Recreational drones and the mobility of the tourist Gaze
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v37pe026003Keywords:
Drones, Tourism mobilities, Tourist gaze, Performances, LandscapesAbstract
Civilian drones are relatively recent technological devices within the field of Tourism. Mini drones (weighing up to 250g), equipped with high-quality cameras for photography and video, are specifically designed for social media use. Despite these emerging phenomena, few studies in Brazil have combined the investigation of drones with the tourist gaze theory and the lens of mobilities. This paper aims to reflect on the mobility embedded in the tourist gaze theory in light of the emergence of recreational drones. This is a theoretical essay that selectively engages with the literature, focusing primarily on scholarly articles from the anglophone world in tourism and related fields. The narrative path explores the development of the mobilities paradigm and its contributions to tourism studies. It then traces the emergence and consolidation of the tourist gaze theory. Additionally, it situates the rise of recreational drones within the broader context of the spectacularization of landscapes and the “performativization” of tourist practices. The paper proceeds to offer a provisional synthesis, anticipating the impact of drone imagery on the visuality, meaning-making, and territorialization of tourism. Finally, it acknowledges the study’s limitations, given the scope and current stage of the research, and suggests new directions for future studies involving drone technology.
Downloads
References
Adey, P. (2010). Mobility. Routledge.
Aldrigue, N. S. (2018). O turismo para a comunicação ou a comunicação para o turismo? Quem consome quem? Cenário: Revista Interdisciplinar em Turismo e Território, 6(10), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.26512/revistacenario.v6i10.18761
Allis, T., Moraes, C. M., & Sheller, M. (2020). Revisitando as mobilidades turísticas. Turismo em Análise, 31(2), 271–295. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v31i2p271-295
Allis, T., Moraes, C., & Catalano, B. (2023). Apresentação. In T. Allis, C. Moraes & B. Catalano (Orgs.), Mobilidades turísticas: debates e estudos contemporâneos (pp. 1–3). Edições EACH-USP.
Canavan, B. (2020). Let’s Get This Show on the Road! Introducing the Tourist Celebrity Gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 82, 102898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102898
Chen, X., Li, G., Yang, L., Nie, Q., Ye, X., Liang, Y., & Xu, T. (2020). Profiling Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography Tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(14), 1705–1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1653832
Chimenti, S., & Tavares, A. M. (2020). Roteiro turístico: é assim que se faz. Senac-SP.
Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2012). Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.009
Cosgrove, D. (2008). Geography and Vision: Seeing, Imagining and Representing the World. I. B. Tauris.
Cresswell, T. (2010). Towards a Politics of Mobility. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1068/d11407
Cwerner, S., Kesserling, S., & Urry, J. (2009). Aeromobilities. Routledge.
Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo – DECEA. (2025). Portal Drone UAS. https://www.decea.mil.br/drone/
Diego, C. [@chrdiego_16]. (2025, 10 de abril). Algumas vistas me fazem lembrar por que amo tanto esse lugar! Cidade que pulsa, vista que acalma [Foto]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/DISF3mByNNE/
DJI. (2025). Drones com camera. DJI. https://www.dji.com/br/camera-drones?site=brandsite&from=nav
Doering, A., & Duncan, T. (2016). Mobilities for Tourism Studies and “Beyond”: A Polemic. Tourism Analysis, 21(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354216X14537459508856
Edensor, T. (2018). The More-than-visual Experiences of Tourism. Tourism Geographies, 20(5), 913–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1477172
Elliott, A., & Urry, J. (2010). Mobile Lives. Routledge.
Freire-Medeiros, B., Telles, V. S., & Allis, T. (2018). Apresentação: por uma teoria social on the move. Tempo Social, 30(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2018.142654
Freire-Medeiros, B., & Pinho, P. S. (2016). Teorizações indisciplinadas: (i)mobilidade como metáfora, conceito e método – Entrevista com Mimi Sheller. Plural, 23(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-8099.pcso.2016.125104
Gale, T. (2009). Urban Beaches, Virtual Worlds, and ‘The End of Tourism’. Mobilities, 4(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100802657996
Garrett, B., & Anderson, K. (2018). Drone Methodologies: Taking Flight in Human and Physical Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 43(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12232
Gastal, S. (2005). Turismo, imagens e imaginários. Aleph.
Gastal, S. (2013). Imagem, paisagem e turismo: a construção do olhar romântico. Pasos, 11(3), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.044
Gomes, P. C. C. (2013). O lugar do olhar: elementos para uma geografia da visibilidade. Bertrand Brasil.
Hannam, K., Butler, G., & Paris, C. M. (2014). Developments and Key Issues in Tourism Mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.09.010
Hannam, K., Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). Editorial: Mobilities, Immobilities, and Moorings. Mobilities, 1(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100500489189
Hannam, K., & Paris, C. M. (2016). Mobilities. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism (pp. 616–617). Springer.
Hildebrand, J. M. (2020). Drone-topia as Method. Mobilities, 15(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17450101.2019.1663079
Hildebrand, J. M. (2024). The Tourist Drone: Commercial Visions and Practical Considerations. In E. Serafinelli (Ed.), Drones in Society: New Visual Aesthetics (pp. 161–173). Palgrave Macmillan.
