Saúde mental, autocompaixão e sentido de vida em professores da educação básica na pandemia da Covid-19

Karine David Andrade Santos; Calila Mireia Pereira Caldas; Joilson Pereira da Silva

doi:10.1590/S1678-4634202450277678

Authors

Karine David Andrade Santos Federal University of Sergipe
Calila Mireia Pereira Caldas Centro Universitário Ages
Joilson Pereira da Silva Federal University of Sergipe

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-4634202450277678

Keywords:

Teachers, Compassion, Mental health, Covid-19

Abstract

This article aimed to investigate the mental health, self-compassion and meaning in life in basic education teachers in the state public education network, in the capital of Sergipe, Aracaju, and in Euclides da Cunha, Paripiranga and Fátima, municipalities in Bahia. Twenty-two basic education teachers from the public school system at the research sites in question were subjected to a semi-structured interview guide, which included sociodemographic data and themes of mental health, self-compassion and meaning in life. The collected data was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software, using Descending Hierarchical Classification analysis. The results were displayed by classes: online and offline classroom; working conditions; difficulty in self-compassion in teachers and meaning in life in teachers. The classroom, working conditions and individual aspects affect these workers’ quality of mental health who, on the other hand, see the educational process as a source of existential fulfillment. Isolation, cognitive rumination and heightened self-criticism can deepen these external issues in teachers’ mental health. Psychological interventions, containing activities of self-compassion and meaning in life, are one of the proposals listed at the end of this study.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ALBUQUERQUE, Guilherme Souza Cavalcanti et al. Exploração e sofrimento mental de professores: um estudo na rede estadual de ensino do Paraná. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, São Paulo, v. 16, n. 3, p. 1287-1300, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00145 .

» https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00145.

» https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00145

ALVARADO, Luis E.; BRETONES, Francisco. New working conditions and well-being of elementary teachers in Ecuador. Teaching and Teacher Education, Devon, v. 69, p. 234-242, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.015 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.015.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.015

AMRI, Abdeslam et al. Assessment of burnout among primary teachers in confinement during the Covid-19 period in Morocco: case of the Kenitra. The Pan African Medical Journal, Nairobi, v. 35, n. 2, p. 1-5, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24345 .

» https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24345.

» https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24345

ASSUNÇÃO, Ada Ávila; ABREU, Mery Natali Silva. Pressão laboral, saúde e condições de trabalho dos professores da educação básica no Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 35, p. 1-16, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00169517 .

» https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00169517.

» https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00169517

AYDIN, Aydan. Identifying the relationship of teacher candidates’ humor styles with anxiety and self-compassion levels. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, Hertfordshire, v. 15, n. 59, p. 1-16, 2015. Disponível em: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1070661.pdf . Acesso em: 11 set. 2021.

» https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1070661.pdf

BARNETT, Michael D.; FLORES, Joel. Narcissus, exhausted: Self-compassion mediates the relationship between narcissism and school burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, Devon, v. 97, p. 102-108, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.026 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.026.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.026

CAMARGO, Brigido Vizeu; JUSTO, Ana Maria. IRAMUTEQ: um software gratuito para análise de dados textuais. Temas em Psicologia, Ribeirão Preto, v. 21, n. 2, p. 513-518, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/513751532016.pdf . Acesso em: 11 set. 2021.

» https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/513751532016.pdf

CAMPOS, Rui et al. Self-criticism, intensity of perceived negative life events, and distress: Results from a two-wave study. Personality and Individual Differences, Devon, v. 124, p. 145-149, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.004 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.004.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.004

CHEN, Kai et al. The individual experience of online chemistry teacher education in China: Coping with Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Chemical Education, Washington, DC., v. 97, n. 9, p. 3265-3270, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00581 .

» https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00581.

» https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00581

CIULADIENE, Grazina; KAIRIENE, Brigita. The resolution of conflict between teacher and student: students’ narratives. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, Varsóvia, v. 19, n. 2, p. 107-120, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1515/jtes-2017-0017 .

» https://doi.org/10.1515/jtes-2017-0017.

» https://doi.org/10.1515/jtes-2017-0017

COSTIN, Vlad; VIGNOLES, Vivian. Meaning is about mattering: Evaluating coherence, purpose, and existential mattering as precursors of meaning in life judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Devon, v. 118, n. 4, p. 864-884, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000225 .

» https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000225.

» https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000225

DABROWSKI, Anna. Teacher wellbeing during a pandemic: Surviving or thriving? Social Education Research, Singapura, v. 2, n. 1, p. 35-40, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.212021588 .

» https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.212021588.

» https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.212021588

DZWONKOWSKA, Irena; ŻAK-ŁYKUS, Alicja. Self-compassion and social functioning of people–research review. Polish Psychological Bulletin, Wrocław, v. 46, n. 1, p. 82-87, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0009 .

» https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0009.

