Exercise testing and autonomic modulation: effects in different running modesRunning title: Effects on exercise testing in different running modes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2025.220543Keywords:
Cardiorespiratory fitness, Autonomic function, Heart rate variabilityAbstract
Introduction: The Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) is an important tool for the analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness and also for the assessment of autonomic function. This study aims to verify the effects of using treadmill support during CPET on autonomic modulation in young adults. Materials and methods: male (n=18; 21.38 ± 2.35) and female (n=17; 21.17 ± 3.37) university students were recruited to perform two CPET's on non- consecutive. First, the subjects performed the CPET holding the treadmill support (T1) and, after seven days, they returned for the same test, but without holding the treadmill (T2). During testing, subjects were using a gas analyzer for metabolic responses (K5), COSMED) and a cardiac monitor to record the RR (autonomic function) interval of heartbeats (V800, Polar). Results: when using the two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures, it was found that the metabolic and cardiovascular responses were superior, especially in the initial stages (2, 3 and 4), when the test was performed by holding the treadmill. When the domains of time and frequency of HRV were observed, disregarding the stages, it was possible to verify differences between T1 and T2, especially for males. When determining the association between VO2 and HRV variables in each stage of CPET, it was found particularly for males that the increase in load in the initial stages (one to three) implied an increase in the modulation of domain variables of time and not lien when the subject performed the test holding the bar during the test. For women, no associations were identified for either holding or not holding the treadmill in CPET. Conclusion: The act of holding the treadmill's front bar during CPET implies a lower metabolic response in the stages that precede the ventilatory threshold, for most variables. Likewise, HRV undergoes significant changes when held on the treadmill, particularly in the early stages, particularly for men.
Downloads
References
Guazzi M, Arena R, Halle M, et al. 2016 Focused Update: Clinical Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Data Assessment in Specific Patient Populations. Circulation (AHA). 2016:e694-e711. doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000406
Guazzi M, Bandera F, Ozemek C, et al. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: What Is its Value?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017;70(13):1618-1636. doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.012
Oliveira GM, Marques AH, Fonseca VF, et al. Handrail support interference in cardiac autonomic modulation adjustments in young adults during maximal exercise testing. Scientific Reports. 2020. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68155-3
Shiraishi Y, Katsumata Y, Sadahiro T, et al. Real-Time Analysis of the Heart Rate Variability During Incremental Exercise for the Detection of the Ventilatory Threshold. American Heart Association. 2018. doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006612
Koenig J, Thayer JF. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016;64:288-310. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007
Aeschbacher S, Bossard M, Repilado FJR, et al. Healthy lifestyle and heart rate variability in young adults. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016;23(10):1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487315623708
Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. Circulation (AHA). 1996;93(5):1043-1065. doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
Mortara A, Tavazzi L. Prognostic implications of autonomic nervous system analysis in chronic heart failure: role of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 1996;23:265-275
Sin PYW, Webber MR, Galletly DC, et al. Interactions between heart rate variability and pulmonary gas exchange efficiency in humans. Experimental Physiology. 2010;95:788-797. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2010.052910
Taralov ZZ, Terziyski KV, Kostianev SS. Heart rate variability as a method for assessment of the autonomic nervous system and the adaptations to different physiological and pathological conditions. Folia Medica. 2015;57(3,4):173-180. https://doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2015-0036
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation (AHA). 2001;104(14):1694-740. doi.org/10.1161/hc3901.095960
Crawford, S.M. Anthropometry. In: docherty, D. Measurement in pediatric exercise science. Human kinetics. 1996;18-86.
Zhu SK, Wang Z, Heshka S, et al. Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:743–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.4.743
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [TFESC; NASPE]. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-65.
American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th Edition, Ed. Wolters Kluwer Health. 2017.
Tran D. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1735:285-295. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_18.
IJmker T, Lamoth CJ, Houdijk H, et al. Effects of handrail hold and light touch on energetics, step parameters, and neuromuscular activity during walking after stroke.J neuroeng rehabil. 2015;12(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-015-0051-3
Ragg, K.E., Murray, T.F., Karbonit, L.M., & Jump, D. A. Errors in predicting functional capacity from a treadmill exercise stress test. American Heart Journal. 1980;100(4):581-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(80)90676-6
Zeimetz, G., McNeill, J., Hall, J., & Moss, R. Quantifiable changes in oxygen uptake, heart rate, and time to target heart rate when hand support is allowed during treadmill exercise. Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation. 1985;5(11):525-529.
Duvillard, S.P.V., & Pivirotto, J.M. The effect of front handrail and non-handrail support on treadmill exercise in healthy women. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 1991;11(3):164-168
Howley, E.T., Colacino, D.L., & Swensen, T.C. Factors affecting the oxygen cost of stepping on an electronic stepping ergometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992;24(9):1055-1058
Christman K., S., Fish, A.F., Bernhard, L., Frid, D. J., Smith, B. A., & Mitchell, L. Continuous handrail support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in women during submaximal step treadmill exercise. Research in Nursing & Health. 2000;23(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(200002)23:1<35::AID-NUR5>3.0.CO;2-I
Berling J, Foster C, Gibson M, Doberstein S, Porcari J. The effect of handrail support on oxygen uptake during steady-state treadmill exercise. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006;26(6):391-4. doi: 10.1097/00008483-200611000-00009.
Meneghelo RS, Araújo CGS, Stein R, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergométrico. Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 95(5 supl.1): 1-26
White DW, Raven PB. Autonomic neural control of heart rate during dynamic exercise: revisited. J Physiol. 2014.592(12):2491-500. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271858.
Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM Oam. Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review. Front Physiol. 2017. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00301.
Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL, Peterson JC. Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart rate variability spectral analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991(3):1136-42. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1136.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriel Couto Correa, Gustavo Schick, Clalsen Nathan Santos Neubauer, Matheus Souza Fontanelli, Luciano Rogério Guiraldelli, Renata Labronici Bertin, Anderson Zampier Ulbrich
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
