Areas of endemism: do species live anywhere, where they can, or where they historically evolved and speciated?

Abstract

. Areas of endemism are coincidences between species ranges and hypotheses of common restriction events for part of a biota. Several historical processes can be the causes of this restriction, such as orogenetic events, climatic fluctuation, changes in vegetation physiognomies, or the appearing of any geographic barrier. To objectively delimitate an area of endemism, one needs numerical analyses instead of simply relying on congruences in distribution ranges. As historical hypothesis, the phylogenetic relationship between the endemic species in question, the geographical evidence, and the identification of transition zones must also be taken into account. Although these areas are important for biogeographical regionalization and conservation plans, they have been poorly studied, and we still face the increasing necessity for a more interdisciplinary approach in Biogeography