Isolamento e identificação de Salmonella spp. no leite cru de rebanhos leiteiros na Colômbia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.172805Palavras-chave:
Salmonellosis, Zoonoses, PCRResumo
A salmonelose é uma doença transmitida por alimentos que afeta a saúde pública e pode causar a morte de pessoas. Muitos surtos de salmonelose têm sido relatados devido à contaminação de leite cru e produtos lácteos com o patógeno. Para determinar a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em amostras de leite de quatro rebanhos leiteiros na Sabana de Bogotá em 2017, cento e doze amostras de leite foram colhidas diretamente da glândula mamária durante a ordenha. Todas as amostras de leite foram cultivadas para isolar e identificar Salmonella spp. usando métodos microbiológicos e moleculares. A prevalência de Salmonella spp. nas amostras de leite foi de 20,5% (n = 23). Os principais sorovares de Salmonella identificados foram S. Newport (60,87%), S. Typhimurium (17,4%), S. Virchow, S. Bredeney e S. Anatum (4,3% cada um dos sorovares). No entanto, não foram determinados os sorovares de dois isolados. A prevalência de Salmonella spp. no leite ainda não foi extensivamente estudada na Colômbia. Os 20,5% na prevalência podem ser devidos ao fato de a amostra ter sido colhida diretamente da glândula mamária, permitindo uma melhor chance de isolamento, evitando o efeito de diluição do leite misto de diferentes vacas nos baldes, o que pode indicar infecção do úbere pela disseminação hematogênica ou por contaminação da ordenhadeira. Este estudo destaca a necessidade da implementação de medidas destinadas a prevenir a contaminação e reduzir o problema nos rebanhos, resultando em leite e produtos lácteos com altos padrões de inocuidade e qualidade, diminuindo o risco de doenças de origem alimentar.
Downloads
Referências
Baloch AR, Sattar BA, Baloch AB, Faraz SS, Arian MA, Soomro RN, Otho SA, Zakria HM, Abbasi IHR, Baloch AM, Saeed M, Kalhoro SA. A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Salmonella in Raw Milk in Tandojam and Surrounding Areas, Pakistan. J Anim Pro Adv. 2015;5(2):612-6. https://doi.org/10.5455/japa.20150208013729.
Carrique-Mas JJ, Willmington JA, Papadopoulou C, Watson EN, Davies RH. Salmonella infection in cattle in Great Britain, 2003 to 2008. Vet Rec. 2010;167(15):560-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c4943. PMid:21257417.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention - CDC [Internet]. National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 10]. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/norsdashboard/.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention - CDC [Internet]. Salmonella. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2018 [Accessed 2019 Sept 7]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/technical.html.
Claeys WL, Cardoen S, Daube G, De Block J, Dewettinck K, Dierick K, De Zutter L, Huyghebaert A, Imberechts H, Thiange P, Vandenplas Y, Herman L. Raw or heated cow milk consumption: review of risks and benefits. Food Control. 2013;31(1):251-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.035.
Costa LF, Paixão TA, Tsolis RM, Bäumler AJ, Santos RL. Salmonellosis in cattle: advantages of being an experimental model. Res Vet Sci. 2012;93(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.03.002. PMid:22483382.
Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander KA, Cripps CJ, Gröhn YT, James KL, McDonough PL, Reed KE. The duration of fecal Salmonella shedding following clinical disease among dairy cattle in the northeastern USA. Prev Vet Med. 2009a;92(1-2):134-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.07.002. PMid:19665243.
Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander KA, Cripps CJ, Gröhn YT, McDonough PL, Nydam DV, Reed KE. The incidence of salmonellosis among dairy herds in the Northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci. 2009b;92(8):3766-74. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2093. PMid:19620658.
D’Amico DJ, Groves E, Donnelly CW. Low incidence of foodborne pathogens of concern in raw milk utilized for farmstead cheese production. J Food Prot. 2008;71(8):1580- 9. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.8.1580. PMid:18724751.
De Buyser ML, Dufour B, Maire M, Lafarge V. Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne diseases in France and in different industrialized countries. Int J Food Microbiol. 2001;67(1-2):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00443-3. PMid:11482557.
Delgado A, González H, Rodríguez R, Véliz G. Prevalencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en becerras Holstein con diarrea en la Comarca Lagunera, México. Agrofaz. 2016;16(1):57-64.
De Reu K, Grijspeerdt K, Herman L. A Belgian survey of hygiene indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in raw milk and direct marketing of raw milk farm products. J Food Saf. 2004;24(1):17-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2004.tb00373.x.
Durango J, Arrieta G, Mattar S. Presencia de Salmonella spp. en un área del caribe colombiano: un riesgo para la salud pública. Biomedica. 2004;24(1):89-96. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v24i1.1252. PMid:15239605.
