Contamination of public water supply by emerging pollutants and the right to health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v20i2p100-133Keywords:
Water Supply, Social Determinants of Health, Health Law, Micropollutants, Environmental HealthAbstract
Emerging pollutants are substances with potential to cause cancer and human infertility. However, the monitoring of these substances in the public water supply is still incipient in Brazil. Contaminated bodies of water often become public sources of supply, and conventional techniques for sewage and water treatment are not adequate to remove these emerging pollutants also called micropollutants. The aim of this paper is to discuss routes of introduction of micropollutants in water for public supply, the consequences of such substances on human health, and the main legal instruments of the Health Law that, if well applied, can help to minimize damages to public health caused by these contaminants. This is achieved with bibliographic survey of books, journals, public institutions’ databases, legislation and other relevant sources. Understanding the relationships between the social and environmental determinants and the degradation of the quality of water is of great importance to promote the improvement of living conditions and health of vulnerable populations. Observation shows that the regulatory framework to protect the right to water is wide and should be considered by the state government for imposing rules of conduct, and by civil society for monitoring compliance with the rules laid down in order to preserve the quality of the environment and protect public health, guaranteeing the right to good quality water.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
AITH, Fernando Mussa Abujamra. Curso de direito sanitário: a proteção do direito à saúde no Brasil. São Paulo: Quartier Latin, 2007.
ALVES, T. C.; GIRARDI, R.; PINHEIRO, A. Micropoluentes orgânicos: ocorrência, remoção e regulamentação. Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina, v. 14, e1, 2017. 10.21168/rega.v14n0.p0-1.
BARATA, Rita Barradas. Desigualdades sociais e saúde. In: CAMPOS, Gastão Wagner de Sousa. et al. Tratado de saúde coletiva. Rio de Janeiro: Hucitec; Editora Fiocruz, 2006. p. 457-486.
BECK, Ulrich, U. A reinvenção da política: rumo a uma teoria de modernização reflexiva. In: BECK, Ulrich; GIDDENS, Anthony; LASH, Scott (Orgs.). Modernização reflexiva: política, tradição e estética na ordem social moderna. Trad. Magda Lopes. São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 1997.
BILGEHAN, Nas; TAYLAN, Dolu; HAVVA, Ates; ARGUN, M. Emim; YEL, Esra. Treatment alternatives for micropollutant removal in wastewater. University Selcuk Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, v. 5, n. 2, p. 133-143, feb. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319612877_TREATMENT_ALTERNATIVES_FOR_MICROPOLLUTANT_REMOVAL_IN_WASTEWATER. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2017.77.
BUSS, Paulo Marchiori; PELLEGRINI FILHO, Alberto. A saúde e seus determinantes sociais. Physis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 1, p. 77-93, Apr. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-.73312007000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-7331200700.
CAMACHO-MUÑOZ, Dolores; MARTIN, Jarolímek; SANTOS, J. L.; ALONSO, E. Effectiveness of conventional and low-cost wastewater treatments in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 223, n. 5, p. 2611-2621, Jun. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-1053-9.
CANOTILHO, José Joaquim Gomes. Direito constitucional e teoria geral da Constituição. 7. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2012.
CHEN, C.Y. et al. Determining estrogenic steroids in Taipei waters and removal in drinking water treatment using high-flow solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ, v. 378, n. 3, p. 352-365, Apr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.038.
CLARA, M. et al. Identification of relevant micropollutants in Austrian municipal wastewater and their behaviour during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, v. 87, n. 11, p.1265-1272, June 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.033.
DESCHAMPS, E. et al. Management of effluents and waste from pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci., São Paulo, v. 48, n. 4, p. 727-736, Oct./Dec. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjps/v48n4/v48n4a17.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502012000400017.
FERREIRA, Maria Leonor Paes Cavalcanti. A pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos no Brasil: cenário atual e desafios. Revista de Direito Sanitário, São Paulo, v. 15, n. 3, p. 18-45, 14 abr. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.revistas.usp.br/rdisan/article/view/97324/96336. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v15i3p18-45.
GHISELLI, Gislaine; JARDIM, Wilson F. Interferentes endócrinos no ambiente. Química Nova, São Paulo, v. 30, n. 3, p. 695-706, jun. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/qn/v30n3/31.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000300032.
GREGOR, D. J.; GUMMER, W. D. Evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian artic snow. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 23, n. 5, p. 561-565, May 1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00063a008.
HALLING-SORENSEN, B. et al. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment - A review. Chemosphere, v.36, n. 2, p. 357-393, Jan. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00354-8.
