Análise do DNA de toque no contexto forense: vantagens e limitações
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2770.v29i2e-232173Palavras-chave:
DNA de toque, Genética Forense, Repetições de Microssatélites, Perfil Genético, Polimorfismo GenéticoResumo
O avanço das técnicas de Genética Forense tornou viável a análise de amostras contendo baixa qualidade e quantidade de DNA, gerando perfis genéticos formados por marcadores do tipo STR autossômicos. Dentre as amostras com essas características há o DNA de toque, o qual se refere ao material genético depositado via contato com uma superfície ou objeto. Sua análise é especialmente relevante na presença de impressões digitais com reduzida integridade e baixo nível de detalhamento, que impossibilita a avaliação por meio da papiloscopia. A transferência do DNA de toque pode ocorrer diretamente (i.e. transferência primária), resultante do contato direto entre depositor e superfície, ou indiretamente (i.e. transferência secundária), a qual envolve um vetor intermediário. A transferência secundária pode dificultar a interpretação dos perfis genéticos, uma vez que frequentemente resulta em misturas de DNA de múltiplos indivíduos. Diversos fatores podem influenciar a deposição do DNA de toque, como o shedder status, correspondente à variação interindividual, que pode ser afetado por idade, sexo, doenças de pele e hábitos pessoais. Ademais, variáveis como o tipo de superfície, o tempo decorrido desde a higienização das mãos e a natureza do contato também podem influenciar na deposição e recuperação do DNA de toque. A origem do DNA depositado pode incluir células da pele das mãos, além de material genético advindo de outras regiões do corpo, como fluidos corporais (e.g. sebo e saliva). Pesquisas nessa área ressaltam a importância de compreender as variáveis que afetam a deposição e recuperação do DNA de toque, visando aprimorar as práticas forenses e a interpretação dos resultados obtidos para auxiliar as investigações criminais.
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