Nation, symbolism and revolution in Ukraine: tense ethnographic experience in/of liminality

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/1678-9857.ra.2020.178853

Keywords:

Nation, symbolism, sociation, liminality, Euromaidan

Abstract

In Ukraine, a former colony of the Russian Empire, as well as a former republic of the Soviet Union, between November 2013 and February 2014, thousands of people took the streets of the main towns of the country, mainly the Maidan Nezalejnosti, the biggest square of Kiev. The demonstrators were pacifically demanding the signing of a free trade agreement with the European Union. As the president decided to postpone the signing of the agreement in favor of closer ties with Russia, the demonstrators moved to demand the resignation of the government. The revolutionary process thus triggered, known as EuroMaidan or the Revolution of Dignity, represented a liminal moment, during which symbolic forms and actions were negotiated in order to shape of a new nation-building ideology, marked by a strong distancing from historical ties with Russia. I will present here some ethnographic reflections on the symbolic forms and actions of a nation under reconstruction, using for that my own experiences in Kiev in the first half of February 2014.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Fabiano Gontijo, Universidade Federal do Pará

    Fabiano Gontijo é Doutor em Antropologia pela École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, França, Professor Titular de Antropologia do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia e da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Pará e Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq.

References

ANDERSON, Benedict. 2007. “Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination”. Londres/Nova York, Verso.

ANDERSON, Benedict. 2008. “Comunidades Imaginadas: reflexões sobre a origem e a difusão do nacionalismo”. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras.

ARENDT, Hannah. 1990. “Da Revolução”. São Paulo, Ática.

BALCER, Adam. 2019. “The Great Steppe, The Cossacks, and the Revolution of Dignity: A Historical and Cultural Anthropology of Maidan.” In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges, e REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 133-158.

BARANOVSKY, Olexander. 2015. “Ukraine’s Economy: Current Challenges”. In: STEPANENKO, Viktor and PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 127-136.

BERGER, Peter and LUCKMANN, Tomas. [1966] 2004. “A Construção Social da Realidade”. Rio de Janeiro, Vozes.

BURKOVSKY, Petro e HARAN, Olexiy. 2015. “Before and After the Euromaidan: Ukraine Between the European Choice and the Russian Factor”. In: STEPANENKO, Viktor and PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 73-82.

CESARINO, Letícia. 2019. “Identidade e Representação no Bolsonarismo.” Revista de Antropologia, v. 62, n. 3: 530-557.

CODOGNI, Paulina. 2019. “The 1990 Revolution on Granite as an Example of a Nonviolent Revolution” In: KOWAL, Pawel; MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 195-224.

COHEN, Abner. 1969. “Political Anthropology: the Analysis of the Symbolism of Power Relations”. Man, v. 4, n. 2: 215-235.

COHEN, Abner. 1979. “Political Symbolism”. Annual Review of Anthropology, n. 8: 87-113.

DESCHANET, Maxime. 2014. “Introduction à l’Histoire de l’Ukraine”. 2014. Hal-00994650. Disponível em <https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00994650/document> . Acesso em: 13 de abril 2020.

DOUGALS, Mary. 1996. “Natural Symbols”. Londres, Routledge.

GEERTZ, Clifford. 1973. “Religion as a Cultural System”. In: Interpretation of Cultures. Nova York, Basic Books, pp. 87-125.

GOFFMAN, Erving. 1985. “A Representação do Eu na Vida Cotidiana”. Rio de Janeiro, Vozes.

GRAMSCI, Antonio. “Cadernos do Cárcere – Volume 5”. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.

GRETSKIY, Igor. 2019. “Russian Intervention in Ukrainian Presidential Elections of 2004”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 297-332.

HNATIUK, Ola. 2019. “Dreams of Europe: The Role of Intellectuals in Shapping the European Orientation of Ukraine (2004-2014)”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 401-436.

HOBSBAWN, Eric. 2006. “A Invenção das Tradições”. In: HOBSBAWN, Eric e RANGER, Terence (orgs.). A Invenção das Tradições. Rio de Janeiro, Paz e Terra, pp. 9-21.

KATCHANOVSKI, Ivan. 2008. “The Orange Evolution? The “Orange Revolution” and Political Changes in Ukraine”. Post-Soviet Affairs, v. 24, n. 4: 351-382. Disponível em <https://www-tandfonline.ez3.periodicos.capes.gov.br/doi/pdf/10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351>

KLUCZKOWSKI, Jacek. 2019. “The Orange Revolution in Ukraine”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 225-276.

KOPOSOV, Nikolay. 2016. “Les Lois Mémorielles em Russie et en Ukraine: une histoire croisée”. Écrie l’Histoire, n. 16: 251-256. Disponível em <https://journals.openedition.org/elh/1141>

KUZIO, Taras. 2006a. “The Orange Revolution at the Crossroads”. Demokratizatsyia. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, v/ 14, n. 4: 477-493. Disponível em <http://demokratizatsiya.pub/archives/14_4_16085W5388J6340G.pdf>

KUZIO, Taras. 2006b. “National Identity and History Writing in Ukraine”. Nationalities Papers, v. 34, n. 4: 407-427. Disponível em <http://web-a-ebscohost.ez3.periodicos.capes.gov.br/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=f9605e3d-d389-4668-b6f1-7e34e00c3722%40sessionmgr4008>

KUZIO, Taras. 2019. “Three Revolutions, One War and Ukraine’s West Moves East”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 91-120.

KVIT, Serhiy. 2017. “One Hundred Years of the Ukrainian Liberation Struggle”. Kiyv-Mohyla Humanities Studies, n. 4: 145-152. Disponível em <https://kvit.ukma.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/One-Hundred-Years-of-the-Ukrainian-Liberation-Struggle1.pdf>

LANDER, Edgardo (org.). 2005. A Colonialidade do Saber. Buenos Aires, Clacso.