Edwards R, Olsen E, Maloy S. Comparative genomics of closely related salmonellae. Trends Microbiol. 2002;10(2):94-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02293-4. PMid:11827811.
El-Baz AH, El-Sherbini M, Abdelkhalek A, Al-Ashmawy MA. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in milk and cheese in Mansoura city, Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2017;4(1):45-51. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d189.
El-Sebay NA, Shady HMA, El-Zeedy SAE-R, Samy AA. InvA gene sequencing of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from Egyptian poultry. Asian J. Sci. Res. 2017;10(3):194-202. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajsr.2017.194.202.
European Food Safety Authority - EFSA. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union in 2006. Efsa J [Internet]. 2007 Dec [Accessed 2019 May 27];130:3-352. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/rn-130.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO [Internet]. Salmonella and Campylobacter in Chicken meat: Meeting report. Geneva: FAO; 2009 [Accessed 2019 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1133e.pdf.
Giaccone V, Catellani P, Alberghini L. Food as cause of human salmonellosis. In: Mahmoud SM. Salmonella - A dangerous foodborne pathogen. Croatia: InTech open, Rijeka; 2012. p. 47-72. https://doi.org/10.5772/30474.
Guibourdenche M, Roggentin P, Mikoleit M, Fields PI, Bockemühl J, Grimont P, Weill FX. Supplement 2003 - 2007 (No. 47) to the White-Kauffmann-LeMinor scheme. Res Microbiol. 2010;161(1):26-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2009.10.002. PMid:19840847.
Haeghebaert S, Sulem P, Deroudille L, Vanneroy-Adenot E, Bagnis O, Bouvet P, Espie E. Two outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001. Euro Surveill. 2003;8(7-8):151-6.
Harvey RR, Friedman CR, Crim SM, Judd M, Barrett KA, Tolar B, Folster JP, Griffin PM, Brown AC. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serotype Dublin Infections among Humans, United States, 1968-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(9):1493-501. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2309.170136. PMid:28820133.
Holschbach CL, Peek SF. Salmonella in dairy cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2018;34(1):133-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005. PMid:29224803.
Icontec. Microbiología de alimentos y alimentos para animales. Guía general sobre métodos para la detección de Salmonella. Norma Técnica Colombiana. 2007;4574:1-33.
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos [Internet]. Colombia; 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/ENFERMEDADES%20TRANSMITIDAS%20POR%20ALIMENTOS%20PE%20IX%202020.pdf.
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos [Internet]. Colombia; 2019a [cited 2020 Nov. 12]. Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/ENFERMEDAD%20TRANSMITIDA%20POR%20ALIMENTOS%20SEMESTRE%20I%202019.pdf.
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos [Internet]. Colombia; 2019b [cited 2020 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/ENFERMEDAD%20TRANSMITIDA%20POR%20ALIMENTOS%20PE%20XIII%202019.pdf.
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Identificación de riesgos biológicos asociados al consumo de leche cruda bovina en Colombia [Internet]. Colombia; 2011 [cited 2019 Nov 18]. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/IA/INS/Er-peligros-biologicos-en-leche.pdf.
Jayarao BM, Donaldson C, Straley A, Sawant A, Hegde N, Brown J. A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in Pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89(7):2451-8. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72318-9. PMid:16772561.
Jones FT. A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed. J Appl Poult Res. 2011;20(1):102-13. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00281.
Karns JS, Van Kessel JS, McCluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in bulk tank from US dairies as determined by Polimerase Chain Reaction. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88(10):3475-9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73031-9. PMid:16162520.
Kaushik P, Anjay, Kumari S, Bharti SK, Dayal S. Isolation and prevalence of Salmonella from chicken meat and cattle milk collected from local markets of Patna, India. Vet World. 2014;7(2):62-5. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.62-65.
Kemal J. A review on the public health importance of bovine salmonellosis. J Vet Sci Technol. 2014;5(02):175-82. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000175.
Lucey JA. Raw Milk Consumption: risks and Benefits. Nutr Today. 2015;50(4):189-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000108. PMid:27340300.
Malorny B, Hoofar J, Bunge C, Helmuth R. Multicenter validation of the Analytical Accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards in an International Standard. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:290-6.
Martínez A, Villoch A, Ribot A, Montes de Oca N, Riverón Y, Ponce P. Calidad e inocuidad en la leche cruda de una cadena de producción de una provincia occidental de Cuba. Rev Salud Anim. 2015;37(2):79-85.
Mazurek J, Salehi E, Propes D, Holt J, Bannerman T, Nicholson LM, Bundesen M, Duffy R, Moolenaar RI. A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Infection Linked to Raw Milk Consumption: Ohio, 2003. J Food Prot. 2004;67(10):2165-70. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-67.10.2165. PMid:15508625.
