Reconquering ConstantinoplePolitics Of Memory And Byzantine Heritage In Erdogan’s Turkey

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2446-5240.malala.2025.235273

Keywords:

Neo-Ottomanism, Erdogan, Populism, Byzantine heritage, Hagia Sophia

Abstract

The reconversion of the Hagia Sophia was one of the high points of the instrumentalization of the politics of memorialization to achieve political ends in Turkey. In light of this event, this article aims to analyze the relationship between Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s Neo-Ottoman populism and Byzantine heritage in the present Turkish society. The subjugation of Byzantine memory is a basic trait of Turkish right-wing populism, founded on the glorification of its imperial past and on Islamism. Combating the fictitious Byzantine enemy, in discourse, becomes associated with combating the West, externally, and the Kemalist opposition, internally. Erdogan seeks to legitimize himself through the implementation of this populist agenda. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Hermano do Amaral Pinto Neto, Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Relações Internacionais

    Doutorando em Relações Internacionais na Universidade de São Paulo. Mestre em Governança Global e Formulação de Políticas Internacionais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (2021). Possui bacharelado em Relações Internacionais (PUC-SP, 2016) e em História (USP, 2021). Atualmente é pesquisador do Centro de Estudos das Negociações Internacionais da USP (CAENI/IEA-USP) e pesquisador visitante no Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine (CHSTM) da Universidade de Manchester, apoiado pelo European Research Council

References

AL JAZEERA. “World reacts to Turkey reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque”. Al Jazeera, julho de 2020. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/7/11/world-reacts-to-turkey-reconverting-hagia-sophia-into-a-mosque. Acesso: 28 Jun 2025.

ALTAN, Baris; ERCAN, Ayse. “Discovering and Preserving Byzantine Constantinople”. In: FIORI, Emiliano; TRIZIO, Michele (ed.). Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions. The 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies. Venice and Padua, 22-27 August 2022. Veneza: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venice University Press, 2022.

ATAOGLU, Ayçe Idil. The Reconversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque as a case of right-wing populism in contemporary Türkiye. 2024. 160 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2024.

AYKAÇ, Pinar. “Contesting the Byzantine Past: Four Hagia Sophias as Ideological Battlegrounds of Architectural Conservation in Turkey.” Heritage & Society, vol. 11, n. 2, 2019, p. 151-178.

AZERI, Siyaves. “The perfect state, the strong state and the deadlock of political Islam: the case of Turkey”. Critique, vol. 50, n. 2-3, 2022, p. 325-344.

BARGU, Banu. “Neo-Ottomanism: An Alt-Right Formation from the South?”. Social Research: An International Quarterly, vol. 88, n. 2, 2021, p. 299-333.

ÇELENK, Ayse Aslihan. “The myth of ‘independent judiciary’: the evolution of judiciary-executive relations in Turkish politics”. Contemporary Politics, vol. 22, n. 2, 2016, p. 232-247.

DAILY SABAH. “Turkey: Historic Istanbul museum Hagia Sophia witnesses its first Quran recitation in 85 years”. Daily Sabah, abril de 2015. Disponível em: https://www.dailysabah.com/istanbul/2015/04/11/turkey-historic-istanbul-museum-hagia-sophia-witnesses-its-first-quran-recitation-in-85-years. Acesso: 28 Mar 2025.

DAILY SABAH. “Muezzin recites azan from inside Istanbul’s Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years”. Daily Sabah, julho de 2016. Disponível em: https://www.dailysabah.com/istanbul/2016/07/02/muezzin-recites-azan-from-inside-istanbuls-hagia-sophia-for-first-time-in-85-years. Acesso: 28 Mar 2025.

DAILY SABAH. “Türkiye celebrates lingering spirit of 1071 victory”. Daily Sabah, agosto de 2024. Disponível em: https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/turkiye-celebrates-lingering-spirit-of-1071-victory/news. Acesso: 28 Mar 2025.

DANFORTH, Nicholas. The Remaking of Republican Turkey. Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

ELDEM, Edhem. “The Reconversion of the Hagia Sophia into a Mosque”. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, vol. 8, n. 1, 2021, p. 243-260.

ELIADE, Mircea. O Sagrado e o Profano. A essência das religiões. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1992.

ERGIN, Murat; KARAKAYA, Yagmur. “Between neo-Ottomanism and Ottomania: navigating state-led and popular cultural representations of the past”. New Perspectives on Turkey, n. 56, 2017, p. 33-59.

FINDLEY, Carter Vaughn. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity. A History, 1789-2007. Yale University Press, 2010.

GUSTEN, Susanne. “The Church That Politics Turned Into a Mosque”. The New York Times, fevereiro de 2012. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/world/middleeast/the-church-that-politics-turned-into-a-mosque.html. Acesso: 29 Mar 2025.