HANSEN, Julie Hjerl. Brazilian coffee is sprayed with deadly pesticides. Danwatch, 10 Mar. 2016. Disponível em: https://old.danwatch.dk/en/nyhed/brasiliansk-kaffe-sproejtes-med-livsfarlige-pesticider/. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. Uso de Agrotóxicos - 1 Consumo nacional de agrotóxicos e afins por área plantada. Período: 2000-2014. (Séries históricas e estatísticas). Disponível em: https://seriesestatisticas.ibge.gov.br/series.aspx?vcodigo=IU18&t=uso-agrotoxicos-1-consumo-nacional-agrotoxicos. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
KASPRZYK-HORDERN, B.; DINSDALE, R.M.; GUWY, A.J. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res., v. 43, n. 2, p. 363-380, Feb. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.047.
KÖCK-SCHULMEYER, Marianne et al. Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental impact. Science of The Total Environment, v. 458-460, p. 466-476, Aug. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.010.
KRISTENSEN, David Møbjerg et al. Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat. Human Reproduction, v. 26, n. 1, p. 235-244, Jan. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq323.
LONDRES, Flavia. Agrotóxicos no Brasil: um guia para ação em defesa da vida. Rio de Janeiro: Assessoria e Serviços a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa, 2011.
LUO, Yun long et al. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, v. 473-474, p. 619-641, Mar. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065.
MARMOT, Michael. Health in an unequal world. The Lancet, v. 368, n. 9552, p. 2081-2094, Dec. 2006.
MINISTÉRIO DA AGRICULTURA, PECUÁRIA E ABASTECIMENTO – MAPA. Agrotóxicos, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/agrotoxicos. Acesso em: 22 out. 2017.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE – MS. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Manual de direito sanitário com enfoque na vigilância em saúde. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde, 2006.
MOTTA, Débora. Portal reúne dados sobre agrotóxicos no País. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro–FAPERJ, 25 ago. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.faperj.br/?id=3222.2.2. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DA SAÚDE – OMS. Constituição da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS/WHO). Biblioteca Virtual de Direitos Humanos, Universidade de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www.direitoshumanos.usp.br/index.php/OMS-Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Mundial-da-Sa%C3%BAde/constituicao-da-organizacao-mundial-da-saude-omswho.html. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2020.
ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD - OPAS. Indicadores básicos de salud ambiental para La región de La frontera Mexico – Estados Unidos. Washington: Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2001.
ORMAD, Maria P.; MIGUEL, Natividad; CLAVER, Ana; MATESANZ, Jose M. Pesticides removal in the process of drinking water production. Chemosphere, v. 71, n. 1, p. 97-106, Apr. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.006.
RODRIGUEZ-MOZAZ, Sara; LÓPEZ DE ALDA, Maria J.; BARCELÓ, Damià. Monitoring of estrogens, pesticides and bisphenol A in natural Waters and drinking water treatment plants by solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1045, n 1-2, p. 85-92, Aug. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.040.
SANTOS, Cristina Mamédio da Costa; PIMENTA, Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos; NOBRE, Moacyr Roberto Cuce. A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, Ribeirão Preto, v. 15, n. 3, p. 508-511, jun. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v15n3/pt_v15n3a23.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023.
SCHAIDER, L. et al. Emerging contaminants in Cape Cod private drinking water wells. Reserching the environment and women’s health. Silent Spring Institute, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.silentspring.org/sites/default/files/Emerging-contaminants-private-wells.pdf. Acesso em: 21 mar. 2014.
SCHOMBURG, C.J.; GLOTFLELTY, D.E. Pesticide occurrence and distribution in fog collected near Monterey, California. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 25, n. 1, p. 155-160, Jan. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a018.
SILVA, Larissa L.; MOREIRA, Carolina G.; CURZIO, Bianca A.; FONSECA, Fabiana V. Micropollutant removal from water by membrane and advanced oxidation processes: a review. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, v. 9, n. 5, p. 411-431, abr. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.scirp.org/pdf/JWARP_2017041715102681.pdf. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.95027.
