In vitro approaches to antioxidant screening for the development of a sunscreen formulation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10, Photoprotection, EmulsionAbstract
The incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens may provide additional skin photoprotection against the harmful photobiological effects of ultraviolet radiation. The present study evaluated the applicability of a screening approach to the assessment of the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 and then determined the performance of the most effective antioxidant in a sunscreen formulation. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2`-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the photoprotective potential was investigated by the yeast photoprotection assay. The antioxidant with the best effect was incorporated into sunscreen formulations which were evaluated for 120 days regarding their in vitro photoprotective parameters. Vitamin C showed high antioxidant capacity as well as a photoprotective potential against simulated solar irradiation applied for times longer than 1 h. Although the Sun Protection Factor, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength did not differed significantly (p<0.05) between the formulation blank and the formulations containing 0.5% or 1% vitamin C, formulations with vitamin C kept their photostability for 6 months. Consequently, the proposed screening approach seems to be promising for the development of an antisolar photostable formulation containing vitamin C as an antioxidant.
Downloads
References
Addor FAS. Antioxidants in dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(3):356-362.
Afonso S, Horita K, Sousa e Silva JP, Almeida IF, Amaral MH, Lobão PA, et al. Photodegradation of avobenzone: Stabilization effect of antioxidants. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2014;140:36-40.
Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Shaikh RH, Vaid FH, Ansari SA. Photostability and interaction of ascorbic acid in cream formulations. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2011;12(3):917-23.
Al-Niaimi F, Chiang N, Yi Z. Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17.
Alves PE, Gomes ACC, Gomes AKC, Nigro F, Kuster RM, Freitas ZMF, et al. Development and Characterization of Phytocosmetic Formulations with Saccharum officinarum. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2020;30:406-415.
Amina RM, Elfeky SA, Verwanger T, Krammer B. A new biocompatible nanocomposite as a promising constituent of sunscreens. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016;63:46-51.
Ardani HK, Imawan C, Handayani W, Djuhana D, Harmoko A, Fauzia V. Enhancement of the stability of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. Leaves using polyvinyl alcohol. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Enginnering. 2017;188:1-5.
Arias G. Estudio de la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de aceites esenciales y extractos aislados de Salvia officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris y Lippia citriodora, cultivadas en el municipio Sucre (Santander). Tesis de Maestría. Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander. 2012.
Barcelos IP, Haas RH. CoQ10 and Aging. Biology. 2019;8(2):28-50.
Burke KE. Photoprotection of the Skin with Vitamins C and E: Antioxidants and Synergies. Nutrition and Skin. 2011;43-58.
Callender SP, Mathews JA, Kobernyka K, Wettig SD. Microemulsion utility in pharmaceuticals: Implications for multi-drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2017;526(1-2):425-442.
Caritá AC, Santos BF, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn B, Chorilli M, Leonardi GR. Vitamin C: One compound, several uses. Advances for delivery, efficiency, and stability. Nanomedicine. 2020;24(102117):1-15.
Cervellati R, Greco E. In vitro Antioxidant activity of Ubiquinone, compared to vitamin E. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 2016;99:41-45.
Chen AC, Damian DL, Halliday GM. Oral and systemic photoprotection. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30(2-3):102-11.
Comité de Liaison des Industries de La Parfumerie. COLIPA. Method for the in vitro determination of UVA protection provided by sunscreen products. 2007.
Coutinho CC, Santos-Oliveira R, Santos EP, Mansur CR. Development of a photoprotective and antioxidant nanoemulsion containing chitosan as an agent for improving skin retention. Eng Life Sci. 2015;15:593-604.
Damiani E, Astolfi P, Cionna L, Ippoliti F, Greci L. Synthesis, and application of a novel sunscreen-antioxidant. Free Radic Res. 2006;40(5):485-94.
Diniz, RR, Paiva JP, Aquino RM, Gonçalves TCW, Leitão AC, Santos BAMC, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as bioindicators for titanium dioxide sunscreen photoprotective and photomutagenic assessment. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019;198:11158-11179.
Dutra EA, Oliveira DAGC, Kedorhackmann ERM, Santoro MIRM. Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2004;40(3):381-38.
Ferrara F, Woodby B, Pecorelli A, Schiavone ML, Pambianchi E, Messano N, et al. Additive effect of combined pollutants to UV induced skin OxInflammation damage. Evaluating the protective topical application of a cosmeceutical mixture formulation. Redox Biol. 2020;34:101481.
Food and drug administration. FDA. Guidance for industry Labeling and effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use-small Entity Compliance Guide. 2012.