LEACH, Edmund. 1996. Sistemas Políticos da Alta Birmânia. São Paulo, EdUSP.

LEBEDYNSKY, Iaroslav. 2008. Ukraine, une Histoire en Question. Paris, L’Harmattan.

LIUBARETS, Andriy. 2016. “The Politics of Memory in Ukraine in 2014: removal of the soviet cultural legacy and Euromaidan commemorations”. Kiyv-Mohyla Humanities Studies, n. 3: 197-214. Disponível em <http://kmhj.ukma.edu.ua/article/view/73968/69410>

MAGOCSI, Paul R. 2007. Ukraine: An Illustrated History. Toronto, Toronto University Press.

NADEL, S. F. 1951. “The Foundations of Social Anthropology”. Londres, Cohen & West.

ONUCH, Olga. 2015. “The Maidan, Past and Present: Orange Revolution (2004) and the EuroMaidan (2013-2014)”. In: MARPLES, David R. and MILLS, Frederick V. (orgs.). Ukraine’s Euromaidan: Analysis of a Civil Revolution. Nova York, Columbia University Press.

ONUCH, Olga. 2019. “The Forgotten Revolution on the Granite (1990): the legacy contention in independent Ukraine”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 175-194.

PEIRANO, Mariza. 1992. Uma Antropologia no Plural. Brasília, Editora da UnB.

PEREPELYTSIA. Hryhorii. 2019. “The Outcome of the Three Revolutions in Ukraine: A Comparative Pespective”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 503-552.

PORTNOV, Andriy and PORTNOVA, Tetyana. 2015. “The Ukrainian ‘Eurorevolution’: Dynamics and Meaning”. In: STEPANENKO, Viktor e PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 59-72.

PURI, Jyoti. 2006. “Sexuality, State and Nation”. In: SEIDMAN, Steven, FISCHER, Nancy e MEEKS, Chet (orgs.). Handbook of the New Sexuality Studies. Londres, Routledge, pp. 340-347.

QUIJANO, Aníbal. 2000. “Colonialidad del Poder y Classificación Social”. Journal of World-Systems Research, v. 6 , n. 2: 342-386. Disponível em http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/view/228

RIABCHUK, Mykola. 2019. “Ukrainian Identity after Three Revolutions and One (Unfinished) War”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges and REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 61-90.

SAMOKHVALOV, Vsevolod. 2006. “Ukraine and the Orange Revolution: democracy or a ‘velvet restoration’?” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, v. 6, n. 2: 257-273. Disponível em <http://web-b-ebscohost.ez3.periodicos.capes.gov.br/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=c082e5d7-6532-4405-80b5-35279e93c327%40pdc-v-sessmgr03>

SHULGA, Olexander. 2015. “Consequences of the Maidan: War of Symbols, Real War and Nation Building”. In: STEPANENKO, Viktor and PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 231-240.

SHVEDA, Yuriy. 2015. “The Revolution of Dignity in the Context of Theory of Social Revolutions”. In: STEPANENKO, Viktor; PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, 2015, pp. 83-96.

SIMMEL, Georg. 2006. Questões Fundamentais da Sociologia. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar.

STEPANENKO, Viktor and PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav (orgs.). 2015a. “Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes”. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 127-136.

STEPANENKO, Viktor and PYLYNSKY, Yaroslav. 2015b. “Ukraine’s Revolution: The National Historical Context and the New Challenges for the Country and the World”. In: Ukraine after the Euromaidan: challenges and hopes. Berna, Peter Lang, pp. 11-28.

SUBTELNY, Orest. 2009. Ukraine: A History. Toronto, University of Toronto Press (quarta edição).

TLOSTANOVA, Madina. 2008. “Por qué Cortarse los Piés para Caber en los Zapatos Occidentales?: Las ex colónias soviéticas no europeas y el sistema de género colonial moderno. In: MIGNOLO, Walter (org.). Género y Descolonialidad. Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Siglo, 2008, pp. 85-122.

TODOROV, Tzetan. 1977. Théories du Symbole. Paris, Seuil.

TURNER, Victor.1974. O Processo Ritual. Rio de Janeiro, Vozes.

UMLAD, Andreas. 2009. “Understanding the Orange Revolution: Ukraine’s democratization in the Russian Mirror”. Geopolitika, 24/11/2009. Disponível em <http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=3686> . Acesso em 13 de abril 2020.

URAZOVA, Dinara. 2016. ‘Out With the Gang!’: Mass Mobilization in Ukraine’s Euromaidan. Budapeste, Dissertação de Mestrado, Department of Political Science, Central European University.

VOZNIAK, Taras. 2019. “Ukraine – An Uncompleted Revolution: An Attempting of Interpreting the Revolutionary Situation of 2013-2014”. In: KOWAL, Pawel, MINK, Georges e REICHARDT, Iwona (orgs.). Three Revolutions: Mobilization and Changs in Contemporary Ukraine I – Theoretical Aspects and Analyses on Religion, Memory, and Identity. Stuttgart, Verlagen, pp. 487-502.

Referência fílmica

AFINEEVSKY, Evgeny.2015. Winter on Fire: Ukraine’s Fight for Freedom. Dirigido por Evgeny Afineevsky. 1h38. Netflix. Disponível em <https://www.netflix.com/br/title/80031666>

Published

2020-12-17

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Gontijo, F. (2020). Nation, symbolism and revolution in Ukraine: tense ethnographic experience in/of liminality. Revista De Antropologia, 63(3), e178853. https://doi.org/10.11606/1678-9857.ra.2020.178853