Does Biometric registration reduce political participation?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-53575332pfprKeywords:
Election, Turn-out, EnfranchisementAbstract
Biometric registration, being an additional cost to electoral participation, might represent a constraint on voting rights; on the other hand, it may have important effects in restraining electoral fraud. We evaluate its impact on political participation by a difference in-differences regression, comparing municipalities that implemented the biometric registration early with those that joined later or never participated, and we correct for potential differential trends and staggered treatment. We find that biometric registration was successful in reducing (potentially fraudulent) voter registrations, without relevant effects on political participation of real voters.
Downloads
References
Acemoglu, D., S. Naidu, P. Restrepo, and J. A. Robinson. 2019. “Democracy does cause growth.” Journal of Political Economy 127(1), 47–100.
Acemoglu, D. and J. A. Robinson. 2000. “Why did the west extend the franchise? democracy, inequality, and growth in historical perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(4), 1167–1199.
Aidt, T. S. and P. S. Jensen. 2009. “Tax structure, size of government, and the extension of the voting franchise in western europe, 1860–1938.” International Tax and Public Finance 16(3), 362–394.
Barreto, M. A., S. Nuño, G. R. Sanchez, and H. L. Walker. 2019. “The racial implications of voter identification laws in America.” American Politics Research 47(2), 238–249.
Base dos Dados. 2022. Eleições brasileiras. Disponível em: <https://basedosdados.org/dataset/br-tse-eleicoes>. Acessado em 20/02/2023.
Blais, André. 2000. To vote or not to vote? The merits and limits of rational choice theory. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Borusyak, K., X. Jaravel, and J. Spiess. 2021. “Revisiting event study designs: Robust and efficient estimation.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.12419.
Henry E., Brady, H. E. and J. E. McNulty. 2011. “Turning out to vote: The costs of finding and getting to the polling place.” American Political Science Review 105(1), 115–134.
Brasil. 1997. “Lei nº 9.504, de 30 de setembro de 1997.” Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil.
Callaway, B. and P. H. Sant’Anna. 2021. “Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 200–230.
Campante, F. R. and D. Chor. 2012. “Schooling, political participation, and the economy.” Review of Economics and Statistics 94(4), 841–859.
Casa Civil. 2009. “Portfólio eleicões no Brasil: a conquista da transparência e da legitimidade.” Disponível em: <https://www.tse.jus.br/o-tse/museu-do-voto/exposicoes/eleicoes-no-brasil-a-conquista-da-transparencia-e-da-legitimidade>. Acessado em 16/08/2022.
Cascio, E. U. and E. Washington. 2014. “Valuing the vote: The redistribution of voting rights and state funds following the voting rights act of 1965.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(1), 379–433.
Cobb, R. V., D. J. Greiner, and K. M. Quinn. 2010. “Can voter id laws be administered in a race neutral manner? evidence from the city of Boston in 2008.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(1), 1–33.
Coelho, G. G. R., H. A. C. F. Hott, and S. N. Sakurai. 2023. “Fiscal impacts of electoral abstention: a study on the electorate biometric update in Brazilian municipalities.” Local Government Studies 0(0), 1–36.
De Chaisemartin, C. and X. d’Haultfoeuille. 2020. “Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects.” American Economic Review 110(9), 2964–96.
DellaVigna, S., J. A. List, U. Malmendier, and G. Rao. 2016. “Voting to tell others.” The Review of Economic Studies 84(1), 143–181.
Feddersen, Timothy. 2004. “Rational choice theory and the paradox of not voting.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1), 99–112.
Ferreira, Manoel Rodrigues. 2001. A evolução do sistema eleitoral brasileiro. Senado Federal.
Fraga, B. L. and M. G. Miller. 2022. “Who do voter id laws keep from voting?” The Journal of Politics 84(2), 1091–1105.
Franklin, Mark. 1999. “Electoral engineering and cross-national turnout differences: what role for compulsory voting?” British Journal of Political Science 29(1), 205–216.
Fujiwara, Thomas. 2015. “Voting technology, political responsiveness, and infant health: Evidence from Brazil.” Econometrica 83(2), 423–464.
Fujiwara, T., K. Meng, and T. Vogl. 2016. “Habit formation in voting: Evidence from rainy elections.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8(4), 160–188.
