Spatial autocorrelation in Drosophilidae (Diptera) assemblages sampled in forest and pasture areas of the Cerrado Biome
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2025.65.037Keywords:
Banana-baited trap, Drosophila, Pasture, Pseudoreplication, Sampling protocolAbstract
Spatial autocorrelation reflects the non-independence of observation sites due to their physical proximity. Evaluating this factor in a sampling design is essential to avoid pseudoreplication. Drosophilidae sampling, often conducted using banana and yeast traps for taxonomic surveys or ecological analyses, enables data comparison across various studies in different locations and seasons. However, the potential autocorrelation of sampling units due to trap spacing has seldon been tested, despite the widespread use of this methodology. In this study, we assessed the effects of spatial autocorrelation on Drosophilidae sampled using banana-baited traps placed 30 m and 60 m apart in forest and pasture settings during both dry and rainy seasons. The randomized accumulation curve indicated that the rainy season has a higher species richness, and traps spaced 60 m apart capture a broader species range. Species compositions were analyzed using Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM) with Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indexes. Distinct Drosophilidae compositions were observed across different phytophysiognomies and seasons. In evaluating species composition using 30 m and 60 m spacing across various areas and seasons, there is a tendency to sample similar assemblages, but with different dominances. No autocorrelation was detected in the Mantel test with the Jaccard index. These results suggest maintaining a minimum distance of 30 m between traps in taxonomic surveys and ecological studies of Drosophilidae.
Downloads
References
Bächli, G. 2023. TaxoDros: the database on taxonomy of Drosophilidae. Available: https://www.taxodros.uzh.ch. Access: 16/01/2023.
Bitner-Mathé, B.C.; Victorino, J. & Faria, F.S. 2014. Drosophila suzukii has been found in tropical Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil. Drosophila Information Service, 97: 136-137.
Bizzo, L.; Gottschalk, M.S.; De Toni, D.C. & Hofmann, P.R.P. 2010. Seasonal dynamics of a drosophilid (Diptera) assemblage and its potential as bioindicator in open environments. Iheringia, Série Zoológica, 100: 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000300001
Blauth, M.L. & Gottschalk, M.S. 2007. A novel record of Drosophilidae species in the Cerrado biome of the state of Mato Grosso, west-central Brazil. Drosophila Information Service, 90: 90-96. https://www.ou.edu/journals/dis/DIS90/index.html.
Blauth, M.L.; Lima, D.P.; De Araújo, D.S.; Moysés, J.B. & Gottschalk, M.S. 2013. New distribution records of four Drosophila species (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Drosophila Information Service, 96: 58-60. https://www.ou.edu/journals/dis/DIS96/DIS96.html.
Bonada, N.; Dolédec, S. & Statzner, B. 2012. Spatial autocorrelation patterns of stream invertebrates: exogenous and endogenous factors. Journal of Biogeography, 39: 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02562.x
Breugel, F. van & Dickinson, M.H. 2014. Plume-tracking behavior of flying Drosophila emerges from a set of distinct sensory-motor reflexes. Current Biology, 24: 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.023
Chaves, N.B. & Tidon, R. 2008. Biogeographical aspects of drosophilids (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of the Brazilian savanna. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52(3): 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000300005
Climate-data.org. Available: https://pt.climate-data.org. Access: 16/01/2023.
Colwell, R.K. 2005. ESTIMATES: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Version 7.5.0. Available: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Access: 10/11/2010.
Costa, F.R.C. & Magnusson, W.E. 2010. The need for large-scale integrated studies of biodiversity – the experience of the program for biodiversity research in Brazilian Amazônia. Nature Conservation, 8: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4322/natcon.00801001
Dallacort, R.; Martins, J.A.; Inoue, M.H.; Freitas, P.S.L. & Coletti, A.J. 2011. Distribuição das chuvas no município de Tangará da Serra, médio norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 33(2): 193-200. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v33i2.5838
De Toni, D.C. & Hofmann, P.R.P. 1995. Preliminary taxonomic survey of the genus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) at Morro da Lagoa da Conceição; Santa Catarina Island. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55(3): 347-350. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13744-011-0004-x.
