing – BJM, 13(2), 43–55.
Hair, J.F. Jr, Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107. doi: 10.1504/ijmda.2017.10008574.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling, 1–29. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1.
Handayati, P., Wulandari, D., Soetjipto, B. E., Wibowo, A., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Does entrepreneurship education promote vocational students’ entrepreneurial mindset?. Heliyon, 6(11), e05426. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05426.
Hayton, J. C., & Cholakova, M. (2012). The role of affect in the creation and intentional pursuit of entrepreneurial ideas. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(1), 41–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00458.x.
Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66–67. doi: 10.1136/eb-2015-102129.
Heppner, P. P., & Petersen, C. H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(1), 66–75. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.29.1.66.
Herdjiono, I., Puspa, Y. H., Maulany, G., & Aldy, B. E. (2017). The factors affecting entrepreneurship intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 5(2), 5–15. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v5i2.55.
Hoang, G., Le, T. T. T., Tran, A. K. T., & Du, T. (2021). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Vietnam: The mediating roles of self-efficacy and learning orientation. Education and Training, 63(1), 115–133. doi: 10.1108/ET-05-2020-0142.
Horide, I. (2003). Emotion and bounded rationality in entrepreneurial decision making: An interdisciplinary approach. SSRN Electronic Journal, 11(1). doi: 10.2139/ssrn.428980.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118.
Ilevbare, F. M., Ilevbare, O. E., Adelowo, C. M., & Oshorenua, F. P. (2022). Social support and risk-taking propensity as predictors of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 16(2), 90–107. doi: 10.1108/apjie-02-2022-0010.
Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Bajun, F., Tufail, M. S., Mirza, F., & Rafiq, M. (2021). Impact of entrepreneurial education, mindset, and creativity on entrepreneurial intention: Mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 724440. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724440.
Kickul, J. and Lyons, T. S. (2016), Understanding social entrepreneurship, understanding social entrepreneurship. doi: 10.4324/9781315695976.
Kline, R. B., & Kenny, D. A. (2005). Measurement models and confirmatory factor analysis. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 165–208.
Klusmann, C. D., Spieth, P., & Klein, S. (2021). When opportunity knocks: How the individual opportunity nexus explains evaluations of new business models. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 13(4), 319–345. doi: 10.1504/IJEV.2021.117922.
Kolb, B. M. (2021). Developing a hypothesis and research question. Absolute Essentials of Marketing Research, 15–26. doi: 10.4324/9781003165194-3.
Kowang, T. O., Apandi, S. Z. B. A., Hee, O. C., Fei, G. C., Saadon, M. S. I., & Othman, M. R. (2021). Undergraduates entrepreneurial intention: Holistic determinants matter. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 57–64. doi: 10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20733.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411–432. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.
Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021). Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 57(4), 1681–1691. doi: 10.1007/s11187-020-00372-6.
Lehner, O. M., & Kaniskas, J. (2012). Opportunity recognition in social entrepreneurship: A thematic meta analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 21(1), 25–58. doi: 10.1177/097135571102100102.
Lin, M. L., Yu, T. K., & Sadat, A. M. (2022). The psychological motivations to social innovation and transmitting role of social worth. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 850783. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.850783.
Lynch, M. P., & Corbett, A. C. (2023). Entrepreneurial mindset shift and the role of cycles of learning. Journal of Small Business Management, 61(1), 80–101. doi: 10.1080/00472778.2021.1924381.
Mahfud, T., Triyono, M. B., Sudira, P., & Mulyani, Y. (2020). The influence of social capital and entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: The mediating role of psychological capital. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(1), 33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.005.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. doi: 10.1037/14359-000.
McNeish, D. (2017). Exploratory factor analysis with small samples and missing data. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(6), 637–652. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1252382.
Mia, M. M., Majri, Y., & Abdul Rahman, I. K. (2019a). Covariance based-structural equation modeling(CB-SEM) using AMOS in management research. Journal of Business and Management, 21(1), 56–61.
Mia, M. M., Majri, Y., & Rahman, I. K. A. (2019b). The impact of soft TQM practices on organizational enactment: A mediating role of OHSAS18001 standard. International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 4(1), 1–11. doi: 10.33094/7.2017.2019.41.1.11.
Mia, M. M., Rizwan, S., Zayed, N. M., Nitsenko, V., Miroshnyk, O., Kryshtal, H., & Ostapenko, R. (2022). The impact of green entrepreneurship on social change and factors influencing AMO theory. Systems, 10(5), 132. doi: 10.3390/systems10050132.