McAuley CM, McMillan K, Moore SC, Fegan N, Fox EM. Prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from Australian dairy farm environments. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97(12):7402-12. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8735. PMid:25282417.
McGuirk SM, Peek S. Salmonellosis in cattle: a review. In: Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners; 2003; Columbus, OH, USA; 2003 Sept 15-17. p. 144-152.
Mercado M, González V, Rodríguez D, Carrascal A. Perfil sanitario nacional de leche cruda para consumo humano directo [Internet]. Colombia: Ministerio de Salud; 2013 [cited 2019 Nov 23]. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/SNA/Perfil-sanitario-nacional-leche-cruda.pdf.
Murinda SE, Nguyen LT, Ivey SJ, Gillespie BE, Almeida RA, Draughon FA, Oliver SP. Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. J Food Prot. 2002;65(7):1100-5. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.7.1100. PMid:12117241.
Oliver SP, Jayarao BM, Almeida RA. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2005;2(2):115-29. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2005.2.115. PMid:15992306.
Omar D, Al-Ashmawy M, Ramadan H, El-Sherbiny M. Occurrence and PCR identification of Salmonella spp. from milk and dairy products in Mansoura, Egypt. Int Food Res J. 2018;25(1):446-52.
Pandey N, Kumari A, Varma AK, Sahu S, Akbar MA. Impact of applying hygienic practices at farm on bacteriological quality of raw milk. Vet World. 2014;7(9):754-8. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.754-758.
Patiño R. Detección de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 y Listeria monocytogenes, en muestras de leche bovina del sistema de producción doble propósito colombiano, Bogotá, Colombia [thesis]. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Microbiología; 2012. [cited 2019 Sept 12]. Available from: https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/3424/PatinoBurbanoRocioEsperanza2012.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Peek SF, Divers TJ. Diseases of dairy cattle. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017. p. 304-311.
Radke BR, McFall M, Radostits SM. Salmonella Muenster infection in a dairy herd. Can Vet J. 2002;43(6):443-56. PMid:12058570.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2017.
Sarkar S. Microbiological safety concerns of raw milk. J Food Nutr Diet. 2016;1(2):105. https://doi.org/10.19104/jfnd.2016.105.
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States: major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(1):7-15. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.P11101. PMid:21192848.
Sivapalasingam S, Friedman CR, Cohen L, Tauxe RV. Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997. J Food Prot. 2004;67(10):2342-53. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-67.10.2342. PMid:15508656.
Tarazi H, Abo-Shehada N. Herd-and individual-level prevalences of and risk factors for Salmonella spp. fecal shedding in dairy farms in Al-Dhulail Valley, Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015;47(7):1241-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0854-z. PMid:26065698.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The dangers of raw milk: Unpasteurized milk can pose a serious health risk. FDA; 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/consumers/ucm079516.htm.
Van Kessel JS, Sonnier J, Zhao S, Karns JS. Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Bulk Tank Milk and Milk Filters in the United States. J Food Prot. 2013;76(1):18-25. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-263. PMid:23317852.
Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Lombard J, Kopral C. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli virulence factors in bulk tank milk and in-line filters from U.S. dairies. J Food Prot. 2011;74(5):759-68. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-423. PMid:21549046.
Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Gorski L, McCluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US Dairies. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(9):2822-30. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73410-4. PMid:15375040.
Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Perdue ML. Using a portable real-time PCR assay to detect Salmonella in Raw Milk. J Food Prot. 2003;66(10):1762-7. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.10.1762. PMid:14572210.
Vanselow A, Hornitzky A, Walker H, Eamens J, Bailey D, Gill A, Coates K, Corney B, Cronin P, Renilson S. Salmonella and on-farm risk factors in healthy slaughter age cattle and sheep in eastern Australia. Aust Vet J. 2007;85(12):498- 502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00233.x. PMid:18042157.
Winn WC, Allen SD, Janda WM, Koneman EW, Procop GW, Schrenckenberger PC, Woods GL. Diagnóstico Microbiológico. 6th ed. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2008.
Zumbado Gutiérrez L, Romero Zuñiga JJ. Conceptos sobre inocuidad en la producción primaria de la leche. Rev Ciencias Veterinarias. 2015;33(2):51-66. https://doi.org/10.15359/rcv.33-2.1.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
O conteúdo do periódico está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons BY-NC-SA (resumo da licença: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 | texto completo da licença: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode). Esta licença permite que outros remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho para fins não comerciais, desde que atribuam ao autor o devido crédito e que licenciem as novas criações sob termos idênticos.
Dados de financiamento
-
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Números do Financiamento ID Project: 007609.
