ANNEXING THE WEST BANK: THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE FOURTH NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT (2015-2020)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2446-5240.malala.2025.234722Keywords:
Israel, Palestine, West BankAbstract
Between 2015 and 2020, Benjamin Netanyahu led his fourth government in Israel. During that term, for the first time he formed a government without the presence of parties that defended the two-state solution, the basis of the Oslo Accords and which provided for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The objective of this article is to investigate the effects on the Palestinian issue, particularly on the West Bank, of that period. The study will be carried out through Foreign Policy Analysis, more specifically by studying the dominant societal narratives. The article demonstrates how the period 2015-2020 was decisive in building a one-state reality that, to a large extent, drastically reduces the possibility of creating a Palestinian state.
Downloads
References
ADALAH. 15 de junho de 2020. Initial analysis of the Israeli Supreme Court's decision in the Settlements Regularization Law Case”. Adalah - The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel. Disponível em: https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/10035 Acesso: 09 out. 2025
ALDEN, Chris; ARAN, Amnon. 2012. Foreign Policy Analysis: New Approaches. Londres: Routledge
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. 2022. Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity. Disponível em: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/ Acesso: 09 out. 2025
ARAN, Gideon. 1995. “A mystic-messianic interpretation of modern Israeli history - the Six Day War as a key event in the development of the original religious culture of Gush Emunim”, in Kister, Mei Jacob; Deshen, Shlomo (ed.), Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel. Nova Iorque: Routledge: 197-209.
ARONOFF, Yael. 2020. “The Zionist Center-Left Opposition to Netanyahu”, in Freedman, Robert O. (ed.), Israel Under Netanyahu - Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge: 33-51.
BARNETT, Michael; BROWN, Nathan J.; LYNCH, Marc; TELHAMI, Shibley. 2023. The One State Reality: What Is Israel/Palestine? Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2023.
BERGER, Yotam; KHOURY, Jack. (14 de outubro de 2018), “Israel Approves $6 Million Expansion of Hebron Jewish Settlement”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/cM1fn . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
BISHARA, Amahl. 2022. Crossing a Line - Laws, Violence, and Roadblocks to Palestinian Political Expression. Redwood City: Stanford University Press
BOOTH, William; EGLASH, Ruth. 26 de janeiro de 2017. “Netanyahu thinks a ‘state-minus’ is enough for the Palestinians”. The Washington Post. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israeli-leader-thinks-a-state-minus-is-enough-for-the-palestinians/2017/01/26/658fa5a6-e3cf-11e6-879b-356663383f1b_story.html . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
BUGIATO, Caio; ROCHA, Samuel; ARAÚJO, Vandriele; OLIVAR, Brenno; BOTELHO, Lucas. 2024. “Israel: implantação do Estado, Sionismo e governo Netanyahu”. Campos Neutrais: Revista Latino-Americana de Relações Internacionais, Rio Grande. v. 6, n. 1. pp. 61 -87. https://doi.org/10.14295/rcn.v6i1.17675
CACHKO, Elena; COHEN, Amichai. 2018. “Fact and Fiction About the Amendment of the Israeli Supreme Court’s Jurisdiction Over West Bank Cases”. Lawfare blog. Disponível em: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/fact-and-fiction-about-amendment-israeli-supreme-courts-jurisdiction-over-west-bank-cases. Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
CORTELLESSA, Eric. 30 de dezembro de 2018. “2018, the year Donald Trump upended the US-Israel relationship”. The Times of Israel. Disponível em: https://www.timesofisrael.com/2018-the-year-donald-trump-upended-the-us-israel-relationship/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
DAJANI, Omar M. 2017. “Israel's Creeping Annexation”. AJIL Unbound, v. 111, pp. 51-56. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.21 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
DOMINGUES, José Maurício. 2010. “A sociologia israelense e a crise do consenso sionista”. Rev. bras. Ci. Soc., v. 25, n. 73 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69092010000200009
EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION. 28 de fevereiro de 2020. Statement by the High Representative Josep Borrell on the Israeli announcement of construction plans in the West Bank (Area E1). Disponível em: https://archive.ph/2hsg0 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
ERAKAT, Noura. 2019. Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine. Redwood City: Stanford University Press
FISHER, Max. 8 de março de 2015. “Did Netanyahu just reject the two-state solution?”. Vox. Disponível em: https://www.vox.com/2015/3/8/8171001/netanyahu-two-state . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
GOLDBERG, Elisheva. 27 de novembro de 2012. “Likud: The Party of Annexation”. The Daily Beast. Disponível: https://www.thedailybeast.com/likud-the-party-of-annexation/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
HASTINGS, Max. 2000. Going to the Wars. London: McMillan
HARTMANN, Arturo. A reformulação globalizada do espaço e da violência na Palestina: o mecanismo político global-local dos Acordos de Oslo. Tese de doutorado, Unesp, 2020 https://repositorio.unesp.br/entities/publication/660d69e8-9ee5-4fd1-abbb-2854510e5d4e
HOFFMAN, Gil; LEVI, Sarah. 11 de outubro de 2017. “Bennett reveals plan for peace, calls for drastic West Bank change”. The Jerusalem Post. Disponível em: https://www.jpost.com/magazine/a-diplomatic-right-education-minister-naftali-bennett-pushes-right-506960 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
HUBERMANN, Bruno. 2023. The Palestinians and East Jerusalem: Under Neoliberal Settler Colonialism. London: IB Tauris
