Efectos neurobiológicos del alcohol e implicaciones en los procesos cognitivos: una revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2026.237956Palabras clave:
Abstinencia de Alcohol, Adolescente, Aprendizaje, Memoria, Bebidas alcohólicasResumen
Objetivo: investigar, con base en la literatura, si el consumo de alcohol, especialmente entre
jóvenes, induce cambios neurobiológicos en áreas cerebrales cognitivas; si el patrón de exposición influye en los posibles daños; y si la abstinencia revierte o minimiza estos efectos. Metodología: la selección de los artículos utilizados se realizó mediante búsquedas en plataformas de investigación utilizando descriptores preestablecidos. Resultados: el análisis de los estudios permitió verificar evidencia de que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, especialmente el consumo excesivo, causa daños en áreas cerebrales relacionadas con el aprendizaje y la memoria. Se observó evidencia de que este consumo afecta a individuos de todos los grupos de edad; sin embargo, los adolescentes demostraron ser más vulnerables. Se encontró que la abstinencia puede ser fundamental para reparar el daño atribuido al consumo de alcohol, especialmente el daño neurocognitivo. Conclusión: considerando todos los daños causados por esta sustancia, es importante adoptar iniciativas públicas destinadas a frenar su consumo.
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