Jablonowski, M. (2017). Dronie Citizenship? In A. Kuntsman (Ed.), Selfie Citizenship (pp. 97–106). Palgrave Macmillan.
Jablonowski, M. (2020). Beyond Drone Vision: The Embodied Telepresence of First-person-view Drone Flight. The Senses and Society, 15(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458927.2020.1814571
Jiang, Y., & Lyu, C. (2024). Sky-high Concerns: Examining the Influence of Drones on Destination Experience. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(4), 911–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2094582
Kaufmann, V., Bergman, M. M., & Joye, D. (2004). Motility: Mobility as Capital. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(4), 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00549.x
Kunz, J. G. (2021). Paisagens e turismo na-da Lagoa Mirim (Brasil/Uruguai): complexus de práticas e significados [Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]. Repositório Digital Lume UFRGS. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/221652
Kunz, J. G. (2023). Revisitando performances como oportunidades para o estudo das mobilidades turísticas. Rosa dos Ventos – Turismo e Hospitalidade, 15(4), 1085–1104. https://doi.org/10.18226/21789061.v15i4p1085
Kunz, J. G. (2024). O olhar turístico drone: investigando paisagens e autorrepresentação. Turismo: Visão e Ação, 26, e19969. https://doi.org/10.14210/tva.v26.19969
Kunz, J. G., Castrogiovanni, A. C., & Pimentel, M. R. (2022). Paisagens no Turismo: entre os paradigmas do olhar e da performance. Geografia, 31(1), 9–29. https://doi.org/10.5433/2447-1747.2022v31n1p9
Larsen, J. (2014). The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism (pp. 304–313). Wiley Blackwell.
Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2011). Gazing and Performing. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(6), 1110–1125. https://doi.org/10.1068/d21410
Lévy, J. (2001). Os novos espaços da mobilidade. GEOgraphia, 3(6), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.22409/GEOGraphia2001.v3i6.a13407
Lipovetsky, G., & Serroy, J. (2015). A estetização do mundo: viver na era do capitalismo artista (E. Brandão, Trad.). Companhia das Letras.
MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist Agency. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100102
MacCannell, D. (2011). The Ethics of Sightseeing. University of California Press.
Mertena, I., Kaaristo, M., & Edensor, T. (2022). Tourist Skills. Annals of Tourism Research, 94, 103387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103387
Meu País Maranhão [@omeupaismaranhao]. (2022, 26 de dezembro). A beleza de alguns lugares não precisa de explicação, só contemplar já é o suficiente. Esse é o caso da... [Foto]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CmpVrU7pHLy/
Miah, A. (2020). Drones: The Brilliant, the Bad and the Beautiful. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781838679859
O’Hagan, L. A., & Serafinelli, E. (2024). Rethinking Verticality through Top-down Views in Drone Hobbyist Photography. Visual Studies, 39(4), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2023.2201239
Ritter, C. S. (2024). Gazing from the Air: Tourist Encounters in the Age of Travel Drones. Tourism Geographies, 26(4), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2023.2264823
Rodaway, P. (1994). Sensuous Geographies: Body, Sense, and Place. Routledge.
Russo, A. P., & Rabbiosi, C. (2023). Social Mobility Goes on Holiday: Rethinking Space and Communities through Tourism Mobilities. Tourism Geographies, 25(7), 1699-1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2023.2299953
Samarathunga, W. H. M. S., & Cheng, L. (2021). Tourist Gaze and Beyond: State of the Art. Tourism Review, 76(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0248
Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2004). Places to Play, Places in Play. In M. Sheller & J. Urry (Eds.), Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play (pp. 13–22). Routledge.
Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38, 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268
Trang, N. T., Yoo, J. J. E., Joo, D., & Lee, G. (2023). Incorporating Senses into Destination Image. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 27, 100760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100760
Tuan, Y.-F. (2015). Geografía romántica: en busca del paisaje sublime. Biblioteca Nueva.
Tzanelli, R. (2016). Gaze. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism (pp. 380–381). Springer.
Urry, J. (1996). O olhar do turista: lazer e viagem em sociedades contemporâneas (C. E. M. Moura, Trad.). Studio Nobel.
Urry, J. (1999). Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century. Routledge.
Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2021). O olhar do turista 3.0 (3ª ed.; L. Abramowicz, Trad.). Edições Sesc São Paulo.
Vannini, P., & Stewart, L. M. (2017). The GoPro Gaze. Cultural Geographies, 24(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474016647369
Walsh, M. J., Johns, R., & Dale, N. F. The Social Media Tourist Gaze: Social Media Photography and its Disruption at the Zoo. Information Technology & Tourism, 21(3), 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-019-00151-4
Wylie, J. (2007). Landscape. Routledge.
Yin, R. K. (2016). Pesquisa qualitativa do início ao fim (D. Bueno, Trad.). Penso.
Zhu, Y. (2016). Performance. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism (pp. 711–713). Springer.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaciel Gustavo Kunz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), allowing the sharing of the work with recognition of its authorship and initial publication in RTA.