HUDSON, Valerie M; DAY, Benjamin S. 2020. Foreign Policy Analysis - Classic and Contemporary Theory. 3. ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. 2021. A Threshold Crossed - Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution. Disponível em: https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
IDI. 7 de outubro de 2024. “One Year of War - Public Opinion in Israel at the One Year Anniversary of the War in Gaza”, The Israel Democracy Institute. Disponível em: https://en.idi.org.il/articles/56081 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
ISRAEL. 2009. “Government Policy”. Disponível em: https://web.archive.org/web/20111105041443/http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Government/Policy . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
JABOTINSKY, Ze’ev. 1923. The Iron Wall. Jabotinsky Foundation. Disponível em: https://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
JEREMY BOB, Yonah; HARKOV, Lahav. 2 de maio de 2016. “Ayelet Shaked: Apply Israeli law to West Bank within 1 year”. The Jerusalem Post. Disponível em: https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/justice-minister-shaked-apply-israeli-law-to-west-bank-within-1-year-452847 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
JONES, Clive. 2014. “The Foreign Policy of Israel”, in HINNEBUSCH, Raymond; EHTESHAMI, Anoushiravan (ed.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. 2nd Edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers
KAHANA, Ariel. 4 de novembro de 2019. “Israeli ministry pushing ‘sovereignty through transportation’ policy”. Jewish News Syndicate. Disponível em: https://www.jns.org/israeli-transportation-ministry-pushing-sovereignty-through-transportation/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
KERSHNER, Isabel. 24 de janeiro de 2017a. “Emboldened by Trump, Israel Approves a Wave of West Bank Settlement Expansion”. The New York Times. Disponível: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/world/middleeast/israel-settlement-expansion-west-bank.html . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
KERSHNER, Isabel. (15 de fevereiro de 2017b), “Israeli Settlement Sees Friendly Faces in Trump Administration”. The New York Times. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/middleeast/david-friedman-beit-el-west-bank.html . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
KERSHNER, Isabel. (30 de março de 2017c), “Israel Approves First New Settlement in Decades”. The New York Times. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/middleeast/israeli-settlements-netanyahu.html . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LAZAROFF, Tovah. 9 de junho de 2014. “Lapid: If even one settlement is annexed, we’ll topple the government”. The Jerusalem Post. Disponível em: https://www.timesofisrael.com/lapid-if-israel-annexes-settlements-we-will-topple-govt/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LAZAROFF, Tovah. 12 de fevereiro de 2018. “Knesset applies Israeli law to Ariel University in West Bank”. The Jerusalem Post. Disponível em: https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-applies-sovereignty-over-ariel-university-in-the-west-bank-542446 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LEHMANN, David. 2012. “Israel: state management of religion or religious management of the state?”. Citizenship Studies, v. 16, n. 8, pp. 1029-1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2012.735027
LIS, Jonathan. 18 de junho de 2017. “Government to Back Bill Expanding Administrative Courts' Jurisdiction to West Bank Settlements”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/kJXir . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LIS, Jonathan. 21 de janeiro de 2018a. “Israeli Ministers Deliberate on Applying 12 Bills to West Bank Settlements”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/W0RQV . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LIS, Jonathan. 9 de outubro de 2018b. “Under Right-wing Pressure, Israeli Army Okays Extending Two Agricultural Laws to West Bank”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/SibEl . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
LUSTICK, Ian S. 2019. Paradigm Lost: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
MANSOUR, Imad. 2016. Statecraft in the Middle East: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics and Security. London: I.B. Tauris.
MAOZ, Zeev. 2009. A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security & Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press
MISKIMMON, Alister, O’LOUGHLIN, Ben e ROSELLE, Laura. “Strategic Narratives, Soft Power, and Foreign Policy - The Origins and Evolution of Soft Power and Strategic Narratives”, in: KAARBO, Juliet; THIES, Cameron G. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, 2024. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MUNAYYER, Yousef. 2019. “There Will Be a One-State Solution: But What Kind of State Will It Be?” Foreign Affairs, v. 98, n. 6, pp. 30-37. Disponível em: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/israel/2019-10-15/there-will-be-one-state-solution . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
NEWMAN, David. 2005. “From Hitnachalut to Hitnatkut: The Impact of Gush Emunim and the Settlement Movement on Israeli Politics and Society”. Israel Studies, v. 10, n. 3, pp. 192-224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245772
OCHA. 2025. “West Bank Monthly Snapshot - Casualties, Property Damage and Displacement | January 2025”, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Disponível em: https://www.ochaopt.org/content/west-bank-monthly-snapshot-casualties-property-damage-and-displacement-january-2025. Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
PEACE NOW. 18 de março de 2020. Settlement Construction Report 2019. Disponível em: https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlement-construction-report-2019 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
PELEG, Ilan. 2020. “The Likud Under Benjamin Netanyahu”, in FREEDMAN, Robert O. (ed.), Israel Under Netanyahu - Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. London and New York: Routledge: 11-32.