Galanakis CM, Tsatalas P, Galanakis JM. Phenols from olive mill wastewater and other natural antioxidants as UV filters in sunscreens. Environ Technol Innov. 2018;9:160-168.
Garcia EJ, Oldoni TLC, Alencar SM, Reis A, Loguercio AD, Grande RHM. Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of potential solutions to be applied on bleached teeth. Braz Den J. 2012;23(1):22-27.
Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J. Effective Photoprotection of Human Skin against Infrared A Radiation by Topically Applied Antioxidants: Results from a Vehicle Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Study. Photochem and Photobiol. 2014;91(1):248-50.
He H, Li A, Li S, Tang J, Li L, Xiong L. Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;134:111161.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior R. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:1841-1856.
Jesus A, Mota S, Torres A, Cruz MT, Sousa E, Almeida IF, Cidade H. Antioxidants in Sunscreens: Which and What For? Antioxidants. 2023;12(138):4-22.
Keen MA, Hassan I. Vitamin E in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online J. 2016;7(4):311-315
Khalid N, Kobayashi I, Neves MA, Uemura K, Nakajima M. Preparation, and characterization of water-in-oil emulsions loaded with high concentration of L-ascorbic acid. Food Sci Tech. 2013;51(2):448-454.
Knott A, Achterberg V, Smuda C, Mielke H, Sperling G, Dunckelmann K, et al. Topical treatment with coenzyme Q10-containing formulas improves skin’s Q10 level and provides antioxidative effects. Biofactors. 2015;41(6):383-390.
Krutmann J, Bouloc A, Sore G, Bernard BA, Passeron T. The skin aging exposome. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;85(3):152-161.
Marrot L. Pollution and Sun Exposure: A Deleterious Synergy. Mechanisms and Opportunities for Skin Protection. Curr Med Chem. 2019;25(40):5469-5486.
Neves JR, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J, Correia P, Gonçalves Jr JE, Sant’Anna B, et al. Efficacy of a topical serum containing L-ascorbic acid, neohesperidin, pycnogenol, tocopherol, and hyaluronic acid in relation to skin aging signs. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(10):4462-4469.
Ou B, Hampsch M, Prior R. Development, and validation of an improved Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay In vitro approaches to antioxidant screening for the development of a sunscreen formulation using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:4619-4626.
Paiva JP, Diniz RR, Leitão AC, Cabral LM, Fortunato RS, Santos BAMC, et al. Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(8):707-723.
Rafiq M, Azeemuddin M, Anturlikar SD, Viswanatha GL, Patkiet PS. Application of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay in the estimation of antioxidant value of botanicals. Oxid Antioxid Med Sci. 2012;1(2):87-90.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice C. Antioxidant activity applying as improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9-10):1231-7.
Rowe R, Sheskey PJ, Quinn ME. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. 6th Edition. Pharmaceutical Press. 889 p, 2009.
Ruvolo E, Boothby-Shoemaker W, Kumar N, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW, Kohli I. Evaluation of efficacy of antioxidant-enriched sunscreen prodcuts against long wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2022;44(3):394-402.
Saez V, Menezes FD, Santos CC, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Júnior E, Mansur CRE, et al. Graphene quantum dots nanoparticles changed the rheological properties of hydrophilic gels (carbopol). J Mol Liq. 2019;287:110949-110967.
Silva ACP, Paiva JP, Diniz RR, Dos Anjos VM, Silva ABSM, Pinto AV, et al. Photoprotection assessment of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract standardized to oleuropein: in vitro and in silico approach for improved sunscreens. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019;193:162-171.
Teixeira J, Freitas ZMF, Monteiro MSSB, Vermelho AB, Ricci Júnior E, Santos EP. Development and characterization of photoprotective formulations containing keratin particles. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2019;55:1-14.
Thiele JJ, Hsieh SN, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E: critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:805-813.
Továr-Sanchez A, Sparaventi E, Gaudron A, Rodríguez-Romero A. A new approach for the determination of sunscreen levels in seawater by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry. Plos One. 2020;16: 1-10.
Valacchi G, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, Belmonte G, Pecorelli A, Cervellati F, Demaude J, Krol Y, Oresajo C. Ozone-induced damage in 3D-Skin Model is prevented by topical vitamin C and vitamin E compound mixtures application. J Dermatol Sci. 2016;82(3):209-212.
Valverde TM, Soares BNGS, Nascimento AM, Andrade AL, Sousa LRD, Vieira PMA, et al. Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photoprotective Investigation of Red Propolis Extract as Sunscreen Formulation in Polawax Cream. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5112.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content of the journal, except where identified, is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY.
The on line journal has open and free access.