Deprá, M.; Poppe, J.L.; Schmitz, H.J.; De Toni, D.C. & Valente, V.L.S. 2014. The first records of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii in the South American continent. Journal of Pest Science, 87(3): 379-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-014-0591-5
Diniz-Filho, J.A.F.; Bini, L.M. & Hawkin, B.A. 2003. Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12: 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00322.x
Döge, J.S.; Valente, V.L.S. & Hofmann, P.R.P. 2008. Drosophilids (Diptera) from an Atlantic Forest area in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52(4): 615-624. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000400013
Emerich, P.P.; Valadão, H.; Silva, J.R.V.P. & Tidon, R. 2012. High abundance of Neotropical Drosophilids (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in four cultivated areas of central Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 41: 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-011-0004-x
Ferreira, L.B. & Tidon, R. 2005. Colonizing potential of Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) in environments with different grades of urbanization. Biodiversity Conservation, 14(8): 1809-1821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0701-4
Freire-Maia, N. & Pavan, C. 1949. Introdução ao estudo da Drosófila. Cultus, 5: 2-69.
Garcia, C.F.; Hochmüller, C.J.C.; Valente, V.L.S. & Schmitz, H.J. 2012. Drosophilid assemblages at different urbanization levels in the city of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 41: 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-011-0007-7
Gottschalk, M.S.; De Toni, D.C.; Hofmann, P.R.P. & Valente, V.L.S. 2007. Changes in Brazilian Drosophilidae (Diptera) assemblages across an urbanisation gradient. Neotropical Entomology, 36(6): 848-862. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000600005
Gottschalk, M.S.; Martins, M.B.; Praxedes, C. & Medeiros, H.F. 2012. A new Amazonian species from the Drosophila annulimana species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56(4): 431-435. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262012000400006
Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T. & Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4: 4. https://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Hochmüller, C.J.C.; Silva, L.M.; Valente, V.L.S. & Schmitz, H.J. 2010. The drosophilid fauna (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of the transition between the Pampa and Atlantic Forest Biomes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil: first records. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 50(19): 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010001900001
Hurlbert, S.H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs, 54(2): 187-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942661
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2019. Biomas e Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil: compatível com a escala 1:250000. Rio de Janeiro, IBGE. (Série: Relatos Metodológicos. Vol. 45).
Junges, J. & Gottschalk, M.S. 2014. Two new species of the new world genus Rhinoleucophenga (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Journal of Insect Science, 14: 157. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieu019
Kaneshiro, K.Y. 1969. A study of the relationships of Hawaiian Drosophila species based on the external male genitalia. The University of Texas Publication, 6918: 55-69.
Leão, B.F.D.; Roque, F.; Deus, P. & Tidon, R. 2017. What happens when exotic species arrive in a new area? The case of drosophilids in the Brazilian Savanna. Drosophila Information Service, 100: 65-69.
Legendre, P. & Fortin, M.J. 1989. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio, 80: 107-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048036
Legendre, P. & Legendre L. 1998. Numerical ecology. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Leitch, K.J.; Ponce, F.V.; Dickson, W.B.; van Breugel, F. & Dickinson, M.H. 2021. The long-distance flight behavior of Drosophila supports an agent-based model for wind-assisted dispersal in insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118: e2013342118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013342118
Magurran, A.E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
Martins, M.B. 1987. Variação espacial e temporal de algumas espécies e grupos de Drosophila (Diptera) em duas reservas de matas isoladas, nas vizinhanças de Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, série Zoológica, 3: 195-218. https://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/handle/mgoeldi/386.
Mata, R.A.; Roque, F. & Tidon, R. 2008a. Drosophilids (Insecta, Diptera) of the Paranã Valley: eight new records for the Cerrado Biome. Biota Neotropical, 8: 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100006
Mata, R.A.; McGeoch, M.A. & Tidon, R. 2008b. Drosophilid assemblages as a bioindicador system of human disturbance in the Brazilian Savanna. Biodiversity Conservation, 17: 2899-2916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9403-7
Mata, R.A.; McGeoch, M.A. & Tidon, R., 2010. Drosophilids (Insecta, Diptera) as tools for conservation biology. Nature Conservation, 8: 60-65. https://doi.org/10.4322/natcon.00801009
Mata, R.A.; Santos, G.A.; Uehara-Prado, M. & Tidon, R. 2014. Improving sampling protocol for assessing drosophilid diversity: spatial independence and sample size. Drosophila Information Service, 97: 161-162.