REMNICK, David. 14 de janeiro de 2013. “The party faithful”. New Yorker. Disponível em: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/21/the-party-faithful . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
REUTERS. 19 de fevereiro de 2013. “Netanyahu reaches first deal on new Israel government: source”. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/netanyahu-reaches-first-deal-on-new-israel-government-source-idUSBRE91I0VD/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
ROBINSON, Glenn E. 2020. “The Death of the two-state solution” in FREEDMAN, Robert O. (ed.), Israel Under Netanyahu - Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 176-197.
SA'DI, Ahmad. H. 2002. “Catastrophe, Memory and Identity - Al-Nakbah as a component of Palestinian identity”. Israel Studies, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 175-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245590
SELIKTAR, Ofira. 1986. New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel. Abingdon: Routledge.
SHAPIRA, Anita. 2012. Israel - A History. Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2012.
SHEIZAF, Noam. 26 de maio de 2017. “The 52 Words That Foretold the Future of Israel's Occupation in 1967”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/PR873 . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
SHEZAF, Hagar. 24 de fevereiro de 2020. “Netanyahu Orders to Connect 12 Illegal Outposts to Electrical Grid, a Week to Israeli Election”. Haaretz. Disponível em: https://archive.ph/m1Pop . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
SHLAIM, Avi; YANIV, Avner. 1980. “Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy in Israel.” International Affairs, v. 56, n. 2, pp.242-262. https://doi.org/10.2307/2615407
SHLAIM, Avi. 1996. The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism. Israel Studies, v. 1, n. 2, 1996. p. 278-293.
SHLAIM, Avi. (2014), The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. Updated and Expanded Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company
SHLAIM, Avi. (2016), “The Rise and Fall of the Oslo Peace Process” in Fawcett, Louise (ed.). International Relations of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press
SHRAGAI, Nadav. 8 de março de 2020. “The End of Building Freezes in the Jerusalem Area”. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Disponível em: https://jcpa.org/the-end-of-settlement-freezes-in-the-jerusalem-area/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
TELES, Barbara Caramuru. 2024. “Palestina: do colonialismo e limpeza étnica ao apartheid”. Cadernos De Campo (São Paulo - 1991), v. 33, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v33i1pe221585
TIMES OF ISRAEL. 16 de março de 2015. “Netanyahu: No Palestinian state on my watch”. Disponível em: https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-no-palestinian-state-under-my-watch/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
WOOTLIFF, Raoul. 25 de janeiro de 2017. “New settlement homes are just a ‘taste,’ Netanyahu tells MKs”. The Times of Israel. Disponível em: https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-settlement-homes-are-just-a-taste-netanyahu-tells-mks/ . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
YAAR, Ephraim; HERMANN, Tamar. Março de 2015. “Peace Index column”. Disponível em: https://www.idi.org.il/dataisrael/1503_Peace_Index_Eng.pdf . Acesso: 13 mar. 2025
YIFTACHEL, Oren. 2000. “’Ethnocracy’ and its discontets: minorities, protests, and the Israeli Polity”. Critical Inquiry, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 725-756. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344328
YIFTACHEL, Oren. (2013), “Liberal Colonialism? Israel’s 2013 Elections and the ‘Ethnocratic Bubble’”. Journal of Palestine Studies, v. 42, n. 3, pp. 48-67 https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.3.48
ZUGUEIB, Jamil; ADI, Ashjan Sadique e SAHD, Fábio Bacila. 2024. “A anatomia e a psicologia do genocídio em Gaza: inter-relações”. Malala, Revista Internacional De Estudos Sobre o Oriente Médio e Mundo Muçulmano, v. 12, n. 15, pp. 69-87. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2446-5240.malala.2024.224410
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 José Antonio Lima
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This journal offers free access to its content, following the principle that making free of charge-scientific knowledge available to the public provides greater worldwide democratization of knowledge. No fees will be charged for submitting work and/or publishing in the journal, as well as for reading, downloading, copying, distributing, printing, searching or referencing after publication. Readers and interested parties are free to share (copy or distribute the material in any media and format) and to transform or adapt parts of the material as long as it is for non-commercial use and the appropriate credit is given to the author and the journal, indicating how the data has been used and/or manipulated.