SISTEMAS DE AGROTÓXICOS FITOSSANITÁRIOS - AGROFIT. Consulta de Produtos Formulados. Disponível em: http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva et al. Efficiency of conventional drinking water treatment process in the removal of endosulfan, ethylenethiourea, and 1,2,4-triazole. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology–AQUA, v. 62, n. 6, p. 367-376, Sept. 2013. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2013.042.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva et al. Risk estimate of water contamination by pesticides used in coffee crops. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient., Campina Grande, v. 16, n. 4, p. 425-432, abr. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbeaa/v16n4/v16n04a13.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662012000400013.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva. Impacto do uso de agrotóxicos na qualidade da água: estudo de caso em região produtora de café. 1. ed. Novas Edições Acadêmicas, 2015.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva. Pesticides environmental destination: a study based on coffee productive areas Belo Horizonte: Editor: Tiago Silveira Gontijo, 2018. 91 p.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva; LEAO, M. M. D. Contaminação dos mananciais por micropoluentes e a precária remoção desses contaminantes nos tratamentos convencionais de água para potabilização. De Jure (Belo Horizonte), v. 14, p. 36-85, 2015.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva; MACHADO, A.O.V.; DINIZ, P.S. Informações técnicas referentes à Deliberação Normativa Conjunta COPAM/CERH-MG Nº 1, de 5 de maio de 2008. Parecer Técnico. ID SGDP 1011391. 2008. Disponível em: https://intranet.mpmg.mp.br/intranetmpmg/institucional/central-de-apoio-tecnico/meio-ambiente/. Acesso em: 23 out. 2017.
SOBRAL, André; FREITAS, Carlos Machado de. Modelo de organização de indicadores para operacionalização dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde. Saude soc., v. 19, n. 1, p. 35-47, mar. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sausoc/v19n1/04.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902010000100004.
SOLAR, O.; IRWIN, A. Towards a conceptual framework for analysis and action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2007. (Discussion Paper Series on Social Determinants of Health, 2).
STACKELBERG, Paul E.et al. Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Science of the Total Environment, v. 377, n. 2-3, p. 255-272, May 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.095.
THUY, Pham Thi et al. To what extent are pesticides removed from surface water during coagulation- flocculation? Water and Environment Journal, v. 22, n. 3, p. 217-223, jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00128.x.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY – USEPA. 2001 Toxics Release Inventory Executive Summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Information. Washington: USEPA, 2003.
VULLIET, Emmanuelle; CREN-OLIVÉ, Cécile. Screening of pharmaceuticals and hormones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption. Environmental Pollution, v. 159, n. 10, p. 2929-2934, May 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.033.
WHITEHEAD, Margaret; DAHLGREN, Göran. Concepts and principles for tackling social inequities in health: Levelling up Part 1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health University of Liverpool. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, WHO, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/74737/E89383.pdf.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION – WHO. Guidelines for drinking – water quality: recommendations. Second Addendum to Third Edition. Geneva: WHO, 2008. v. 1. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf. Acesso em: 22 out. 2017.
ZHANG, Y.; GEISSEN, Sven-Uwe; GAL, Carmen. Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere, v. 73, n. 8, p. 1151-1161, Nov. 2008. 32923874
ALVES, T. C.; GIRARDI, R.; PINHEIRO, A. Micropoluentes orgânicos: ocorrência, remoção e regulamentação. Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina, v. 14, e1, 2017. 10.21168/rega.v14n0.p0-1.
BARATA, Rita Barradas. Desigualdades sociais e saúde. In: CAMPOS, Gastão Wagner de Sousa. et al. Tratado de saúde coletiva. Rio de Janeiro: Hucitec; Editora Fiocruz, 2006. p. 457-486.
BECK, Ulrich, U. A reinvenção da política: rumo a uma teoria de modernização reflexiva. In: BECK, Ulrich; GIDDENS, Anthony; LASH, Scott (Orgs.). Modernização reflexiva: política, tradição e estética na ordem social moderna. Trad. Magda Lopes. São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 1997.
BILGEHAN, Nas; TAYLAN, Dolu; HAVVA, Ates; ARGUN, M. Emim; YEL, Esra. Treatment alternatives for micropollutant removal in wastewater. University Selcuk Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, v. 5, n. 2, p. 133-143, feb. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319612877_TREATMENT_ALTERNATIVES_FOR_MICROPOLLUTANT_REMOVAL_IN_WASTEWATER. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2017.77.
BUSS, Paulo Marchiori; PELLEGRINI FILHO, Alberto. A saúde e seus determinantes sociais. Physis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 1, p. 77-93, Apr. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-.73312007000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-7331200700.
CAMACHO-MUÑOZ, Dolores; MARTIN, Jarolímek; SANTOS, J. L.; ALONSO, E. Effectiveness of conventional and low-cost wastewater treatments in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 223, n. 5, p. 2611-2621, Jun. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-1053-9.
CANOTILHO, José Joaquim Gomes. Direito constitucional e teoria geral da Constituição. 7. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2012.
