Determinants of the distribution of gender (In)equality among Brazilian States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-416146115airKeywords:
gender equality, panel data, Brazilian statesAbstract
Gender equality is crucial for sustainable economic development. Brazil, despite being one of the largest economies in the world, is far from being considered an egalitarian society between men and women when compared to the same economic size countries.
This study analyzes the evolution of gender equality in Brazil between 1997 and
2012 and the impacts of globalization, economic development and welfare measures on the distribution of gender equality among States. In order to reach this goal, we used the econometric methodology of panel data. The results show that gender equality has increased over the period and that globalization, measured based on foreign direct investment and on the population’s access to television sets, raised the gender equality in Brazil.
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Journal of Economic Surveys, v. 19, n. 3, p.479-511, 2005.
WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 2a. edição, Mason, Ohio,
Estados Unidos, 2003.
Employment: a cross-country analysis. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, v. 65, n.4, p. 779-
809, 2012.
ARORA, R. Gender Inequality, Economic Development, and Globalization: a State Level Analysis of
India. The Journal of Developing Areas, v. 46, n. 1, p. 148-164, 2012.
BANCO MUNDIAL, 2014. Disponível em http://www.worldbank.org/mdgs/gender.html.
BALIAMOUNE-LUTZ, M. Globalisation and Gender: Is Africa Different? Journal of African Economies,
v. 16, n. 2, p. 301-348, 2006.
BÁRCENA-MARTÍN, E., MORO-EGIDO, A. Gender and Poverty Risk in Europe. Feminist Economics,
v. 19, n. 2. p. 69-99, 2013.
BORTOLUZZO, M., SAKURAI, S., BORTOLUZZO, ADRIANA B. Allocation of Foreign Direct
Investment across Brazilian States. Estudos Econômicos, v. 43, n. 2, p. 241-269, 2013.
BRANISA, B., KLASEN, S., ZIEGLER, M., DRESCHSLER, D., & JUTTING, J. The Institutional
Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Feminist Economics,
v. 20, n. 2, p. 29-64, 2014.
DOLLAR, D.; & GATTI, R. Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women?
Policy Research Report on Gender and Development: Working Paper Series, n.1, Washington
DC: World Bank, 1999.
FMI. World Economic Outlook Database. Fundo Monetário Internacional, 2013.
FOLBRE, N. Measuring Care: Gender, Empowerment, and the Care Economy. Journal of Human
Development, v.10, n.2, p. 183-199, 2006.
FÓRUM ECONÔMICO MUNDIAL. Global Gender Gap Report, 2013.
FROLICH, M. Propensity Score Matching without Conditional Independence Assumption--With an
Application to the Gender Wage Gap in the United Kingdom. Econometrics Journal, v. 10, n.
2, p. 359-407, 2007.
GIUBERTI, A.; MENEZES-FILHO, N. Discriminação dos rendimentos por gênero: uma comparação
entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos. Economia Aplicada, v.9, n.3, p.369-383, 2005.
GUMBEL, D. The Influence of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth, 2004. Disponível em http://
david-guembel.de/uploads/media/Ausarbeitung_Seminar_Wirtschaftsgeschichte_Gender_Inequality.
HAM, J. C., & SONG, H. The Determinants of Bargaining Power in an Empirical Model of Transfers
between Adult Children, Parents, and In-Laws for South Korea. Journal of Development Economics,
v. 109, p. 10973-86, 2014.
JUHN, C.; UJHELYI, G.; VILLEGAS-SANCHES, C. Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality.
American Economic Review, v.13, n. 3, p. 269-273, 2013.
KNOWLES, S.; LORGELLY, P.; OWEN, P. Are educational gender gaps a brake on economic development?
Some cross-country empirical evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, v. 54, p.118-149, 2002.
LA FERRARA, E., CHONG, A. e DURYEA, S. Soap operas and fertility: Evidence from Brazil. American
Economic Journal: Applied Economics, v. 4, n. 4, p. 1-31, 2012.
LAGERLÖF, N. Gender Equality and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, v. 8, p. 403-
426, 2003.
MADALOZZO, R. Occupational segregational and the gender wage gap in Brazil: an empirical analysis.
Economia aplicada, v. 14, n. 2, p.147-168, 2010.
MADALOZZO, R. e MARTINS, S. Gender wage gaps: comparing the 80s, the 90s and 00s in
Brazil, Revista de Economia e Administração, v. 6, n. 2, p. 141-156, 2007.
MIKI, M., & YUVALl, F. Using Education to Reduce the Wage Gap between Men and Women. Journal
Of Socio-Economics, v. 40, n. 4, p. 412-416, 2011.
MINISTÉRIO DO TRABALHO E EMPREGO (MTE). http://portal.mte.gov.br/data/files/
FF80808148855DD701489F100CA546F5/consolidado%20tabelas%20(2).pdf (acessado em
11/12/14).
MUKHOPADHYAY, U. e CHAUDHURI, S. Economic liberalisation, gender wage inequality and welfare,
The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, v. 22, n. 8, p. 1214-1239, 2013.
OOSTENDORP, R. H. Globalization and the Gender Wage Gap. World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper, n. 3256, Washington DC: World Bank, 2004.
PERMANYER, I. A critical assessment of the UNDP’s gender inequality index. Feminist Economics,
v. 19, n. 3, p. 1-32, 2013.
RAMOS, Daniela Peixoto. Pesquisas de usos do tempo: um instrumento para aferir as desigualdades
de gênero. Revista Estudos Feministas, v. 17, n. 3, p. 861-870, 2009.
RAMOS, C; SOUZA, L. A Mensuração da Desigualdade de Gênero: um Índice para os Estados
Brasileiros, 2012. Disponível em http://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/5731/1/2012_LuisaCardosoGuedesdeSouza.
ROSA, Waldemir. Sexo e cor: categorias de controle social e reprodução das desigualdades socioeconômicas
no Brasil. Revista Estudos Feministas, v. 17, n. 3, p. 889-899, 2009.
SCHNEIDER, M. Illustrating the Implications of How Inequality is Measured: Decomposing Earnings
Inequality by Race and Gender. Journal of Labor Research, v. 34, p. 476-514, 2013.
SEGUINO, S. The great equalizer? Globalization effects on gender equality in Latin America and the
Caribbean. Munich Personal Research Paper in Economics Archive, n. 6509, 2006.
SEN, A. Many Faces of Gender Inequality. Frontline, v. 18, n. 22, p.35-40, 2001.
SENADZA, B. Education Inequality in Ghana: Gender and Spatial Dimensions. Journal of Economic
Studies, v. 39, n. 5-6, p. 724-739, 2012.
UNDP. Human Development Reports: Gender Inequality Index, 2011. Disponível em http://hdr.undp.
org/en/statistics/gii/
UNFPA, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.unfpa.org/gender/
WANG, M., & KELAN, E. The Gender Quota and Female Leadership: Effects of the Norwegian Gender
Quota on Board Chairs and CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 117, n. 3, p. 449-466, 2013.
WEICHSELBAUMER e WINTER-EBMER. A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap.
Journal of Economic Surveys, v. 19, n. 3, p.479-511, 2005.
WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 2a. edição, Mason, Ohio,
Estados Unidos, 2003.
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Copyright (c) 2016 Adriana Bruscato Bortoluzzo, Ieda Rodrigues Matavelli, Regina Madalozzo
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How to Cite
Bortoluzzo, A. B., Matavelli, I. R., & Madalozzo, R. (2016). Determinants of the distribution of gender (In)equality among Brazilian States. Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo), 46(1), 161-188. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-416146115air
Atualizado em 14/08/2025