» https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0009

ESTRADA-MUÑOZ, Carla et al. Teacher technostress in the Chilean school system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Basel, v. 17, n. 15, p. 1-17, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155280 .

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155280.

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155280

FINLAY-JONES, Amy; REES, Clare S.; KANE, Robert. Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PloS One, São Francisco, v. 10, n. 7, p. 1-19, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481 .

» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481.

» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481

FLICK, Uwe. Introdução à metodologia da pesquisa: um guia para iniciantes. Tradução Magda Lopes. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2013.

FONTANELLA, Bruno Jose Barcellos et al. Amostragem em pesquisas qualitativas: proposta de procedimentos para constatar saturação teórica. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 27, p. 388-394, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/csp/v27n2/20.pdf . Acesso em: 11 set. 2023.

» https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/csp/v27n2/20.pdf

FRANKL, Viktor. A vontade de sentido: fundamentos e aplicações da logoterapia. Tradução Ivo Studart Pereira. São Paulo: Paulus, 1969.

FRANKL, Viktor. A vontade de sentido: fundamentos e aplicações da logoterapia. Tradução Ivo Studart Pereira. São Paulo: Paulus, 2011.

FRANKL, Viktor. Psicoterapia e existencialismo: textos selecionados em logoterapia. São Paulo: É Realizações, 2020.

GEIGER, Tray; PIVOVAROVA, Margarita. The effects of working conditions on teacher retention. Teachers and Teaching, Ohio, v. 24, n. 6, p. 604-625, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1457524 .

» https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1457524.

» https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1457524

GILBERT, Paul. Terapia focada na compaixão. Tradução Cecília Camargo Bartalotti. São Paulo: Hogrefe, 2019.

HADAR, Linor L. et al. Rethinking teacher education in a VUCA world: student teachers’ social-emotional learning and their impact on their students. Teaching and Teacher Education, Devon, v. 77, p. 249-258, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.012 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.012.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.012

HALL, Cathy W. et al. The role of self-compassion in physical and psychological well-being. The Journal of psychology, v. 147, n. 4, p. 311-323, 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.693138

» https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.693138

JACOMINI, Márcia Aparecida; MINHOTO, Maria Angélica Pedra. Vencimento, remuneração e condições de trabalho de professores da Rede Municipal de São Paulo, Educação & Realidade, v. 40, p. 1235-1259, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623647294 .

» https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623647294.

» https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623647294

JAMES, Kirsty; VERPLANKEN, Bas; RIMES, Katharine A. Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, v. 79, p. 123-128, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030

JUSTO, Ana Maria; CAMARGO, Brigido Vizeu. Estudos qualitativos e o uso de softwares para análises lexicais. 2014. https://lageres.wordpress.com/ . Acesso em: 11 set. 2024.

» https://lageres.wordpress.com/

KABAT-ZINN, Jon. Viver a catástrofe total: como utilizar a sabedoria do corpo e da mente para enfrentar o estresse, a dor e a doença. Tradução de M. Epstein. São Paulo: Palas Athena, 2017.

KAWOHL, Wolfram; NORDT, Carlos. Covid-19, unemployment, and suicide. The Lancet Psychiatry, v. 7, n. 5, p. 389-390, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3

KÖRNER, Annett et al. The role of self-compassion in buffering symptoms of depression in the general population. PloS one, v. 10, n. 10, p. 1-14, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136598 .

» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136598.

» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136598

LEARY, Mark R. et al. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology, v. 92, n. 5, p. 887, 2007. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 .

» https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887.

» https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887

LIRA, Adriana; GOMES, Candido Alberto. Violências escolares: que aprendemos para a formação de professores? Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, v. 26, n. 100, p. 759-779, 2018. Disponível em: htts://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362018002601574

» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362018002601574

» htts://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362018002601574

LIZANA, Pablo A. et al. Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on teacher quality of life: A longitudinal study from before and during the health crisis. International journal of environmental research and public health, v. 18, n. 7, p. 3764, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073764 .

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073764.

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073764

LOONSTRA, Bert; BROUWERS, Andre; TOMIC, Welko. Feelings of existential fulfilment and burnout among secondary school teachers. Teaching and teacher education, v. 25, n. 5, p. 752-757, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.002 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.002.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.002

LUNDH, Lars-Gunnar. Perfectionism and acceptance. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, v. 22, p. 251-265, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORE.0000047311.12864.27 .

» https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORE.0000047311.12864.27.

» https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORE.0000047311.12864.27

LUZ, Jaqueline Galleazzi da et al. Implicações do ambiente, condições e organização do trabalho na saúde do professor: uma revisão sistemática. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 24, n. 12, p. 4621-4632, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182412.26352017 .

» https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182412.26352017.

» https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182412.26352017

MARTELA, Frank; RYAN, Richard M.; STEGER, Michael F. Meaningfulness as satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: comparing the four satisfactions and positive affect as predictors of meaning in life. Journal of happiness studies, v. 19, p. 1261-1282, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7 .

