Bitcoin: the currency of cyberspace
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2017.134538Keywords:
Financial Deregulation. Internet Governance. Virtual Currency. Blockchain. Bitcoins.Abstract
The recent global expansion of the use of virtual currency became an object of debate at the last three United Nations Internet Governance Forums (IGF) for 2014, 2015 and 2016. Capitalization, rapid and geographic expansion of the use of cryptocurrencies drew attention to researchers, mobilized repre- sentatives of civil society, and entrepreneurs in various parts of the world, which showed interest on the development of innovations driven by the ex- pansion of globalized use of this new type of economic activity. This work has as main objectives: to analyze how the recent financial crisis of capital- ism influenced the emergence and the geographical expansion of the uses of cryptocurrencies; reflect on services and activities that use cryptocurrencies, bitcoins and blockchains, and discuss the challenges posed by the growth of the uses of cryptocurrencies.
Downloads
References
ANX International. Disponível em: https://anxintl.com/aboutus/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
BANKY Moon. Bitcoin solving an African problem, 12 out. 2016. Disponível em: http://bankymoon.co.za/2016/10/12/bitcoin-solving-an-african-problem/. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2017.
BIRYUKOV, A.; KHOVRATOVICH, D. Equihash: asymmetric proof-of-work based on the Generalized Birthday problem.
NETWORK AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM SECURITY SYMPOSIUM (NDSS), 2016, San Diego, CA. Proceedings… San Diego, CA, 2016. Disponível em: http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/22277/2/946.pdf. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
BITCOINWIKI. Lista de hardwares ASICs para mineração de bitcoin, 2017. Disponível em: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_Bitcoin_mining_ASICs. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.
COINCAP. Disponível em: http://coincap.io/. Acesso em: 17 maio 2017.
COINDESK. Disponível em: http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-legal-map/. Acesso em: 17 maio 2017.
COINGECKO. Disponível em: https://www.coingecko.com/. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2017.
COINMAP. Disponível em: https://coinmap.org/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
CHEN, L. Y; NAKAMURA, Y. After 4,400% Surge, Bitcoin’s Fate Hinges on Huge Chinese Miners. Bloomberg, jul. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-06/after-4-400-surge-bitcoin-s-fate-hinges-on-huge-chinese-miners. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.
CHOKUN, J. Who Accepts Bitcoins?. 99 Bitcoins, 28 maio 2017. Disponível em: https://99bitcoins.com/who-accepts-bitcoins-payment-companies-stores-take-bitcoins/. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.
DODWELL, L. Is Mining Bitcoin Still Profitable?. Crush the street, 14 fev. 2017. Disponível em: https://crushthestreet.com/articles/digital-currencies/mining-bitcoin-profitable. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.
IGF. INTERNET GOVERNANCE FORUM. Blockchain Technologies IGF 2016 - Day 3 - Room 8 - DC on Blockchain Technologies. Jalisco, MX, dez. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.intgovforum.org/multilingual/content/igf-2016-day-3-room-8-dc-on-blockchain-technologies. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2017.
IGF. INTERNET GOVERNANCE FORUM. Blockchain and Beyond: Flash Help!. IGF 2015 Day 4 - WK 3 - Dynamic Coalition on Blockchain Technologies, 13 nov. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXNnG9VGwwA. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.
FIATLEAK. Disponível em: http://fiatleak.com/. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2017.
FINCEN. FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK. Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Virtual Currency Mining Operations, 30 jan. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/administrative_ruling/FIN-2014-R001.pdf. Acesso em: 10 maio 2017.
HOLMES, B. Bitcoin and Sustainable Mining. Brave NewCoin, 16 jul. 2015. Disponível em: https://bravenewcoin.com/news/bitcoin-and-sustainable-mining/. Acesso em: 10 maio 2017.
KRUGMAN, P. Bitcoin Is Evil. The New York Times, New York, 28 dec. 2013. The Opinion Pages. Disponível em: http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2017.
MALONE, D.; O’DWYER, K. J. Bitcoin Mining and Its Energy Footprint. IRISH SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (ISSC) AND CHINA-IRELAND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (CIIT), 2014, Limerick, IRL, Proceedings… Limerick, IRL, 2014. p. 280-285. Disponível em: https://karlodwyer.github.io/publications/pdf/bitcoin_KJOD_2014.pdf. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
MAP of Coins. Disponível em: http://mapcoins.com/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
NAKAMOTO, S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. In: Bitcoin Org, 2008. Disponível em: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
PIRES, H. F. The Globalization of Cryptocurrency: The end of banks and financial intermediation? In: ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS, 2017, Boston. Annual Meeting Program, Boston, 2017. p. 389-390.
PIRES, H. F. Capitalismo gestor de dinheiro e desregulação financeira: o endividamento dos EUA e das economias centrais. In: PACHECO, S. M. M.; MACHADO, M. S. (Org.). Globalização, políticas públicas e reestruturação territorial. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras, 2012. p. 109-143. v. 1. Disponível em: http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/b3w-963.htm. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
PIRES, H. F. Redes sociais colaborativas e geografia em rede: as novas formas de apropriação do conhecimento social no século XXI. Revista Terra Livre, São Paulo, ano 26, v. 1, n. 34, p. 17-36, jan./jun. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.agb.org.br/publicacoes/index.php/terralivre/article/view/308. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
PRISCO, G. How the Equihash Algorithm Could Democratize Zcash Mining. Bitcoin Magazine, 16 fev. 2017. Disponível em: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/how-equihash-algorithm-could-democratize-zcash-mining/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
SANTOS, M. Por uma outra globalização: do pensamento único à consciência universal. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000.
SANTOS, M. O dinheiro e o território. GEOgraphia, Niterói, RJ, v. 1, n. 1, 1999. Disponível em: http://www.uff.br/geographia/ojs/index.php/geographia/article/download/2/2-8-1-PB.pdf. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
SAYAD, J. Dinheiro, dinheiro: inflação, desemprego, crises financeiras e bancos. São Paulo: Portfolio Peguin, 2015.
SCHED. Dynamic Coalition on Blockchain Technology. IGF 2015 de João Pessoa, BR, 13 nov. 2015. Disponível em: https://igf2015.sched.com/event/4c1G/dynamic-coalition-on-blockchain-technologiesBitcoin. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2017.
SCHWAB, K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2016.
SOURCEFORGE. Disponível em: https://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2017.
STROSS, C. Why I want Bitcoin to die in a fire. Charlie’s Diary Blog, dec. 2013. Disponível em: http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2013/12/why-i-want-bitcoin-to-die-in-a.html. Acesso em: 10 maio 2017.
SUBERG, W. We Don’t Need Blockchain: R3 Consortium After $59 Million Research. The cointelegraph, 22 fev. 2017. Disponível em: https://cointelegraph.com/news/we-dont-need-blockchain-r3-consortium-after-59-million-research. Acesso em: 10 maio 2017.
VASCONCELOS, A. (Ed.). Guia mundo em foco especial atualidades: Bitcoin – o dinheiro do futuro?. São Paulo: On line, 2017.
YELOWITZ, A.; WILSON, M. Characteristics of Bitcoin users: an analysis of Google search data. Applied Economics Letters, v. 22, n. 13, p. 1030-1036, 2015. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.995359. Acesso em: 12 maio 2017.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Hindenburgo Francisco Pires
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors maintain copyright and grant the magazine the right to first publication, with the work with a license to use the CC-BY attribution, which allows to distribute, remix, adapt and create based on your work, provided that the due copyright, in the manner specified by CS.
- Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any time before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase the impact and citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
