Competitividad de destinos turísticos de naturaleza: estudio en parques nacionales en Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v33i1p72-94Palabras clave:
Competitividad, Destino turístico, Turismo de naturaleza, Área protegidaResumen
La competitividad puede ser una herramienta poderosa para la conservación del medio ambiente y para el desarrollo socioeconómico de la comunidad local. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un Modelo de Evaluación de la Competitividad de los Destinos Turísticos Naturales, tomando como referencia los parques nacionales de Brasil. La investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, utilizando el método deductivo y como técnicas de investigación: bibliográfica, Delphi y encuesta. Como procedimiento metodológico, se realizó un extenso relevamiento bibliográfico y documental para constituir una matriz con siete factores, 59 indicadores y 152 variables. La matriz de indicadores y variables fue sometida a un panel formado por tres expertos en gestión turística mediante la técnica Delphi. Luego de la validación por expertos, la matriz fue sometida a evaluación por 35 administradores de parques nacionales brasileños a través de un formulario en línea. Los datos recolectados se analizaron mediante técnicas de estadística descriptiva (media y desviación estándar). Posteriormente, se encuestó a 637 visitantes de 74 parques nacionales brasileños a través de un formulario en línea que contiene los 59 indicadores validados por expertos y administradores. Los datos recopilados de los visitantes se utilizaron para generar un modelo de ecuación estructural utilizando métodos de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-MEE). A través de la técnica de Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales, se confirmaron 43 indicadores, organizados en cinco factores: infraestructura y factores de apoyo, atractivos culturales, gestión de destino, calidad de vida para actividades de aventura.
Descargas
Referencias
Añaña, E. S., Pereira, M. L., & Anjos, F. A. (2015). Competitividade de Destinos Turísticos na Visão da Demanda: introdução de um novo método de avaliação. Revista Turismo em Análise, 26(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v26i4p859-879.
Andrades-Caldito, L., Sánchez-Rivero, M., & Pulido-Fernández, JI (2012): Differentiating Competitiveness through Tourism Image Assessment: An Application to Andalusia (Spain). Journal of Travel Research, Published online before print August, v. 6. av DOI: 10.1177/0047287512451135
Andrades-Caldito, L., Sánchez-Rivero, M., & Pulido-Fernández, JI (2014). Tourism Destination Competitiveness from a Demand Point of View: An Empirical Analysis for Andalusia. Tourism Analysis, 19 (4), 425-440, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354214X14090817031035.
Augustin, JLPM, & Liaw, SY (2017). Índice de competitividade do turismo da região Ásia-Pacífico por meio de análise de consistência. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22 (12), 1295-1307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1391855.
Balmford, A., Beresford, J., Green, J., Naidoo, R., Walpole, M., & Manica, A. (2009). Uma perspectiva global sobre as tendências do turismo baseado na natureza. PLoS biologia, 7 (6), e1000144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144
Bagarić, L., & Žitinić, D. (2013). Competitividade da região de Kvarner: desafios para gestão e branding de destinos. Turismo e gestão hoteleira, 19 (2), 217-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.19.2.5
Barić, D., Anić, P., and Bedoya, A. M. “Segmenting protected area visitors by activities: A case study in Paklenica National Park, Croatia.” European Journal of Tourism Research 13, (2016), 103-121.
Blanco-Cerradelo, L., Gueimonde-Canto, A., Fraiz-Brea, J. A., & Diéguez-Castrillón, M. I. (2018). Dimensions of destination competitiveness: analyses of protected areas in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 782-794, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.242.
Boley, B. B., & Green, G. T. (2016). Ecotourism and natural resource conservation: the ‘potential’for a sustainable symbiotic relationship. Journal of Ecotourism, 15(1), 36-50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1094080
Bornhorst, T., Ritchie, J. B., & Sheehan, L. (2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tourism management, 31(5), 572-589, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.008.
Brasil- Ministério do Turismo (2018). Glossário do turismo: compilação de termos Publicados por Ministério do Turismo e Embratur nos últimos 15 anos –1ªedição.Brasília: Ministério do Turismo. 44p.
Buckley, R. (2000). Neat trends: current issues in nature, eco‐and adventure tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(6), 437-444, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-1970(200011/12)2:6<437::AID-JTR245>3.0.CO;2-%23
Bwalya-Umar, B., & Mubanga, K. H. (2018). Do locals benefit from being in the ‘tourist capital’? Views from Livingstone, Zambia. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(3), 333-345, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358416663817.