HÜRRIYET DAILY NEWS. “Istanbul monastery to become mosque”. Hürriyet Daily News, novembero de 2013. Disponível em: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-monastery-to-become-mosque-58526#. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

HÜRRIYET DAILY NEWS. “Byzantine Palace to become open air museum”. Hürriyet Daily News, agosto de 2018. Disponível em: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/byzantine-palace-to-become-open-air-museum-135501#. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

KALDELLIS, Anthony. The New Roman Empire. A History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, 2024.

KUCERA, Petr. “Becoming European: Kemalism as an ideology of Westernism”. In: TURNKROVA, Lucie; SARADIN, Pavel (ed.). The Politics of EU Accession. Turkish Challenges and Central European Experiences. Londres: Routledge, 2010.

LAMCHE, Anna. “Protesters return to Istanbul’s streets for huge rally”. BBC. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g3eer4737o. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

MKRTCHYAN, Marianna. “Armenian Apostolic Church condemns Ankara’s politically motivated decision to turn Hagia Sophia into a mosque”. ArmInfo, julho de 2020. Disponível em: https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=53568&lang=3. Acesso: 29 Jun 2025.

MURINSON, Alexander. “The Strategic Depth Doctrine of Turkish Foreign Policy”. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 42, n. 6, Nov 2006, p. 945-964.

SAHIN, Kaya. “Constantinople and the End Time: The Ottoman Conquest as a Portent of the Last Hour”. Journal of Early Modern History, vol. 14, 2010, p. 317-354.

SOCHACZEWSKI, Monique. “’Otomania’ na Turquia Contemporânea”. In: 4º Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Relações Internacionais, 2013, Belo Horizonte. Anais Eletrônicos do 4º Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Relações Internacionais, 2013.

SOCHACZEWSKI, Monique. “De Atatürk a Erdogan: A República da Turquia em três tempos”. Malala, Revista Internacional de Estudos sobre o Oriente Médio e Mundo Muçulmano, vol. 6, n. 9, 2018, p. 70-90.

THE ECONOMIST. “Turkey’s president invokes a millennium-old battle”. The Economist, setembro de 2017. Disponível em: https://www.economist.com/europe/2017/09/09/turkeys-president-invokes-a-millennium-old-battle. Acesso: 28 Mar 2025.

TÜRK, Hasan Bahadir. “Populism as a medium of mass mobilization: The case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”. International Area Studies Review, vol. 21, n. 2, 2018, p. 150-168.

TURQUIA. “With its new status, Hagia Sophia, the shared heritage of humanity, will continue to embrace all”. Presidência da República da Turquia, julho de 2020. Disponível em: https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/120584/-with-its-new-status-hagia-sophia-the-shared-heritage-of-humanity-will-continue-to-embrace-all-. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

UZUN, Huseyin Efe. “Older than Hagia Sophia: Imrahor Ilyas Bey Mosque under restoration”. Türkiye Today, março de 2025. Disponível em: https://www.turkiyetoday.com/culture/older-than-hagia-sophia-imrahor-ilyas-bey-mosque-under-restoration-129610/. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

WASTNIDGE, Edward. “Imperial Grandeur and Selective Memory: Re-assessing Neo-Ottomanism in Turkish Foreign and Domestic Politics”. Middle East Critique, vol. 28, n. 1, 2019, p. 7-28.

YACKLEY, Ayla Jean. “Erdogan says museum and former cathedral Hagia Sophia will become a mosque again”. The Art Newspaper, março de 2019. Disponível em: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2019/03/29/erdogan-says-museum-and-former-cathedral-hagia-sophia-will-become-a-mosque-again. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

YACKLEY, Ayla Jean. “Court ruling converting Turkish museum to mosque could set precedent for Hagia Sophia”. The Art Newspaper, dezembro de 2019. Disponível em: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2019/12/03/court-ruling-converting-turkish-museum-to-mosque-could-set-precedent-for-hagia-sophia. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

YACKLEY, Ayla Jean. “When Local Politics Go Global: How Erdogan’s Dominance At Home Allowed Him To Reshape Turkey’s Neighborhood”. Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol. 27, n. 2, 2021.

YACKLEY, Ayla Jean. “Turkey reopens formee Byzantine Chora church as a mosaue amid muted objections”. The Art Newspaper, maio de 2024. Disponível em: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/05/10/turkey-reopens-chora-museum-as-a-mosque-amid-muted-objections. Acesso: 30 Mar 2025.

YENISEHIRLIOGLU, Filiz. “From Excavation to Exhibition: Tekfur Palace (Palace of Porphyrogenitus) Museum”. Journal of the Turkish Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, n. 3, 2023, p. 103-134.

YILMAZ, Zafer; TURNER, Bryan S.. “Turkey’s deepening authoritarianism and the fall of electoral democracy”. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 46, n. 5, 2019, p. 691-698.

Published

2026-03-19

Issue

Section

Artigos

How to Cite

Pinto Neto, H. do A. (2026). Reconquering ConstantinoplePolitics Of Memory And Byzantine Heritage In Erdogan’s Turkey. Malala, International Journal of Studies on the Middle East and the Muslim World, 14(17), 97-120. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2446-5240.malala.2025.235273