The impact of civil status on women’s wages in Brazil

Authors

  • Regina Madalozzo Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa
  • Carolina Flores Gomes Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-41612012000300002

Keywords:

marriage, cohabitation, wage differential, sample selection

Abstract

Consensual union, also known as cohabitation, has become more frequent in recent decades in Brazil and many other countries. In this context, some studies have analyzed the impact of marriage on women’s wages. This article analyzes the effects of marital status on Brazilian women’s wages by specifically investigating the individual characteristics of these effects using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census Database. This study concludes that wages differ by up to 15 per cent between married and single women and up to 3 per cent between married and cohabiting women.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ALLEGRETTO, S.; ARTHUR, M. “An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Earnings Differences: Unmarried and Unequal?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54:3, p. 631-646. 1999.

BECKER, G. “A Theory of the Allocation of Time”, Economic Journal, 75, p. 493-508. 1965.

BECKER, G. “A Theory of Marriage I”, Journal of Political Economy, 81: 4, p. 813-846. 1973.

BECKER, G. “A Treatise on the Family”, Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press, 1992.

BECKER, G. “Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor”, Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1): p. 33-59. 1985.

BERQUÓ, E. “Family Arrangements in Brazil: A Demographic View”, in SCHWARCZ, L. M. (Ed.)

History of Private Life in Brazil: Contrasts of Contemporary Intimacy. São Paulo: Companhia

Das Letras, p. 411-437. 1998.

BRIEN, M.; LILLARD, L.; WAITE, L. “Irrelated Family-Building Behaviors: Cohabitation, Marriage

and Nonmarital Conception”. Demography, 36: 4, p. 531-551, 1999.

BUMPASS, L.; SWEET, J.; CHERLIN, A. “The Role of Cohabitation in Declining Of Marriage’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, p. 913-917, 1991.

CHEVAN, A. “As Cheaply as One: Cohabitation in the Older Population”, Journal of Marriage and Family, 58(3), p. 656-667. 1996.

CHIAPPORI, P. “Rational household labor supply”, Econometrica, 56(1), p. 63-90. 1988.

FALCÃO, B.; SOARES, R. ‘The Demographic Transition and the Sexual Division Labor’, Journal Of Political Economy, 116: 6, p.1058-1104. 2008.

FERBER, Marianne A.; BIRNBAUM, Bonnie G. “The “New Home Economics”: Retrospects and

Prospects”, The Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1, p. 19-28. 1977.

GREENE, M.; RAO, V. ‘Compression of the Marriage Market and the Increase of Consensual Unions in Brazil’, Brazilian Journal of Population Studies, 9: 2, p. 168-83. 1992.

HANSON, S.; PRATT, G. ‘Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 31: 2, p. 229-53. 1991.

HECKMAN, J. ‘Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error’, Econometrica, 47: 1, p.153-62. 1979.

HERSCH, J.; STRATTON, L. S. ‘Household specialization and the male marriage wage premium’

Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 54(1): 78-94. 2000.

HILL, M. ‘The Wage Effects of Marital Status and Children’, The Journal of Human Resources, 14: 4, p. 579-94. 1979.

HOFFMAN, R.; KASSOUF, A. ‘Deriving conditional and unconditional marginal effects in log earnings equations estimated by Heckman’s Procedure”, Applied Economics, 37:11, p. 1303-1311. 2005.

KIERNAN, K. ‘Cohabitation in Western Europe: Trends, Issues, and Implications’, in A. Booth and Ann C. Crouter (eds.), Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children and Social Policy (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.). 2002.

KOREMAN, S.; NEUMARK, D. ‘Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?’ The Journal

of Human Resources, 24: 2, p. 282-307. 1991.

KUHN, P. ‘Sex Discrimination in Labor Markets: The Role of Statistical Evidence’, The American

Economic Review, 77: 4, p.567-583. 1987.

LEE, L. ‘Generalized Econometric Models with Selectivity’, Econometrica, 51: 2, p. 507-12. 1983.

LUNDBERG, S.; POLLAK, R. “Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market”, Journal of Political Economy, 110(6): 988-1010. 1993.

MADALOZZO, R. ‘An Analysis of Income Differences by Marital Status’, Estudos Econômicos, 38: 2, p.267-292. 2008.

MANSER, M.; BROWN, M. “Marriage and Household Decision-making: a Bargain Analysis”, International Economic Review, 21(XX): 31-44. 1980.

MARTIN, T. C. ‘Consensual Unions in Latin America: Persistence of a Dual Nuptiality System’, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33: 1, p.35-55. 2002.

MILLER, P. ‘The Gender Pay Gap in The US: Does Sector Make a Difference?’, Journal of Labor

Research, 30: 1, p. 51–74. 2009.

MIRANDA-RIBEIRO, P. ‘Starting Again: A Comparative Study of Mismatch Remarriage’, unpubl.

MA thesis, Center of Regional Development and Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerais,

Belo Horizonte. 1993.

MOORE, W.; WILSON, R. ‘The Influence of Children on the Wage Rates of Married Women’, Eastern Economic Journal, 3: 3, p. 197-210. 1982.

OAXACA, R. ‘Male-Female Wage Differences in Urban Labor Markets’, International Economic

Review, 14: 3, p. 693-709. 1973.

SAHA, A.; CAPPS JR, O.; BYRNE, P. ‘Calculating marginal effects in models for zero expenditures in household budgets using a Heckman-type Correction’, Applied Economics,29:10, p. 1311-1316. 1997.

SCORZAFAVE, L.; PAZELLO, E. ‘‘Using Normalized Equations to Solve the Indetermination Problem in the Oaxaca-Blinder Decompositions: An Application to the Gender Wage Gap in Brazil’, Economia Aplicada, 61: 4, p. 535-548. 2007.

SEDLACEK, G.; SANTOS, E. ‘The Female Spouse in the Labour Market as a Strategy for Generating Income’, Economic Research and Planning, 21: 3, p. 449-70. 1991.

SMOCK, P. J. ‘Cohabitation in the United States: An Appraisal of Research Themes, Findings, and Implications’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26, pp. 1-20. 2000.

VELLA, F. ‘Estimating models with sample selection bias: a survey’, The Journal of Human Resources, 33:1, pp. 127-169. 1998.

WAITE, L.; GALLAGHER, M. ‘The Case for Marriage: Whay Married People are Happier, Healthier, and Better off Financially”, New York: Broadway Books. 2000.

ZAVODNY, M. ‘Is There a ‘Marriage Premium’ for Gay Men?’ Review of Economics of the Household, 6(4): 369-89. 2008.

Published

30-09-2012

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Madalozzo, R., & Gomes, C. F. (2012). The impact of civil status on women’s wages in Brazil. Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo), 42(3), 457-487. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-41612012000300002