Caber, M., Albayrak, T., & Matzler, K. (2012). Classification of the destination attributes in the content of competitiveness (by revised importance-performance analysis). Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18(1), 43-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766711428802
Chen, C. M., Chen, S. H., & Lee, H. T. (2011). The destination competitiveness of Kinmen’s tourism industry: exploring the interrelationships between tourist perceptions, service performance, customer satisfaction and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 247-264, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.517315
Chin, W. L., Haddock-Fraser, J., & Hampton, M. P. (2015). Destination competitiveness: evidence from Bali. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(12), 1265-1289, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1111315.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 10(1), 7.
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of business research, 44(3), 137-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3.
Crouch, G. I. (2011). Destination competitiveness: an analysis of determinant attributes. Journal of travel research, 50(1), 27-45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510362776
Cubillos, C., González, C., Díaz, E., Ruiz, F., & Jiménez, Z. (2013). Guía para la planificación del ecoturismo en parques nacionales naturales de Colombia. Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Subdirección Técnica. Bogotá DC Colombia. 132p. Recuperado de:https://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/guia_planificacion_ecoturismo_pnn.pdf
Dantas, L. M. R., & dos Santos Pires, P. (2015). Versões e Contradições do Turismo de Aventura: reflexões sobre as atividades de aventura e sobre o turista. Turismo e Sociedade, 8(2),, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/tes.v8i2.43154
Dowling, R., Newsome, D., & Moore, S. (2002). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
Domareski, T.C. (2011). A competitividade das destinações turísticas: o caso de Foz do Iguaçu (PR) Brasil. Dissertação. Mestrado Turismo e Hotelaria, Univali.
Domareski-Ruiz, T. C. (2015). A dinâmica evolutiva da competitividade do destino turístico Curitiba. Tese de Doutorado. Tese apresentada no Programa de Pós Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current issues in tourism, 6(5), 369-414, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
Dwyer, L., Dragićević, V., Armenski, T., Mihalič, T., & Knežević Cvelbar, L. (2014a). Achieving destination competitiveness: an importance–performance analysis of Serbia. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(13), 1309-1336, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.944487
Dwyer, L., Cvelbar, L. K., Mihalič, T., and Koman, M. (2014b). Integrated destination competitiveness model: testing its validity and data accessibility. Tourism analysis 19, nº.1 1-17. DOI: 10.3727/108354214X13927625340073.
Eagles, P. (2001). Evolution of the concept of visitor use management in parks. Industry and Environment.https://www.academia.edu/18697756/The_Evolution_of_the_Concept_of_Visitor_Use_Management_in_Parks
Enright, M. J., & Newton, J. (2004). Tourism destination competitiveness: a quantitative approach. Tourism management, 25(6), 777-788, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.008
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS-5. Penso Editora.
Gomezelj, D. O., & Mihalič, T. (2008). Destination competitiveness—Applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism management, 29(2), 294-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.009
Gooroochurn, N., & Sugiyarto, G. (2005). Competitiveness indicators in the travel and tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 25-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000053297130
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman Editora.
Hallmann, K., Müller, S., and Feiler, S. (2014). Destination competitiveness of winter sport resorts in the Alps: how sport tourists perceive destinations? Current Issues in Tourism 17(4). 327-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.720247.
Hardiman, N. & Burgin, S. (2017). Nature tourism trends in Australia with reference to the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25 (6), 732-745, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1231807.
Hassan, S. S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of travel research, 38(3), 239-245, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800305.
Heath, E. (2003). Towards A Model to Enhance Destination Competitiveness: A Southern Perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management., 10 (2), 124-141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.285456.
Huybers, T., & Bennett, J. (2003). Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24(3), 213-233, DOI: 10.1023/A:1022942001100.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2019). IBGE divulga as Estimativas de População dos municípios para 2018. Recuperado de https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/22374-ibge-divulga-as-estimativas-de-populacao-dos-municipios-para-2018.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO). (2019, 20 de janeiro) Visitação dos Parques Nacionais. Recuperado de: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi9mOm8757gAhUzILkGHVllA2YQFjABegQIBhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fava.icmbio.gov.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4592%2Fmod_data%2Fcontent%2F9441%2FICMBio%2520em%2520foco%2520-%2520Ano%252011%2520%25209%2520de%2520mar%25C3%25A7o%2520de%25202018.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3SJQ09XuOJUJwsqNet62FV.
União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN). (2021, 08 de janeiro). Category II: National Park. Recuperado de https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-areas-categories/category-ii-national-park.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of tourism research, 28(3), 784-80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00078-5.
Knežević Cvelbar, L., Dwyer, L., Koman, M., & Mihalič, T. (2015). Drivers of destination competitiveness in tourism: a global investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1041-1050, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515617299.
Law, F. Y., & Lo, M. C. (2016). Rural Tourism Destination Competitiveness of Kubah National Park in Sarawak: Tourists’ Perspective. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 21, 127-148, DOI: https://doi.org/10. 21315/aamj2016.21.supp.1.6.