CHEN, C.Y. et al. Determining estrogenic steroids in Taipei waters and removal in drinking water treatment using high-flow solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ, v. 378, n. 3, p. 352-365, Apr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.038.
CLARA, M. et al. Identification of relevant micropollutants in Austrian municipal wastewater and their behaviour during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, v. 87, n. 11, p.1265-1272, June 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.033.
DESCHAMPS, E. et al. Management of effluents and waste from pharmaceutical industry in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci., São Paulo, v. 48, n. 4, p. 727-736, Oct./Dec. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjps/v48n4/v48n4a17.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502012000400017.
FERREIRA, Maria Leonor Paes Cavalcanti. A pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos no Brasil: cenário atual e desafios. Revista de Direito Sanitário, São Paulo, v. 15, n. 3, p. 18-45, 14 abr. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.revistas.usp.br/rdisan/article/view/97324/96336. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v15i3p18-45.
GHISELLI, Gislaine; JARDIM, Wilson F. Interferentes endócrinos no ambiente. Química Nova, São Paulo, v. 30, n. 3, p. 695-706, jun. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/qn/v30n3/31.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000300032.
GREGOR, D. J.; GUMMER, W. D. Evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian artic snow. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 23, n. 5, p. 561-565, May 1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00063a008.
HALLING-SORENSEN, B. et al. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment - A review. Chemosphere, v.36, n. 2, p. 357-393, Jan. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00354-8.
HANSEN, Julie Hjerl. Brazilian coffee is sprayed with deadly pesticides. Danwatch, 10 Mar. 2016. Disponível em: https://old.danwatch.dk/en/nyhed/brasiliansk-kaffe-sproejtes-med-livsfarlige-pesticider/. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. Uso de Agrotóxicos - 1 Consumo nacional de agrotóxicos e afins por área plantada. Período: 2000-2014. (Séries históricas e estatísticas). Disponível em: https://seriesestatisticas.ibge.gov.br/series.aspx?vcodigo=IU18&t=uso-agrotoxicos-1-consumo-nacional-agrotoxicos. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
KASPRZYK-HORDERN, B.; DINSDALE, R.M.; GUWY, A.J. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res., v. 43, n. 2, p. 363-380, Feb. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.047.
KÖCK-SCHULMEYER, Marianne et al. Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental impact. Science of The Total Environment, v. 458-460, p. 466-476, Aug. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.010.
KRISTENSEN, David Møbjerg et al. Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat. Human Reproduction, v. 26, n. 1, p. 235-244, Jan. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq323.
LONDRES, Flavia. Agrotóxicos no Brasil: um guia para ação em defesa da vida. Rio de Janeiro: Assessoria e Serviços a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa, 2011.
LUO, Yun long et al. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, v. 473-474, p. 619-641, Mar. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065.
MARMOT, Michael. Health in an unequal world. The Lancet, v. 368, n. 9552, p. 2081-2094, Dec. 2006.
MINISTÉRIO DA AGRICULTURA, PECUÁRIA E ABASTECIMENTO – MAPA. Agrotóxicos, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/agrotoxicos. Acesso em: 22 out. 2017.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE – MS. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Manual de direito sanitário com enfoque na vigilância em saúde. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde, 2006.
MOTTA, Débora. Portal reúne dados sobre agrotóxicos no País. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro–FAPERJ, 25 ago. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.faperj.br/?id=3222.2.2. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DA SAÚDE – OMS. Constituição da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS/WHO). Biblioteca Virtual de Direitos Humanos, Universidade de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www.direitoshumanos.usp.br/index.php/OMS-Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Mundial-da-Sa%C3%BAde/constituicao-da-organizacao-mundial-da-saude-omswho.html. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2020.
ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD - OPAS. Indicadores básicos de salud ambiental para La región de La frontera Mexico – Estados Unidos. Washington: Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2001.
ORMAD, Maria P.; MIGUEL, Natividad; CLAVER, Ana; MATESANZ, Jose M. Pesticides removal in the process of drinking water production. Chemosphere, v. 71, n. 1, p. 97-106, Apr. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.006.
RODRIGUEZ-MOZAZ, Sara; LÓPEZ DE ALDA, Maria J.; BARCELÓ, Damià. Monitoring of estrogens, pesticides and bisphenol A in natural Waters and drinking water treatment plants by solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1045, n 1-2, p. 85-92, Aug. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.040.
SANTOS, Cristina Mamédio da Costa; PIMENTA, Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos; NOBRE, Moacyr Roberto Cuce. A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, Ribeirão Preto, v. 15, n. 3, p. 508-511, jun. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v15n3/pt_v15n3a23.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023.