Mateus, R.P.; Buschini, M.L.T. & Sene, F.M. 2006. The Drosophila community in xerophytic vegetation of the upper Parana-Paraguay river basin. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66: 719-729. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000400016
Medeiros, H.F. & Klaczko, L.B. 2004. How many species of Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) remain to be described in the forests of São Paulo, Brasil? Species lists of tree forest remnats. Biota Neotropica, 4: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032004000100005
Mendes, M.F.; Valer, F.B.; Aleixo, J.G.V.; Blauth, M.L. & Gottschalk, M.S. 2017. Diversity of Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) in the Restinga forest of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 61(3): 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2017.05.002
Paula, M.A.; Lopes, P.H.S. & Tidon, R. 2014. First record of Drosophila suzukii in the Brazilian savanna. Drosophila Information Service, 97: 113-115.
Penariol, L.V. & Madi-Ravazzi, L. 2013. Edge-interior differences in the species richness and abundance of drosophilids in a semideciduous forest fragment. Springer Plus, 2: 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-114
Penariol, P.; Bicudo, H.E.M.C. & Madi-Ravazzi, L. 2008. On the use of open or closed traps in the capture of drosophilids. Biota Neotropica, 8: 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000200004
Poppe, J.L.; Schmitz, H.J.; Grimaldi, D. & Valente, V.L.S. 2014. High diversity of Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) in the Pampas Biome of South America, with descriptions of new Rhioleucophenga species. Zootaxa, 3779: 215-245. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.2.6
Poppe, J.L.; Valente, V.L.S. & Schmitz, H.J. 2012. Structure of Drosophilidae assemblage (Insecta, Diptera) in Pampa Biome (São Luís Gonzaga, RS). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 52(16): 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492012001600001
Poppe, J.L.; Valente, V.L.S. & Schmitz, H.J. 2013. Population dynamics of Drosophilids in the Pampa Biome in response to temperature. Neotropical Entomology, 42(3): 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0125-5
R Development Core Team. 2010. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical computing, Austria. Available: http://www.R-project.org. Access: 10/11/2010.
Roque, F.; Mata, R.A. & Tidon, R. 2013. Temporal and vertical drosophilid (Insecta; Diptera) assemblage fluctuations in a neotropical gallery forest. Biodiversity Conservation, 22(3): 657-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0433-4
Roque, F.; Mencarini, L. & Tidon, R. 2015. Revised list of drosophilid species recorded in the Brazilian Savanna. Drosophila Information Service, 98: 70-74.
Schmitz, H.J.; Hofmann, P.R.P. & Valente, V.L.S. 2010. Assemblages of drosophilids (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in mangrove forests: community ecology and species diversity. Iheringia, Série Zoológica, 100: 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000200008
Schmitz, H.J.; Valente, V.L.S. & Hofmann, P.R.P. 2007. Taxonomic survey of Drosophilidae (Diptera) from mangrove forests of Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 36: 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000100007
Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. & Zhou, X. 2017. Encyclopedia of GIS. Cham, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1
Tidon, R. & Sene, F.M. 1988. A trap that retains and keeps Drosophila alive. Drosophila Information Service, 67: 89.
Torres, F.R. & Madi-Ravazzi, L. 2006. Seasonal variation in natural populations of Drosophila spp. (Diptera) in two woodlands in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Iheringia, Série Zoológica, 96(4): 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006000400008
Val, F.C. & Marques, M.D. 1996. Drosophilidae (Diptera) from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Brazil), with the description of a new species belonging to the bromeliae group of the genus Drosophila. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 39(11): 223-230. https://doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.1994.39.p223-230
Valadão, H.; Hay, J.D.V. & Tidon, R. 2010. Temporal dynamics and resource availability for drosophilid fruit flies (Insecta, Diptera) in a gallery forest in the Brazilian Savanna. International Journal of Ecology, 2010: 1-7, 152437. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/152437
Vilela, C.R. & Bächli, G. 1990. Taxonomic studies on Neotropical species of seven genera of Drosophilidae (Diptera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 63: 1-332.
Wheeler, M.R. & Kambysellis, M.P. 1966. Notes on the Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Samoa. The University of Texas Publication, 6615: 533-565.
Wiens, J.A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology functional ecology. Functional Ecology, 3(4): 385-397. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389612
Yoshimoto, J. & Nishida, T.K.T. 2005. Influence of resource abundance on the structure of the insect community attracted to fermented tree sap. Ecological Research, 20(4): 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0054-9
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Responsibility: The scientific content and the opinions expressed in the manuscript are the sole responsibility of the author(s).
Copyrights: The Authors. The journal is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type CC-BY.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Grant numbers 309186/2022-6