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2018). Ecotourism behavior of nature-based tourists: An integrative framework. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 792-810, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517717350
Marconi, M. D. A., & Lakatos, E. M. (2001). Metodologia científica. São Paulo: Atlas.
Mazanec, J. A., Wöber, K., & Zins, A. H. (2007). Tourism destination competitiveness: from definition to explanation? Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 86-95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302389
Mihalič, T. (2000). Environmental management of a tourist destination: A factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism management, 21(1), 65-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00096-5.
MMA – Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2007). Secretaria de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Informe nacional sobre áreas protegidas no Brasil. Recuperado de https://ava.icmbio.gov.br/mod/data/view.php?d=17&rid=2395#:~:text=Informe%20Nacional%20sobre%20%C3%81reas%20Protegidas%20no%20Brasil&text=O%20SNUC%20consolidou%20uma%20nova,e%20gest%C3%A3o%20das%20%C3%A1reas%20protegidas.
Orams, M. B. (1995). Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism. Tourism management, 16(1), 3-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)00001-Q
Perles-Ribes, J., Ramón-Rodríguez, A., & Sevilla-Jiménez, M. (2008). Los Destinos Turísticos Residenciales En España: Un Análisis Empírico De La Ventaja Competitiva Y Sus Determinantes (Residential Tourism Destinations in Spain: An Empirical Analysis of Competitive Advantage and Its Determinants). Tourism Economics, 17(2), 373-403.
Perles-Ribes, J., Ramón-Rodríguez, A., & Sevilla-Jiménez, M. (2011). Determinants of the competitive advantage of residential tourism destinations in Spain. Tourism Economics, v. 17(2). p. 373-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2011.0040
Pires, P. S., & Rugine, V. M. T. (2018). Reconhecimento do Uso Público nos Parques Estaduais no Brasil com ênfase na visitação turística. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 11(1), 61-80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34024/rbecotur.2018.v11.6667
Porter, M. (1989). Vantagem Competitiva. Rio de Janeiro. Campus-Brasil.
Puustinen, J., Pouta, E., Neuvonen, M., & Sievänen, T. (2009). Visits to national parks and the provision of natural and man-made recreation and tourism resources. Journal of Ecotourism, 8(1), 18-31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802283210.
Queiroz-Neto, A., Lohmann, G., Scott, N., & Dimmock, K. (2017). Rethinking competitiveness: important attributes for a successful scuba diving destination. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(3), 356-366, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1308086
Ramkissoon, H., Mavondo, F., & Uysal, M. (2018). Social involvement and park citizenship as moderators for quality-of-life in a national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(3), 341-361, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1354866
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cabi.
Rosa, S., & Anjos, F. A. (2018). A competitividade de destinos turísticos em áreas protegidas naturais. TURYDES: Revista sobre Turismo y Desarrollo local sostenible, 11(25), 51.
Santarém, F., Campos, J. C., Pereira, P., Hamidou, D., Saarinen, J., & Brito, J. C. (2018). Using multivariate statistics to assess ecotourism potential of water-bodies: A case-study in Mauritania. Tourism Management, 67, 34-46,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.001
Soifer, J. (2008). Empreender turismo e ecoturismo. Qualitymark Editora Ltda.
Taberner, J. G. (2007). Proposal of two indices for the Measurement of the Competitiveness of the Sun and Sand Destinations of the Mediterranean. Revista de Análisis Turístico, 4, 50-67.
TIES – The International Ecotourism Society (2006). TIES Global Ecotourism Fact Sheet. Recuperado de www.ecotoruism.org. pp. 1-5.
Tisdell, C. A., & Wilson, C. (2012). Nature-based tourism and conservation: New economic insights and case studies. Edward Elgar Publishing, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781005163.
UNWTO – World Tourism Organization (2018, 28 de dezembro) Tourism for Development. Volume I: Key Areas for Action, 2018. Recuperado de https://www.e-unwto.org /doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419722/
Weaver, D. B. (Ed.). (2001). The encyclopedia of ecotourism. Cabi.
WEF – World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. Recuperado de: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2018/05FullR eport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdf.
Wong, P. P. W. (2018). Role of components of destination competitiveness in the relationship between customer-based brand equity and destination loyalty. Current issues in tourism, 21(5), 504-528. Current issues in tourism, 21(5), 504-52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1092949.
Zhang, H., Gu, C. L., Gu, L. W., & Zhang, Y. (2011). The evaluation of tourism destination competitiveness by TOPSIS & information entropy–A case in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Tourism Management, 32(2), 443-451, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.007.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Sabrina da Rosa, Francisco Antônio dos Anjos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y otorgan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación, con el trabajo simultáneamente licenciado bajo la Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), lo que permite compartir el trabajo con el reconocimiento de su autoría y publicación inicial en RTA.