SCHAIDER, L. et al. Emerging contaminants in Cape Cod private drinking water wells. Reserching the environment and women’s health. Silent Spring Institute, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.silentspring.org/sites/default/files/Emerging-contaminants-private-wells.pdf. Acesso em: 21 mar. 2014.
SCHOMBURG, C.J.; GLOTFLELTY, D.E. Pesticide occurrence and distribution in fog collected near Monterey, California. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 25, n. 1, p. 155-160, Jan. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a018.
SILVA, Larissa L.; MOREIRA, Carolina G.; CURZIO, Bianca A.; FONSECA, Fabiana V. Micropollutant removal from water by membrane and advanced oxidation processes: a review. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, v. 9, n. 5, p. 411-431, abr. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.scirp.org/pdf/JWARP_2017041715102681.pdf. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.95027.
SISTEMAS DE AGROTÓXICOS FITOSSANITÁRIOS - AGROFIT. Consulta de Produtos Formulados. Disponível em: http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2018.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva et al. Efficiency of conventional drinking water treatment process in the removal of endosulfan, ethylenethiourea, and 1,2,4-triazole. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology–AQUA, v. 62, n. 6, p. 367-376, Sept. 2013. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2013.042.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva et al. Risk estimate of water contamination by pesticides used in coffee crops. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient., Campina Grande, v. 16, n. 4, p. 425-432, abr. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbeaa/v16n4/v16n04a13.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662012000400013.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva. Impacto do uso de agrotóxicos na qualidade da água: estudo de caso em região produtora de café. 1. ed. Novas Edições Acadêmicas, 2015.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva. Pesticides environmental destination: a study based on coffee productive areas Belo Horizonte: Editor: Tiago Silveira Gontijo, 2018. 91 p.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva; LEAO, M. M. D. Contaminação dos mananciais por micropoluentes e a precária remoção desses contaminantes nos tratamentos convencionais de água para potabilização. De Jure (Belo Horizonte), v. 14, p. 36-85, 2015.
SOARES, Alexandra F. Saraiva; MACHADO, A.O.V.; DINIZ, P.S. Informações técnicas referentes à Deliberação Normativa Conjunta COPAM/CERH-MG Nº 1, de 5 de maio de 2008. Parecer Técnico. ID SGDP 1011391. 2008. Disponível em: https://intranet.mpmg.mp.br/intranetmpmg/institucional/central-de-apoio-tecnico/meio-ambiente/. Acesso em: 23 out. 2017.
SOBRAL, André; FREITAS, Carlos Machado de. Modelo de organização de indicadores para operacionalização dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde. Saude soc., v. 19, n. 1, p. 35-47, mar. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sausoc/v19n1/04.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902010000100004.
SOLAR, O.; IRWIN, A. Towards a conceptual framework for analysis and action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2007. (Discussion Paper Series on Social Determinants of Health, 2).
STACKELBERG, Paul E.et al. Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Science of the Total Environment, v. 377, n. 2-3, p. 255-272, May 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.095.
THUY, Pham Thi et al. To what extent are pesticides removed from surface water during coagulation- flocculation? Water and Environment Journal, v. 22, n. 3, p. 217-223, jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00128.x.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY – USEPA. 2001 Toxics Release Inventory Executive Summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Information. Washington: USEPA, 2003.
VULLIET, Emmanuelle; CREN-OLIVÉ, Cécile. Screening of pharmaceuticals and hormones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption. Environmental Pollution, v. 159, n. 10, p. 2929-2934, May 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.033.
WHITEHEAD, Margaret; DAHLGREN, Göran. Concepts and principles for tackling social inequities in health: Levelling up Part 1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health University of Liverpool. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, WHO, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/74737/E89383.pdf.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION – WHO. Guidelines for drinking – water quality: recommendations. Second Addendum to Third Edition. Geneva: WHO, 2008. v. 1. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf. Acesso em: 22 out. 2017.
ZHANG, Y.; GEISSEN, Sven-Uwe; GAL, Carmen. Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere, v. 73, n. 8, p. 1151-1161, Nov. 2008. 32923874
Downloads
Published
05/12/2020
Issue
Section
Original Articles
License
The Revista de Direito Sanitário/ Journal of Health Law adopts the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internacional. This license allows to share - "copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially" and adapt - "remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially." Details at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
How to Cite
Soares, A. F. S., & Souza e Souza, L. P. (2020). Contamination of public water supply by emerging pollutants and the right to health. Journal of Health Law, 20(2), 100-133. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v20i2p100-133