Mia, M. M., Zayed, N. M., Islam, K. M. A., Nitsenko, V., Matusevych, T., & Mordous, I. (2022). The strategy of factors influencing learning satisfaction explored by first and second-order structural equation modeling (SEM). Inventions, 7(3), 59. doi: 10.3390/inventions7030059.
Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L. W., Bird, B., Marie Gaglio, C., McMullen, J. S., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(1), 1–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00161.x.
Mobaraki, M. H. (2012). Designing pattern of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention. Information Management and Business Review, 4(8), 428–433. doi: 10.22610/imbr.v4i8.997.
Mohajan, H. K. (2020). Quantitative research: A successful investigation in natural and social sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(4). doi: 10.26458/jedep.v9i4.679.
Moore, C. F. (1986). Understanding entrepreneurial behavior: A definition and model. Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1986, pp. 66–70). doi: 10.5465/ambpp.1986.4978712.
Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 2. doi: 10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x.
Nowiński, W., & Haddoud, M. Y. (2019). The role of inspiring role models in enhancing entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 96, 183–193. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.005.
Pérez-Fernández, H., Delgado-García, J. B., Martín-Cruz, N., & Rodríguez-Escudero, A. I. (2022). The role of affect in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 12(2). doi: 10.1515/erj-2019-0124.
Pérez-Macías, N., Fernández-Fernández, J. L., & Vieites, A. R. (2022). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: A review of literature on factors with influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 52–114. doi: 10.1007/s10843-021-00289-5.
Petscher, Y., Schatschneider, C., & Compton, D. L. (2013). Applied quantitative analysis in education and the social sciences. Applied Quantitative Analysis in Education and the Social Sciences, 1–376. doi: 10.4324/9780203108550.
Rahmi, V. A., Handayati, P. H., Djatmika, E. T., & Ismanto, H. I. (2022). The role of women’s entrepreneurial motivation in mediating the relationship between entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurial intentions in the rural. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 6(1), 1–10. doi: 10.23887/ijssb.v6i1.42690.
Ronchi, S. (2018). Research hypotheses. The Internet and the Customer-Supplier Relationship, 113–119. doi: 10.4324/9781315197913-6.
Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R., & Venkataraman, S. (2010). Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. (pp. 77–96). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_4.
Schjoedt, L., & Craig, J. B. (2017). Development and validation of a unidimensional domain-specific entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 23(1), 98–113. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-11-2015-0251.
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291–332. doi: 10.1111/etap.12087.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279. doi: 10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2.
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749–752.
Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, A., & Dillon, W. R. (2005). A simulation study to investigate the use of cutoff values for assessing model fit in covariance structure models. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 935–943. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.10.007.
Simon, H. A. (1997). Empirically grounded economic reason, models of bounded rationality. (Vol. 3). Empiric.
Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management Review, 17(1), 9–38. doi: 10.5465/amr.1992.4279564.
Stewart, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 145–153. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.145.
Sun, J., Shi, J., & Zhang, J. (2023). From entrepreneurship education to entrepreneurial intention: Mindset, motivation, and prior exposure. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 954118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.954118.
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, 1, 59–60. doi: 10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787.
Tsordia, C., & Papadimitriou, D. (2015). The role of theory of planned behavior on entrepreneurial intention of Greek business students. International Journal of Synergy and Research, 4(1), 23. doi: 10.17951/ijsr.2015.4.1.23.
Wardana, L. W., Narmaditya, B. S., Wibowo, A., Mahendra, A. M., Wibowo, N. A., Harwida, G., & Rohman, A. N. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education and students’ entrepreneurial mindset: The mediating role of attitude and self-efficacy. Heliyon, 6(9), e04922. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04922.
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. doi: 10.1177/0095798418771807.
Wei, Z. R. (2014). Application of structural equation model and AMOS software. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 687(691), 1577–1579. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.687-691.1577.
Wu, L., & Li, J. (2011). Perceived value of entrepreneurship: A study of the cognitive process of entrepreneurial career decision. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 134–146. doi: 10.1108/17561391111144564.
Zhang, M. F., Dawson, J. F., & Kline, R. B. (2021). Evaluating the use of covariance-based structural equation modelling with reflective measurement in organizational and management research: A review and recommendations for best practice. British Journal of Management, 32(2), 257–272. doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.12415.
Zhao, H., Hills, G. E., & Seibert, S. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-Efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82–91. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1016.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mamun Mia, Mohammad Abdur Rahman, Sayed Farrukh Ahmed, Mohammed Masum Iqba, Md. Sabur Khan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.