Goodman-Bacon, Andrew. 2021. “Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 254–277.
Grimmer, J., E. Hersh, M. Meredith, J. Mummolo, and C. Nall. 2018. “Obstacles to estimating voter id laws’ effect on turnout.” The Journal of Politics 80(3), 1045–1051.
Hajnal, Z., N. Lajevardi, and L. Nielson. 2017. “Voter identification laws and the suppression of minority votes.” The Journal of Politics 79(2), 363–379.
Hidalgo, Fernando. 2012. “Renovating democracy: The political consequences of election reforms in post-war Brazil.” Ph. D. thesis, UC Berkeley.
Hoffman, M., G. León, and M. Lombardi. 2017. “Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria.” Journal of Public Economics 145, 103–115.
Huckfeldt, R. and J. Sprague. 1992. “Political parties and electoral mobilization: Political structure, social structure, and the party canvass.” American Political Science Review 86(1), 70–86.
Latin American Public Opinion Project. 2022. “Lapop data playground”. Disponível em: <https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/lapop.central/viz/LAPOPV3_2/Combination?publish=yesLAPOPLatinAmericanPublicOpinionProject/>. Acessado em 10/08/2022.
Leal, Victor. 2012. Coronelismo, enxada e voto: o município e o regime representativo no Brasil. Companhia das Letras.
Lott, John. 2006. “Evidence of voter fraud and the impact that regulations to reduce fraud have on voter participation rates.” Available at SSRN 925611.
Miller, Grant. 2008. “Women’s suffrage, political responsiveness, and child survival in American history.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123(3), 1287–1327.
Mulligan, C. B., R. Gil, and X. Sala-i Martin. 2004. “Do democracies have different public policies than nondemocracies?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1), 51–74.
Myerson, Roger. 2000. “Large poisson games.” Journal of Economic Theory 94(1), 7–45.
Naidu, Suresh. 2012. “Suffrage, schooling, and sorting in the post-bellum US south.” Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Power, T. J. and J. T. Roberts. 1995. “Compulsory voting, invalid ballots, and abstention in Brazil.” Political Research Quarterly 48(4), 795–826.
Rambachan, A. and J. Roth. 2023. “A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends.” The Review of Economic Studies. rdad018.
Riker, W. H. and P. C. Ordeshook. 1968. “A theory of the calculus of voting.” American Political Science Review 62(1), 25–42.
Schneider, Rodrigo. 2020. “Free or fair elections? the introduction of electronic voting in Brazil.” Economía 21(1), 73–100.
Schneider, R., D. Athias, and M. Bugarin. 2020. “Electronic voting and public spending: the impact of de facto enfranchisement on federal budget amendments in Brazil.” Journal of Applied Economics 23(1), 299–315.
Schneider, R. and K. N. Senters. 2018. “Winners and losers of the ballot: Electronic vs. traditional paper voting systems in Brazil.” Latin American Politics and Society 60(2), 41–60.
Shachar, R. and B. Nalebuff. 1999. “Follow the leader: Theory and evidence on political participation.” American Economic Review 89(3), 525–547.
Sun, L. and S. Abraham. 2021. “Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 175–199.
Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 2021. “Voto em papel e fraudes: série de depoimentos relata insegurança antes da urna eletrônica”. Disponível em: <https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2021/Setembro/voto-em-papel-e-fraudes-serie-de-depoimentos-relata-inseguranca-antes-da-urna>. Acessado em 16/08/2022.
Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 2023. “Histórico das revisões a partir de 2008. Disponível em: <https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/biometria/historico-das-revisoes-a-partir-de-2008>. Acessado em 04/04/2023.
Uhlaner, Carole. 1989. “’Relational goods and participation: Incorporating sociability into a theory of rational action.” Public choice 62(3), 253–285.
Waldner, D. and E. Lust. 2018. “Unwelcome change: Coming to terms with democratic backsliding.” Annual Review of Political Science 21, 93–113.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Pedro Henrique Thibes Forquesato, Pedro Rodrigues
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
By submitting an article, the author authorizes its publication and attests that it has not been submitted to any other journal. The original article is considered final. Articles selected for publication are proofread for grammatical and orthographic errors. The journal does not pay rights for published articles. The Institute of Economic Research from the School of Economics, Business and Accounting of the University of São Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo) owns the journal's copyright.