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7.

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7

MATOS, Marcela et al. Compassion protects mental health and social safeness during the COVID-19 pandemic across 21 countries. Mindfulness, v. 13, n. 4, p. 863-880, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2 .

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2.

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2

NEFF, Kristin D. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, v. 2, n. 3, p. 223-250, 2003. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027 .

» https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.

» https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027

NEFF, Kristin; GERMER, Christopher. Manual de mindfulness e autocompaixão: um guia para construir forças internas e prosperar na arte de ser seu melhor amigo. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2019.

NORONHA, Ana Paula Porto et al. Variables relacionadas al sentido de la vida. Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica, v. 24, n. 1, p. 35-43, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18065/RAG.2018v24n1.4 .

» https://doi.org/10.18065/RAG.2018v24n1.4.

» https://doi.org/10.18065/RAG.2018v24n1.4

OLIVEIRA, Dalila Andrade; JUNIOR, Edmilson Pereira. Desafios para ensinar em tempos de pandemia: as condições de trabalho docente. In: OLIVEIRA, Dalila Andrade; POCHMANN, Marcio. Devastação no trabalho: a classe do labor na crise da pandemia. Brasília, DF: Positiva. p. 207-228.

PALUDO, Elias Festa. Os desafios da docência em tempos de pandemia. Em Tese, v. 17, n. 2, p. 44-53, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5007/1806-5023.2020v17n2p44 .

» https://doi.org/10.5007/1806-5023.2020v17n2p44.

» https://doi.org/10.5007/1806-5023.2020v17n2p44

PEIST, Eric et al. Teacher turnover in the context of teacher-directed violence: An empowerment lens. Journal of School Violence, v. 19, n. 4, p. 553-565, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2020.1779081 .

» https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2020.1779081.

» https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2020.1779081

SANTIAGO, Iago Sávyo Duarte et al. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of teachers and its possible risk factors: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 20, n. 3, p. 1-17, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031747 .

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031747.

» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031747

SANTOS, Westerley A. Uma reflexão necessária sobre a profissão docente no Brasil, a partir dos cinco tipos de desvalorização do professor. v. 6, n. 11, p. 349-358, 2015. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/SapereAude/article/view/9764 . Acesso em: 11 set. 2024.

» http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/SapereAude/article/view/9764

SIMÕES, Francisco; CALHEIROS, Maria Manuela. A matter of teaching and relationships: determinants of teaching style, interpersonal resources and teacher burnout. Social Psychology of Education, New York, v. 22, n. 4, p. 991-1013, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09501-w .

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09501-w.

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09501-w

SIROIS, Fuschia M.; KITNER, Ryan; HIRSCH, Jameson K. Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, Arizona, v. 34, n. 6, p. 1-10, 2015. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158 .

» https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158.

» http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158

SOUZA, Gilberto P. Inimigos públicos: ensaios sobre a mercantilização sobre a educação básica no Brasil. São Paulo: Usina, 2017.

SOUZA, Luciana Karine; HUTZ, Claudio Souza. Adaptation of the self-compassion scale for use in Brazil: evidences of construct validity. Temas em Psicologia, Ribeirão Preto, v. 24, n. 1, p. 159-172, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/513754276008.pdf . Acesso em: 11 set. 2024.

» https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/513754276008.pdf

TOMIC, Welko; TOMIC, Elvira. Existential fulfillment and burnout among principals and teachers. Journal of Beliefs & Values, New York, v. 29, n. 1, p. 11-27, 2008. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670801928191 .

» https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670801928191.

» https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670801928191

VÖTTER, Bernadette; SCHNELL, Tatjana. Cross-lagged analyses between life meaning, self-compassion, and subjective well-being among gifted adults. Mindfulness, v. 10, p. 1294-1303, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1078-x .

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1078-x.

WARD, Sarah; KING, Laura A. Work and the good life: How work contributes to meaning in life. Research in Organizational Behavior, Devon, v. 37, p. 59-82, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.001 .

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.001.

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.001

WATERS, Lea et al. Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. The Journal of Positive Psychology, Devon, p. 1-21, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945 .

» https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945.

» https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945

ZAIDAN, Junia de Matos; GALVÃO, Ana Carolina. Covid-19 e os abutres do setor educacional: a superexploração da força de trabalho escancarada. In: AUGUSTO, Cristiane Brandão; SANTOS, Rogerio Dultra dos (org.). Pandemias e pandemônio no Brasil. 1. ed. São Paulo: Tireant lo Blanch, 2020. p. 261-278.

ZARAGOZA, José Manuel Esteves. O mal-estar docente: a sala-de-aula e a saúde dos professores. Caxias do Sul: Edusc, 1999.

ZESSIN, Ulli; DICKHÄUSER, Oliver; GARBADE, Sven. The relationship between self‐compassion and well‐being: A meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, Bogotá, v. 7, n. 3, p. 340-364, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051 .

» https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051.

» https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051